EP0290425B1 - Silencieux pour moteurs à combustion interne - Google Patents

Silencieux pour moteurs à combustion interne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0290425B1
EP0290425B1 EP88890110A EP88890110A EP0290425B1 EP 0290425 B1 EP0290425 B1 EP 0290425B1 EP 88890110 A EP88890110 A EP 88890110A EP 88890110 A EP88890110 A EP 88890110A EP 0290425 B1 EP0290425 B1 EP 0290425B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
chamber
passage
funnel
last
wall
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88890110A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0290425A3 (en
EP0290425A2 (fr
Inventor
Peter Ing. Fuchs
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Roth Technik Austria GmbH
Original Assignee
Roth Technik Austria GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Roth Technik Austria GmbH filed Critical Roth Technik Austria GmbH
Publication of EP0290425A2 publication Critical patent/EP0290425A2/fr
Publication of EP0290425A3 publication Critical patent/EP0290425A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0290425B1 publication Critical patent/EP0290425B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1838—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly characterised by the type of connection between parts of exhaust or silencing apparatus, e.g. between housing and tubes, between tubes and baffles
    • F01N13/1844—Mechanical joints
    • F01N13/1855—Mechanical joints the connection being realised by using bolts, screws, rivets or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/10—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling in combination with sound-absorbing materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
    • F01N3/2885—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices with exhaust silencers in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2230/00—Combination of silencers and other devices
    • F01N2230/04—Catalytic converters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2310/00—Selection of sound absorbing or insulating material
    • F01N2310/02—Mineral wool, e.g. glass wool, rock wool, asbestos or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2310/00—Selection of sound absorbing or insulating material
    • F01N2310/04—Metallic wool, e.g. steel wool, copper wool or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
    • F01N2450/22—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements by welding or brazing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
    • F01N2450/24—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements by bolts, screws, rivets or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a muffler for internal combustion engines with an outer housing, in which inner housing parts are installed, the walls of which, partly together with the outer housing, delimit chambers through which the exhaust gases flow in succession through openings in the walls, the first in the flow sequence Chamber is formed by a central tube which is open at its end opposite to the direction of flow and closed at its opposite end, the tube wall of which has at least one opening and which is arranged within a funnel which has openings leading into the chamber following the flow sequence.
  • a silencer has become known from US Pat. No. 4,595,073, in which the first chamber in the flow sequence is formed by a perforated tube which is surrounded by a funnel into which the exhaust gases flow.
  • the funnel is perforated over its entire circumference and the exhaust gases enter from the funnel into the next chamber or into the space formed by the outer housing of the silencer.
  • the pipe runs continuously over the entire length of the outer casing and emerges at the end of the outer casing as an exhaust pipe.
  • this tube is closed by a transverse plate and the tube is perforated again behind this plate.
  • the exhaust gases enter this pipe again behind the end plate and leave this pipe via the end of the pipe which projects from the outer casing and forms the exhaust pipe. Since this exhaust pipe is formed by the same pipe that forms the first chamber, the structure-borne noise is transmitted to the exhaust pipe and the sound insulation is therefore insufficient.
  • the object of the invention is to keep the size of a muffler small and to achieve good sound absorption with a simple construction and manufacture of the muffler.
  • the invention essentially consists in the fact that the central tube extends only over part of the axial extent of the outer housing, that the funnel forms walls of the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence and the last chamber, that the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence of the last chamber is separated by a wall running in the axial direction and having at least one opening, which adjoins the outside of the funnel and the outer housing and that the funnel has openings only in its wall part delimiting the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence.
  • the wall behind the funnel and the outer housing which runs in the axial direction, divides the space behind the funnel into two chambers. Since the funnel, which forms a wall for the penultimate and last chamber in the direction of flow, has openings only in its part delimiting the penultimate chamber, the throughflow of the exhaust gases emerging from the funnel is guaranteed in turn through the penultimate and the last chamber. Since this last and penultimate chamber are separated by the wall running in the axial direction, they lie side by side and an additional chamber is created without extending the silencer.
  • the flow through the openings also creates a sound. Since the tube forming the first chamber is surrounded by the gas content of the funnel and since the funnel is again surrounded by If the gas content of the penultimate and the last chamber is surrounded, this sound is damped. Since the wall running in the axial direction, which has the passage openings between the penultimate chamber and the last chamber, is again surrounded by the gas content of the penultimate and the last chamber, this sound is also damped.
  • the wall separating the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence from the last chamber and running in the axial direction of the outer housing is adjoined by a perforated plate which is transverse to the axial direction and delimits the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence and the last chamber, the space between the perforated plate and an end cap made of full material contains sound-absorbing material, for example mineral wool, basalt wool or stainless steel wool.
  • sound-absorbing material for example mineral wool, basalt wool or stainless steel wool.
  • the exhaust opening adjoining the last chamber in the flow sequence is expediently formed by a pipe socket penetrating the space between the perforated plate and the end cap. This also reduces structure-borne noise.
  • the funnel is expediently divided into two halves in an axial division plane, with at least one funnel half being adjoined by a wall lying approximately in the division plane, which connects to the outer housing and forms the wall penultimate in flow sequence from the last chamber.
  • the division of the funnel into two half-funnels enables simple manufacture from a sheet metal part by pressing.
  • each half of the funnel with the wall half running in the parting plane and one half of the perforated plate consist of a single molded sheet metal blank.
  • This training has the advantage that the individual walls are rigidly connected to one another and cannot loosen, so that they can give no cause for noise.
  • both funnel halves are designed in the same way with an axial wall, which has the advantage that the same pressing tool can be used for both funnel halves, only one funnel half being provided with the perforation.
  • the walls running in the parting plane of the funnels expediently have grooves arranged in the axis, which form an axial channel through which a connecting rod which connects the end cap to the closed end of the pull rod which forms the first chamber in the flow sequence is passed. It is only necessary to fix the tube forming the first chamber in the outer housing, and all parts of the inner housing can be clamped against the end cap and thus against the outer housing by means of the pull rod, for example, as a screw bolt.
  • the open end of the tube forming the first chamber in the flow sequence is connected to an annular wall which is transverse to the axis of the outer housing and connects to the outer housing in a central region thereof. This creates a free space in the outer housing in front of the entry point into the first chamber in the direction of flow, which can be used to install a catalytic converter.
  • the invention is explained schematically using an exemplary embodiment.
  • Fig. 1 shows an axial section through the muffler according to line I-I of Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 2 shows an axial section along line II-II of Fig. 3, wherein the inner housing parts are not cut.
  • Fig. 3 shows a cross section along line III-III of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 4, 5 and 6 show an inner housing part, Fig. 4 is a view in the direction of arrow IV of Fig. 5, Fig. 5 is a view in Direction of arrow V in FIGS. 4 and 6 is a view in the direction of arrow VI in FIG. 5.
  • 1 is the outer casing of the silencer.
  • 2 is a tube which forms the first chamber 3 in the flow sequence.
  • An angled ring 4 is welded into the outer housing 1.
  • a ring 6 fixed to the tube 2 is connected to this ring by screws 5.
  • the exhaust gases flow from the outer housing 1 into the chamber 3 and from there via holes 7 provided in the tube wall into the second chamber 8 in the flow sequence.
  • This chamber 8 is an annular chamber surrounding the first chamber in the flow sequence.
  • the tube 2 is open at its end 10 opposite the flow direction 9 and closed at the opposite end 11 by a plate 12.
  • the ring chamber 8, which forms the second chamber in the flow sequence is partly delimited by a conical wall 13, partly by the outer housing 1 and partly by the ring plate 6.
  • the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence is the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence and 15 is the last chamber in the flow sequence, which is separated from the penultimate chamber in the flow sequence by a wall 16 which runs in the axial direction and which adjoins the funnel 13 and the outer housing 1 and which has two through holes 17.
  • the two chambers 14 and 15 are through a transverse to the axis standing perforated plate 18 completed.
  • the exhaust gases pass through holes 19 in the funnel 13 into the penultimate chamber 14 in the flow sequence.
  • the holes 19 are only provided on that side of the walls of the funnel 13 which delimits the penultimate chamber 14 in the flow sequence.
  • From this chamber 14 the exhaust gases pass through the holes 17 into the last chamber 15 in the flow sequence, from which they emerge through a pipe socket 20.
  • the wall of the funnel 13 delimiting the chamber 15 is not perforated.
  • the outer housing 1 is closed at the exhaust end by a cap 21.
  • the annular space 22 between the cap 21 and the perforated plate 18 is filled with a sound-absorbing material, for example stainless steel wool or basalt wool.
  • a sound-absorbing material for example stainless steel wool or basalt wool.
  • the space 25 in the outer housing 1 in front of the internals 2, 13 and 16 which effect the sound damping is kept free and can be used to install a catalytic converter.
  • the funnel 13 is divided into two halves 13 'and 13 ⁇ .
  • the funnel half 13 ' has the holes 19 and limits the penultimate chamber 14 in the flow sequence.
  • the funnel half 13 ⁇ which is not perforated, limits the last chamber in the flow sequence.
  • Both funnel halves 13 'and 13 ⁇ are with a wall 16 'or 16 ⁇ formed from a sheet metal blank so that a double wall is formed, which forms the wall 16 extending in the axial direction.
  • the plate 18 again consists of two halves 18 'and 18 ⁇ , which are formed with the axially extending walls 16' and 16 ⁇ and the funnel halves 13 'and 13 ⁇ from a sheet metal blank and have the holes 23. Through one of these holes 23 in part 18 ⁇ of the plate 18, the pipe socket 20 is passed.
  • both plates 16 'and 16 ⁇ grooves 26' and 26 ⁇ which form a central channel 27 through which the tie rod 24 is passed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Claims (7)

1. Silencieux pour moteurs à combustion interne, comprenant une enveloppe (1) qui entoure des pièces de boîtier intérieures (2, 13, 16, 18) y installées dont les parois, en partie en coopération avec ladite enveloppe (1), définissent des chambres (3, 8, 14, 16), à passage des gaz d'échappement par des passages (7, 123, 17) dans lesdites parois et lesdites chambres en succession, dans lequel la chambre (3) première en suite de passage est constituée par un tube central (2) ouvert à son extrémité (10) opposée au sens d'écoulement et fermé à son extrémité opposée (11) et comprenant une paroi de tube à au moins un passage (7), lequel tube est disposé à l'intérieur d'une tulipe de tuyau (13) à passages (17) qui passent dans une chambre (14) suivante en suite de passage, caractérisé en ce que ledit tube central (2) ne s'étend que le long d'une partie de l'extension axiale de ladite enveloppe (1), en ce que ladite tulipe de tuyau (13) définit des parois de la chambre (14) avant-dernière et de la chambre (15) dernière en suite de passage, en ce que la chambre (14) avant-dernière en suite de passage est séparée de ladite dernière chambre (15) par une paroi (16) qui s'étend en sens axial et présente au moins un passage (17), ladite paroi étant contiguë à l'extérieur de ladite tulipe de tuyau (13) et de ladite enveloppe (1), et en ce que ladite tulipe de tuyau (13) ne comprend des passages (19) que dans sa partie de paroi (13′) qui définit la chambre (14) avant-dernière en suite de passage.
2. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'une plaque perforée (18) transversale relativement au sens axial est contiguë à une paroi (16) qui s'étend en direction axiale de ladite enveloppe (1) en séparant ladite chambre (14) avant-dernière en suite de passage de ladite dernière chambre (15), laquelle plaque définit ladite chambre (14) avant-dernière en suite de passage et ladite dernière chambre (15), et de plus caractérisé en ce que l'espace (22) entre la plaque perforée et un capot de recouvrement (21) formé en matière solide contient un matériel insonore p.e. de laine minérale, de laine de basalte ou de paille de fer.
3. Silencieux selon les revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'orifice d'échappement contiguë à ladite chambre (15) dernière en suite de passage est formée par une tubulure (20) passée par l'espace entre ladite plaque perforée (18) et ledit capot de recouvrement (21).
4. Silencieux selon les revendications 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce en ce que ladite tulipe de tuyau (13) est divisée en deux moitiés (13′, 13˝) dans un plan axial de partage, et en ce qu'une paroi disposée environ dans ledit plan de partage est contiguë à au moins une desdites moitiés de la tulipe de tuyau (13′ ou respectivement 13˝), laquelle paroi est contiguë à ladite enveloppe (1) et forme la paroi (13) qui sépare ladite chambre (14) avant-dernière en suite de passage de la dernière chambre (15).
5. Silencieux selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que chacune moitié de ladite tulipe de tuyau (13, 13˝) avec la moitié de paroi (16′, 16˝) qui s'étend dans ledit plan de partage et avec une moitié (18′, 18˝) de ladite plaque perforée (18) consiste en une seule coupe de tôle moulée par compression.
6. Silencieux selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que les parois (16′, 16˝) qui s'étendent dans ledit plan de ladite tulipe de tuyau comprennent des rainures (26′, 26˝) qui définissent un passage axial (27) par lequel passe un tirant (24) à relier ledit capot de recouvrement (21) et l'extrémité fermé (11) dudit tube (3) qui définit la chambre première en suite de passage.
7. Silencieux selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité ouverte (10) dudit tube (2) qui définit la chambre (3) première en suite de passage est relié à une paroi annulaire (4) transversale relativement à l'axe de ladite enveloppe (1), laquelle paroi est contiguë à ladite enveloppe (1) dans une partie centrale de la dernière.
EP88890110A 1987-05-06 1988-05-05 Silencieux pour moteurs à combustion interne Expired - Lifetime EP0290425B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT1140/87 1987-05-06
AT114087 1987-05-06

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0290425A2 EP0290425A2 (fr) 1988-11-09
EP0290425A3 EP0290425A3 (en) 1989-10-18
EP0290425B1 true EP0290425B1 (fr) 1992-03-18

Family

ID=3507464

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88890110A Expired - Lifetime EP0290425B1 (fr) 1987-05-06 1988-05-05 Silencieux pour moteurs à combustion interne

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0290425B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE73897T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3869189D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2030909T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT87420B (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10111886A1 (de) * 2001-03-13 2002-10-02 Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co Abgaskühlelement für einen Abgasstrang einer Brennkraftmaschine

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE338453C (de) * 1920-06-01 1921-06-18 Paul Schauer Auspufftopf fuer Explosionsmotoren mit zwei oder mehr untereinander in Verbindung stehenden Kammern
US2527052A (en) * 1947-01-07 1950-10-24 Beck Raymond Spark arresting muffler with retroverted flow
DE964366C (de) * 1953-12-12 1957-05-23 Friedrich Boysen Schalldaempfer fuer pulsierende Stroemungen
US4595073A (en) * 1984-05-14 1986-06-17 Nelson Industries Inc. Plug-type muffler section

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10111886A1 (de) * 2001-03-13 2002-10-02 Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co Abgaskühlelement für einen Abgasstrang einer Brennkraftmaschine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PT87420A (pt) 1989-05-31
EP0290425A3 (en) 1989-10-18
DE3869189D1 (de) 1992-04-23
ATE73897T1 (de) 1992-04-15
EP0290425A2 (fr) 1988-11-09
ES2030909T3 (es) 1992-11-16
PT87420B (pt) 1993-09-30

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