EP0280626B1 - Système de déploiement et de dépose d'une travure de franchissement d'un obstacle à partir d'un véhicule tel qu'un engin blindé du génie - Google Patents

Système de déploiement et de dépose d'une travure de franchissement d'un obstacle à partir d'un véhicule tel qu'un engin blindé du génie Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0280626B1
EP0280626B1 EP88400437A EP88400437A EP0280626B1 EP 0280626 B1 EP0280626 B1 EP 0280626B1 EP 88400437 A EP88400437 A EP 88400437A EP 88400437 A EP88400437 A EP 88400437A EP 0280626 B1 EP0280626 B1 EP 0280626B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
extreme
axis
spanning beam
extreme element
vehicle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88400437A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0280626A1 (fr
Inventor
Bernard Jean
Roger Brunet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CNIM Groupe SA
Original Assignee
Constructions Industrielles de la Mediterrane CNIM SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Constructions Industrielles de la Mediterrane CNIM SA filed Critical Constructions Industrielles de la Mediterrane CNIM SA
Priority to AT88400437T priority Critical patent/ATE57728T1/de
Publication of EP0280626A1 publication Critical patent/EP0280626A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0280626B1 publication Critical patent/EP0280626B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D15/00—Movable or portable bridges; Floating bridges
    • E01D15/12—Portable or sectional bridges
    • E01D15/127—Portable or sectional bridges combined with ground-supported vehicles for the transport, handling or placing of such bridges or of sections thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system for deploying and removing, from a vehicle such as an armored engineering vehicle, a span for crossing an obstacle formed for example by a breach which may possibly be located in an area contaminated NBC (Chemical Bacteriological Nuclear).
  • a vehicle such as an armored engineering vehicle
  • NBC Chemical Bacteriological Nuclear
  • Deployment systems are known for such vertically pivoting spans and comprising at least two successive main elements, an internal extreme element and an external extreme element which can be folded down against the internal extreme element along the latter and hinged mounted. one relative to the other towards their adjacent ends by an articulation axis substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the span which is fixed at at least one point of one of the two internal and external extreme elements to at least one control cable winding, for example, on at least one winch placed on the vehicle (see, for example, US-A 2,556,175 "SOLDIER UND TECHNIK", vol. 17, no. 7, 1974, pages 360-372) .
  • control means constituted for example by a jack for ensuring the rotation of the outer extreme element relative to the inner extreme element around the axis of articulation.
  • control means have the disadvantage of weighing down the span and above all consuming a lot of additional energy.
  • the object of the present invention is to eliminate the above drawbacks of known systems by proposing a system for deploying and depositing a span requiring no additional control means or energy source.
  • the deployment and removal system is characterized in that in a position for transporting the span on the vehicle, the external extreme element is supported and pivotally held at its free end by a mobile support device for the vehicle occupying a raised position while the internal element rests along the external extreme element; in that the span is liftable by winding the operating cable on the winch in a position where the inner end element is pivotally supported at its free end by the support device with concomitant release from the free end of the external end element of the support device; in that the support device is then lowered to a support position on the ground to cause a separation of the outer extreme element from the inner extreme element and thus allow the deployment of the span; and in that the operating cable is unwound from the winch to lower and deposit the span above the breach.
  • the free end of the internal end element is released from the support device by the vehicle moving back relative to the span.
  • the support device comprises at least one member for locking the free end of the end element external to said device and unlocked when the free end of the internal end element bears on the support device in the raised position of the span.
  • the locking member comprises a part forming a hook retaining to the device for supporting an axis of the free end of the external extreme element, arranged transversely to the longitudinal axis of the span, and being able to pivot relative to the support device in the unlocking direction against the return force of an elastic member such as a tension spring and, integral with the hook part, a part forming pivot arm of the hook part actuated by an axis of the free end of the internal end element disposed transversely to the longitudinal axis of the span in the raised position of the span.
  • an elastic member such as a tension spring
  • the support device further comprises at least two parallel plates perpendicular to the ground secured to a support element of the device and a support piece of the respective end axes of the two extreme elements internal and external, pivotally mounted between the two plates and able to cooperate alternately with two stops integral with the plates limiting the pivoting movement of the support piece at two extreme angular positions, one supporting the end axis of the extreme external element in the position for transporting the span and the end axis of the internal extreme element in the raised and deploying positions of the span, and the other for releasing the end axis of the internal extreme element when the vehicle is reversing.
  • the support piece comprises two recesses with rounded support bottom respectively of the two end axes of the inner and outer end elements and the hook part of the locking member cooperates with the bearing recess of the end axis of the external end element and a front edge of each of the parallel plates to lock said axis in the position of transport of the span.
  • the locking member produced in one piece with the pivot arm opposite the hook portion, is pivotally mounted in the support piece, which pivot arm projects in the support recess of the end axis of the internal end element in the position for transporting the span.
  • the reference 1 designates a vehicle in particular an armored engineering vehicle comprising a support device 2 of a span 3 fixed at at least one point 4 to at least one operating cable 5 s 'winding for example on at least one winch (not shown) placed on the vehicle 1.
  • the operating cable 5 is connected to the winch via a pulley spreader 6 mounted articulated to an arm 7 of the vehicle 1, which arm is held on the vehicle by a guy line 8.
  • the support device 2 comprises a support element proper 2a constituted in the present case by a part forming a hollow blade similar to that of a bulldozer.
  • the support device 2 is mounted movable relative to the vehicle 1 between a raised position shown in dotted lines in FIG. 4 and a lowered position on the ground.
  • a main arm 1a is pivotally mounted at one of its ends on the vehicle 1 and is secured at its other end to the lower part of the support device 2.
  • the main arm 1a is secured to a reference 1b, the free end of which is connected to the free end of a rod of a control member constituted for example by a hydraulic cylinder 1 placed on the vehicle.
  • a reinforcing arm 1 d is disposed between the middle part of the main arm 1a and the upper part of the support device 2. Since such a mechanism for raising and lowering a blade is already known per se, it does not have to be described in more detail.
  • the span 3 comprises at least two successive main elements, an internal extreme element 3a and an external extreme element 3b, mounted articulated with respect to each other towards their adjacent ends by an articulation axis 3c substantially perpendicular to the axis.
  • longitudinal XX 'of the span (see figure 8).
  • the external extreme element 3b In this position for transporting the span, the external extreme element 3b is supported and pivotally held at its free end by the support device 2 occupying the raised position while the internal extreme element 3a rests on the extreme element external 3b along the latter via a buffer device represented schematically by the reference 3d and secured for example to the element 3b.
  • the span 3 is raised by winding the operating cable 5 on the winch of the vehicle to the position shown in FIG. 1B, close to the vertical position, and at which the internal end element 3a is pivotally supported at its free end by the support device 2 with concomitant release of the free end of the external end element 3b of the support device.
  • the support device 2 In the raised position of FIG. 1B, the support device 2 always occupies the raised position of FIG. 1A.
  • the lifting of the span makes it possible to pass from a portage of the external extreme element 3b to the internal extreme element 3a, the change of fulcrum of the span on the support 2 making it possible to release the lower part of the external end element 3b by actuating the locking member of the free end of this element as will be described later.
  • the center of gravity of the span is practically centered at the bearing end of the internal extreme element on the device so that the external extreme element is folded against the element extreme internal.
  • the support device 2 is then lowered as indicated by the arrow A so as to lower the fulcrum of the internal end element 3a on the device 2 and move the external end element 3b away from the internal end element 3a and allow the deployment of the span as shown in Figure 1 E.
  • the operating cable 5 runs on a lateral extension 3b1 of the element 3b so that it acts as an arm lever around the hinge axis 3c to facilitate the spacing of the outer end member 3b from the inner end member 3a. It should be noted that from the raised position of the span shown in FIG. 1 B to the extended position of the latter shown in FIG. 1 E, the length of the operating cable 5 remains constant so that only the lowering of the device sup port 2, taking into account the cable routing on the extension 3b1 and its attachment point 4, ensures the deployment of the span 3.
  • the vehicle 1 is then moved backward with respect to the span 3 as indicated by the arrow R in FIG. 1H to release the end of the internal extreme element 3a from the span of the device 2 and release the operating cable 5 from this one.
  • the span is folded as follows.
  • the vehicle 1 approaches the span with the support device 2 in the lowered position so that it raises the end of the internal extreme element 3a and positions it at its point of support on the device 2.
  • the cable 5 is then fixed to an anchor or attachment point of the internal end element 3a located near its end opposite to its point of support on the device 2.
  • the cable 5 is then wound on the winch so as to raise the span towards the approximately vertical position shown in FIG. 1 B.
  • the outer extreme element 3b folds down towards and against the inner extreme element along the latter and the support device 2 goes from the lowered position to the raised position. In the raised position of FIG.
  • the center of gravity of the span is practically centered at the bearing end of the internal extreme element on the device 2 so that the external extreme element 3b is well folded down against the inner extreme element.
  • the operating cable 5 is then unwound from the winch to bring the span to an angular position corresponding to that shown in FIG. 1A (for example around 30 ° relative to the ground).
  • the external end element 3b is locked and held on the support device 2 and the other element 3a rests on the element 3b.
  • a trailer (not shown) is then brought closer to the span in its longitudinal axis.
  • the operating cable 5 is again unwound to bring the end of the span opposite its end in abutment on the device 2 on the trailer in a configuration such as the fulcrum of the internal end element on the device 2 either at a height somewhat higher than that of the opposite end of the span.
  • the support device 2 is then lowered so as to place the span completely on the trailer and the unlocking member is actuated manually to release the free end of the internal end element 3b of the device 2.
  • the recovery of the span of the trailer on the support device 2 is accomplished by approaching the trailer of the device so that the free end of the external end element 3b is brought opposite the locking member of the device and locked manually in this one.
  • the operating cable 5 partially wound on the extension 3b1 is fixed to the fixing point 4 is then wound on the winch so as to lift the span around its point of articulation on the device 2 and bring it to the transport position shown in Figure 1A.
  • the span is then ready for a new deployment process on another breach.
  • the fixing point 4 consists of a support plate 4a of a piece forming a hook 4b and which can cooperate alternately with two stops 9 and 10 integral with the extension 3b1 of the external end element to limit the pivoting movement of the plate 4a around an axis 4a1 integral with the extension 3b1 at two extreme angular positions respectively for hooking the operating cable 5 as shown in FIG. 2 and for unhooking the cable as shown in FIG. 3.
  • An elastic return member such as for example a tension spring 11 is connected at one of its ends to the support plate 4a and at its other end to the extension 3b1. This spring tends to bring the support plate 4a against the stop 10.
  • the hook piece 4b is pivotally mounted about an axis 4b1 secured to the support plate 4a and has a tab 4b2 projecting to which the end is connected an elastic return member 12 also constituted for example by a spring, the other end of which is connected to the common point of attachment of the end of the spring 11 on the plate 4a.
  • the spring 12 tends to return the hook piece 4b clockwise relative to the plate 4a.
  • the extension forming the lateral lever arm 3b1 of the external extreme element 3b is laterally integral with the latter, in the vicinity of its axis of articulation with the element 3a as is clearly shown in FIG. 8, and extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the element 3b beyond the axis 3c.
  • the assembly constituted by the support plate 4a and the hook-forming part 4b is housed in the arm 3b1 in the vicinity of the end of the external extreme element 3b close to the axis 3c.
  • the arm 3b1 has at its free end, of rounded shape, a guide path for the operating cable 5. The latter is connected to the hook of the part 4b by means of a yoke 13.
  • the internal end element 3a also comprises, laterally integral with the latter, and in the vicinity of the axis 3c, an extension forming a lateral lever arm 3a1 identical to the arm 3b1 and which extension 3a1 comprises a fixing point 4 of a structure and operation identical to the attachment point 4 described in Figure 2.
  • the arm 3a1 extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of said element beyond the axis 3c.
  • the spring 11 recalls the support plate 4a against the stop 10 and spring 12 recalls the hook piece 4b clockwise relative to the plate 4a to a position where the yoke 13 of the cable 5 is released by gravity from the hook of the piece 4b.
  • the pivoting movement of the part 4b relative to the plate 4a is limited by a foot 4b3 coming to bear on a corresponding part of the plate 4a.
  • FIG. 8 also represents a damping device 14 constituted for example by a jack mounted along the axis XX 'and the body 14a of which is integral with the external end element 3b and the rod 14b, passing above the axis 3c, is integral at its free end with the internal end element 3a.
  • the damping device 14 has the effect of delaying the effect of acceleration of the opening movement of the span 3 created before the complete deployment of the span.
  • the support device 2 will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 5-7 and 9.
  • the support device 2 further comprises a support piece 2c of the respective ends of the end elements 3a and 3b, pivotally mounted between the two plates 2b around an axis 2c1 disposed transversely between the two plates 2b and able to cooperate alternately with two abutments 15 and 16 integral with the plates limiting the pivoting travel of the support piece to two extreme angular positions, one supporting the end of the external extreme element 3b in the position for transporting the span shown in I in FIG. 5 and of the end of the internal extreme element 3a in the raised positions (shown in II in FIG. 5) and of deployment of the span, and the other of release of the end of the element internal end 3a when the vehicle 1 recedes as shown in FIG. 7.
  • the support piece 2c comprises two recesses 2c2 and 2c3 with rounded support bases respectively of two axes 3a2 and 3b2 of respective ends of the inner and outer end elements 3a and 3b.
  • the axes 3a2 and 3b2 are arranged transversely to the longitudinal axis of the span respectively at the ends of the internal extreme element and the external extreme element.
  • the support piece 2c further comprises two axes 2c4 and 2c5 projecting transversely on either side of the support piece and at the respective end of each of which is fixed the end of a tension spring 17 maintaining the support piece 2c at one or the other of its extreme angular positions. As best represented in FIG.
  • the axes 2c4 and 2c5 each pass through an oblong bean-shaped hole 2b4 produced through each of the plates 2b. During the movement of the support piece 2c at the two extreme angular positions mentioned above, the axes 2c4 and 2c5 move in their corresponding oblong hole.
  • the support device 2 also comprises a locking member 2d of the end axis of the external end element 3b to said device and mounted to pivot inside the support piece 2 around an axis 2d1 mounted transversely in the support piece 2c.
  • the locking member 2d produced in one piece, comprises a part forming a retaining hook 2d2 of the axis 3b2 in the position for transporting the span as well as in the position of the latter on the trailer shown diagrammatically in III in FIG. 5 and projecting at these positions from the recess 2c3 to maintain the axis 3b2 in a retaining space defined by part of the recess 2c3 and the front edges of * lacquers 2b.
  • the locking member 2d further comprises a part forming a pivot arm 2d3 of the hook-forming part, opposite the latter and projecting from the recess 2c2 of the support piece 2c in the position for transporting the span.
  • An elastic member such as for example a tension spring 18, connected at its free ends respectively to a fixing point secured to the locking member and to a fixing pin 2c6 secured to the support piece 2c, recalls the 2d locking member in its locking direction.
  • two pairs of parallel plates 2b each comprising the support piece 2c-locking member 2d assembly are mounted on the blade 2a symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle 1 which coincides with the axis XX 'of the span mounted on the vehicle.
  • FIG. 6 represents the extreme part of the internal element 2a supported by its end axis 3a2 in the recess 2c2 when the span is deployed and deposited as shown in FIG. 1 G. From this position, the vehicle 1 is moved back in the direction of arrow R as indicated in FIG. 7 so as to move the support device 2 in the same direction and cause the end of the internal element 3a to move by gravity first along a branch 2c7 of the part 2c defined between the two recesses 2c2 and 2c3 to trigger the pivoting of the part 2c against the stop 16.
  • the edges 2b2 of the plates 2b and the nose 2b3 form the guide path of the axis d 'end 3a2 of the element 3a in the downward direction as indicated by the arrows D so as to deposit the end of the element 3a and therefore the span on the launching area.
  • the recovery of the element 3a is carried out by advancing the nose portion of the plates 2b towards the end axis 3a2 to resume it on the nose and the edges 2b2 forming the guide path and the bring into its support recess 2c2 as indicated by the arrows A in FIG. 7.
  • the end axis 3a2 exerts a pivoting action on the support piece 2c towards the position extreme angular defined by the stop 15.
  • the device is then found in the position shown in Figure 6.
  • the span is then raised as already described above to then be placed on the trailer.
  • the unlocking of the end axis 3b2 of the element 3b before complete installation of the span on the trailer is ensured by manually exerting pressure on the pivot arm 2d3 of the hook part 2d2.
  • the deployment of the span can take place from the vehicle 1 located opposite the breach B where the vehicle is located as shown in Figure 1A.
  • the hook assembly 4 in the arm 3a1 which will fulfill the function accomplished by the hook assembly 4 of the arm 3b1
  • the fixing point allowing the cable to be secured maneuver 5 to raise the span may be the hook assembly 4 of the internal end element.
  • FIG. 4 has been given by way of example, it being understood that other mechanisms ensuring functions identical to the described mechanism can be used.
  • the present invention has been described with reference to an armored engineering vehicle, it nevertheless also applies to other vehicles having the same functions.

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  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Movable Scaffolding (AREA)
  • Handcart (AREA)
  • Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
  • Vehicle Cleaning, Maintenance, Repair, Refitting, And Outriggers (AREA)
  • Optical Radar Systems And Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
EP88400437A 1987-02-27 1988-02-25 Système de déploiement et de dépose d'une travure de franchissement d'un obstacle à partir d'un véhicule tel qu'un engin blindé du génie Expired - Lifetime EP0280626B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88400437T ATE57728T1 (de) 1987-02-27 1988-02-25 System zum entfalten und ablegen einer bruecke von einem fahrzeug, wie einem pionierpanzer, zur ueberwindung von hindernissen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8702707A FR2611371B1 (fr) 1987-02-27 1987-02-27 Systeme de deploiement et de depose d'une travure de franchissement d'un obstacle a partir d'un vehicule tel qu'un engin blinde du genie
FR8702707 1987-02-27

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0280626A1 EP0280626A1 (fr) 1988-08-31
EP0280626B1 true EP0280626B1 (fr) 1990-10-24

Family

ID=9348450

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88400437A Expired - Lifetime EP0280626B1 (fr) 1987-02-27 1988-02-25 Système de déploiement et de dépose d'une travure de franchissement d'un obstacle à partir d'un véhicule tel qu'un engin blindé du génie

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4853998A (es)
EP (1) EP0280626B1 (es)
AT (1) ATE57728T1 (es)
DE (1) DE3860844D1 (es)
ES (1) ES2018617B3 (es)
FR (1) FR2611371B1 (es)
GR (1) GR3001342T3 (es)

Cited By (2)

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CN105755947A (zh) * 2014-12-16 2016-07-13 湖北华舟重工应急装备股份有限公司 一种移动式模块化桥连桥插销机构
CN105937201A (zh) * 2016-06-20 2016-09-14 中山市公路钢结构制造有限公司 一种架设方便的钢架桥

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EP0356561B1 (de) * 1988-09-01 1992-04-08 MAN Gutehoffnungshütte Aktiengesellschaft Handbaubare Grabenbrücke und Verfahren zur Aufstellung derselben
GB8821298D0 (en) * 1988-09-12 1988-10-12 Secr Defence Folding transportable bridge
FR2649426B1 (fr) * 1989-07-06 1992-03-20 Mediterranee Const Navales Ind Systeme de pontage permettant a des vehicules de franchir des breches
US6573301B1 (en) * 2002-04-23 2003-06-03 Bradley Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Carbamide peroxide compositions for the treatment of dermatological disorders and methods for their use
DE102004049969B8 (de) * 2004-10-14 2006-03-23 Military Mobile Bridges Gmbh Modulare Scherenbrücke sowie Verlegeeinrichtung und Verfahren zum Verlegen zerlegbarer Brücken
US20090120273A1 (en) * 2006-02-24 2009-05-14 Xtreme Cat Systems Llc Armored tactical vehicle with modular apparatus
CN105603864B (zh) * 2015-12-29 2017-06-13 湖北华舟重工应急装备股份有限公司 一种机械化桥的展桥机构
CN106087776B (zh) * 2016-06-20 2017-12-05 中山市公路钢结构制造有限公司 一种分体式钢架桥的第二桥体架设方法
US10179979B1 (en) * 2017-07-12 2019-01-15 Tidy Site Services, LLC Bridge span and methods of moving a bridge span
GB2574227B (en) 2018-05-31 2023-02-01 Pearson Eng Ltd Improvements in or relating to bridges
US10633808B2 (en) * 2018-09-27 2020-04-28 Eagle Technology, Llc Robotic bridging system
CN109440654B (zh) * 2018-12-18 2021-04-16 合肥成基铁路工程科技有限公司 一种可实现不封路上跨桥梁的施工设备及其施工方法

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US2556175A (en) * 1945-06-12 1951-06-12 Lester P Frost Bridge and mobile launching structure therefor
GB1412012A (en) * 1971-11-12 1975-10-29 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Mobile bridge-laying apparatus
SU779495A1 (ru) * 1978-12-07 1980-11-15 Предприятие П/Я В-2632 Мостоукладчик
DE3007459A1 (de) * 1980-02-28 1981-09-10 Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Gepanzertes fahrzeug mit einer aus mehreren abschnitten bestehenden, verlegbaren bruecke
DE3205563A1 (de) * 1982-02-17 1983-08-25 Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Brueckenlegegeraet
US4534079A (en) * 1982-06-17 1985-08-13 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Transportable folding bridge
FR2608186B1 (fr) * 1986-12-16 1989-03-31 Creusot Loire Dispositif de pose et de reprise sur le sol d'une travure de pont mobile

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105755947A (zh) * 2014-12-16 2016-07-13 湖北华舟重工应急装备股份有限公司 一种移动式模块化桥连桥插销机构
CN105755947B (zh) * 2014-12-16 2017-10-17 湖北华舟重工应急装备股份有限公司 一种移动式模块化桥连桥插销机构
CN105937201A (zh) * 2016-06-20 2016-09-14 中山市公路钢结构制造有限公司 一种架设方便的钢架桥
CN105937201B (zh) * 2016-06-20 2018-06-26 中山市公路钢结构制造有限公司 一种架设方便的钢架桥

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2611371A1 (fr) 1988-09-02
ES2018617B3 (es) 1991-04-16
DE3860844D1 (de) 1990-11-29
US4853998A (en) 1989-08-08
GR3001342T3 (en) 1992-08-31
ATE57728T1 (de) 1990-11-15
FR2611371B1 (fr) 1989-05-19
EP0280626A1 (fr) 1988-08-31

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