EP0257376B2 - Installation de fermeture électronique comportant au moins une serrure, en particulier applicable aux véhicules automobiles - Google Patents

Installation de fermeture électronique comportant au moins une serrure, en particulier applicable aux véhicules automobiles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0257376B2
EP0257376B2 EP19870111270 EP87111270A EP0257376B2 EP 0257376 B2 EP0257376 B2 EP 0257376B2 EP 19870111270 EP19870111270 EP 19870111270 EP 87111270 A EP87111270 A EP 87111270A EP 0257376 B2 EP0257376 B2 EP 0257376B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transmission
marker
sequence
transmitter
receiver
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19870111270
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0257376B1 (fr
EP0257376A1 (fr
Inventor
Anton Dipl.-Ing. Bachhuber
Arnost Proske
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
Siemens AG
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Publication date
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Application filed by Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, Siemens AG filed Critical Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
Publication of EP0257376A1 publication Critical patent/EP0257376A1/fr
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Publication of EP0257376B2 publication Critical patent/EP0257376B2/fr
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C9/00182—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with unidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C9/00182—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with unidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks
    • G07C2009/00238—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated with unidirectional data transmission between data carrier and locks the transmittted data signal containing a code which is changed
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C2009/00753—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys
    • G07C2009/00769—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys with data transmission performed by wireless means
    • G07C2009/00785—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys with data transmission performed by wireless means by light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C2209/00—Indexing scheme relating to groups G07C9/00 - G07C9/38
    • G07C2209/06—Involving synchronization or resynchronization between transmitter and receiver; reordering of codes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T70/00—Locks
    • Y10T70/50—Special application
    • Y10T70/5889—For automotive vehicles
    • Y10T70/5973—Remote control

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electronic Locking system according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method for post-synchronization according to the preamble of claim 9.
  • This type is an initialization by which in the reference provider a sequence of fiducial marks from the receiver and in the marker of the Transmitter an identical sequence of transmission markings is fixed.
  • the reference provider stands on one after initialization current reference mark that is identical to the current transmission marker of the marker is in the transmitter.
  • the two episodes are going on based on a stored algorithm and determined from start parameters that are random be determined.
  • the transmitter With each transmission process the transmitter enters Transmitting signal with a transmission marker, the e.g. from a luminescent diode in the infrared range is emitted.
  • the transmission signal is in the receiver converted into an electrical signal from which the recipient recovers the transmission marker, those in the receiver with one from the reference provider supplied reference mark is compared.
  • reference mark and send mark identical there is synchronization between transmitter and receiver in front, and the control device causes the lock to open.
  • a missing identity between fiducial mark and send marker can e.g. then occur when the transmitter emits a broadcast signal, that does not reach the recipient. In this case must have a re-synchronization of the reference transmitter be made in the receiver to the To cause the locking system to open the lock.
  • EP-A-0 128 457 becomes an additional one for post-synchronization Information housed in the broadcast signal from which the recipient can see which reference mark the recipient in the recipient resynchronized by the synchronization unit shall be. With the generation and evaluation the additional information is an additional effort connected without a higher security faces.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore if there is no synchronization between transmitters and receiver a resynchronization in easier and more reliable way to do so that an operation of the electronic Locking system by unauthorized persons with high Probability is avoided.
  • the receiver has a memory, e.g. one RAM, in which an excerpt from the sequence of Broadcast marks - called episode - that by pressing the transmitter several times is saved.
  • the recipient compares this broadcast sequence with a reference sequence that comes from consecutive delivered by a reference provider Reference marks exist on identity.
  • the reference sequence lies within a post-synchronization area, the over a neckline extends from the sequence of fiducial marks and begins with the fiducial mark which hits the first desynchronous broadcast mark.
  • the receiver places between the transmission sequence and the reference sequence within the post-synchronization area Identity, synchronizes the synchronization unit the reference to the last Broadcast marking the broadcast sequence, and that The locking system is locked by the control unit open.
  • a capture area at the beginning of the post-synchronization area can also be a relative short sequence of fiducials - catch order called - lie within which the synchronization unit first one for the received broadcast marker searches for an identical reference mark If an identical reference mark is found synchronized within the catch sequence Synchronizing unit within the reference transmitter very short time on the received broadcast marks to. Only if there is no identity between Send mark and reference mark within of the catch area, it is examined whether a reference sequence identical to the received transmission sequence in the remaining part of the post-synchronization area exists.
  • the following example shows the probability that an unauthorized person can open the lock with a transmitter (probability of break-in): If one assumes that a broadcast mark or reference mark consists of a dual word with 24 digits, a maximum of 2 24 different send markings or reference marks result. The probability that an unauthorized person accidentally finds a synchronous transmission mark is only 2 -24 , which is approximately equal to 5.96 x 10 -8 . If a catch sequence is, for example, 100 reference marks long, the value for the break-in probability is 5.96 x 10 -6 .
  • the burglary probability can further be humiliated.
  • a manual Adjustment of the length by the user e.g. a random generator in the synchronization unit of the recipient to be accommodated after each Post-synchronization the length of the capture area redefined.
  • the length of the reference sequence that the recipient for post-synchronization in the post-synchronization area with the received sequence checked by the recipient advantageously automatic, e.g. after each resynchronization, be reset.
  • the security of the procedure can be additional can be increased in that the length of the post-synchronization area - e.g. after every done Post-synchronization - automatically by the receiver is reset.
  • the variation of the post-synchronization area either via a calculation rule in the synchronization unit be determined or e.g. via a random generator are generated in the synchronization unit.
  • the receiver can also be a timer included that the recipient for a wait locks if resynchronization fails; the recipient does not respond to any of these waiting times Broadcast marker.
  • the authorized user of the This gives the locking system the opportunity the locking system after the waiting time without reinitialization with a new send marker to make it open.
  • the locking system of a motor vehicle a transmitter 1 and a Receiver 2, with a lock 3 of the motor vehicle connected and in the car nearby the interior mirror is housed.
  • the transmitter 1 has a trigger 12, e.g. one Push button, which triggers a trigger signal after manual actuation AS delivers to a marker 11, which is connected to the trigger 12.
  • a trigger 12 e.g. one Push button, which triggers a trigger signal after manual actuation AS delivers to a marker 11, which is connected to the trigger 12.
  • the marker generator 11 Excited by the trigger signal AS, the marker generator 11 generates an actual transmission marker SM i per actuation by means of an algorithm (FIG. 3), which consists of a dual word with 24 digits.
  • a low-consumption CMOS one-chip microcomputer is used as the marker 11, which outputs the transmission marker SM i as a binary signal to a modulator 13 which has a driver transistor. This switches the current through a luminescence diode 14 in time with the binary signal, which emits a transmission signal SI - to which the transmission marking SM i is modulated - as radiation in the infrared range to the receiver 2 in the motor vehicle.
  • the receiver 2 contains a phototransistor 21 as the receiving stage, which, when a transmission signal SI is received, forwards a signal corresponding thereto to a demodulator 22. At its output, this again delivers pulses corresponding to the transmission marking SM i , which are further processed by a microcomputer 23.
  • This essentially contains a microprocessor 230 which, through appropriate programming, acts as a synchronization unit.
  • RAM random access memory
  • timer 236, a control unit 237, a start switch 24 and an input switch 25 are connected to it via a BUS 231.
  • the tag memory processor 230 In the memory 232, hereinafter as the tag memory processor 230 the consecutive incoming broadcast marks SM from a transmission sequence SF.
  • the memory 233 serves as a reference transmitter and contains - controlled by the processor - an old value BM o and a new value BM i of the reference mark BM alternately in succession.
  • the new value (BM i ) x is generated from the old value (BM o ) x-1 according to an algorithm (FIG. This is generated during the initialization with the aid of a random generator 2301 contained in the microprocessor or is supplied by the memory 234 after a failed re-synchronization, which is therefore referred to below as the old value memory.
  • the last new value (BM i ) x-1 serves as the old value (BM o ) x-1 for determining the next new value (BM i ) x .
  • the receiver 2 has an input switch 25 with three switches connected to the BUS 231 are: With a tracing switch the length is of the capture area FB, with a reference follower the length of a reference sequence BF and with an area switch the length of the post-synchronization area NB adjustable.
  • the microcomputer 23 in the receiver 2 is connected to the transmitter 1 by means of a plug-in cable 6. Thereafter, the start switch 24 is manually operated for a random period of time which the random generator 2301 measures by counting up. After the start switch 24 has been released, the processor 230 supplies a binary random word of, for example, six bytes in length, the value of which depends on the actuation time of the start switch 24. The first three bytes of this random word form an old value for the reference mark BM and are stored in the reference transmitter 233. The last three bytes form a partial word HAZ, which is stored in memory 235 - hereinafter referred to as random memory.
  • This random word formed during the initialization (old value of the reference marking and partial word HAZ) is simultaneously loaded into the marking transmitter 11 of the transmitter 1 via the cable 6.
  • Each transmission signal SI emitted by the transmitter 1 therefore has a transmission marking SM i which is determined by the start parameters mentioned and an algorithm which is likewise identical for the transmitter and receiver.
  • each transmission mark SM i of a transmission signal from the microcomputer is stored in the marking memory 232, the capacity of which is dimensioned to accommodate all transmission marks of a transmission sequence.
  • a new value of the reference mark is formed, based on the aforementioned start parameters and the algorithm on the basis of which the transmission mark was generated in the transmitter. Therefore, as long as each transmission mark given by the sender reaches the recipient, the transmission mark and the new value of the reference mark are identical. If the microcomputer 23 detects this, it emits an opening signal OS to the lock 3 via the control unit 237 (synchronous case).
  • the computer 23 After receiving a transmission mark SM x , the computer 23 first checks whether the old value (BM o ) x-1 of the reference mark has the value zero or not. If this value is zero, a logical one is added to the first position of the content of the reference transmitter 233 (point G in FIG. 3).
  • the computer 23 checks whether the penultimate digit NLSB and the last digit LSB of (BM o ) x-1 together result in the number 10 or the number 01. If one of these numbers is present, the content of the reference transmitter 233 is shifted to the right by one position and a one is added to the first position MSB (point G in FIG. 3). If the number 10 or 01 is not available, the memory content of 233 is only shifted to the right by one digit.
  • the partial word HAZ from the random memory 235 is now added to the content of the reference transmitter 233.
  • the new value (BM i ) x of the reference mark is thus present in the reference transmitter 233.
  • the processor 230 Upon receipt of the first transmission marking SM x , it is stored in the marking memory 232 and the old value (BM o ) x-1 in the old value memory 234. The processor then causes the new value (BM i ) x of the reference mark to be generated in accordance with the algorithm according to FIG. 3 and stores it in the reference transmitter 233. The processor 230 then compares this new value with the send mark SM x for identity.
  • the processor 230 If the processor 230 has determined that there is no identity between the first transmission mark SM x and the first reference mark (BM i ) x , it examines whether within a catch sequence FF of m successive reference marks at the beginning of the post-synchronization area NB there is a - desynchronous - transmission mark SM x identical reference mark (BM i ) x + p exists. In order to generate successive reference marks (BM i ) x + p according to the algorithm according to FIG. 3, the loop labeled A in FIG. 4 is run through until either a reference mark identical to SM x has been found or the loop has been run through m times, which is equally significant with the end of the catch sequence.
  • a search is made for a reference mark that is identical to SM x in the part of the resynchronization area NB following the catch area FB.
  • the index standing on m is increased by 1 and then the reference markings (BM i ) - x + p according to FIG. 3 are generated in a loop labeled B in FIG. 4 - similar to loop A -.
  • This loop is exited as soon as a reference mark (BM i ) x + p identical to SM x is found or after y passes the end of the post-synchronization range is reached.
  • the processor causes the generation of the following reference mark (BM i ) x + p + 1 in accordance with the algorithm according to FIG. 3 and checks whether this reference mark corresponds to the Send marker SM x + 1 is identical. If this is the case, the resynchronization has been successful and the steps for opening the lock already described and starting at P are carried out.
  • the processor issues a set signal SW to the timer 236, which emits an acknowledgment signal QW after a programmed waiting time. Only then is the receiver ready to receive again. In the meantime between the failed resynchronization and delivery of the acknowledgment signal, however, the receiver is blocked, so that incoming send marks SM are not processed.
  • Processor 230 random generator 2301, memory 232 to 235 and control device 237 can in a functional unit, e.g. a one-chip microcomputer 23 with mask programmable ROM be summarized.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Installation de fermeture électronique comportant au moins une serrure (3), de préférence pour des véhicules automobiles, comprenant
    un émetteur (1) qui, lors de chaque opération d'émission, envoie un signal d'émission (SI), qui est modulé par une marque d'émission (SM),
    un générateur de marques (11) situé dans l'émetteur (1) et qui associe à chaque signal d'émission (SI) une marque d'émission (SMi) tirée d'une suite de marques d'émission (SM),
    un récepteur (2) qui est pourvu
    d'un générateur de référence (233), qui délivre une marque actuelle de référence (BMi) tirée d'une suite de marques de référence (BM), qui est identique à la suite de marques d'émission (SM) de l'émetteur (1) et qui est commandé, par chaque signal d'émission reçu (SI), sur une nouvelle marque de référence (BMi) de la suite,
    et d'une unité de commande (237) qui, en cas d'égalité entre la marque d'émission (SMi) et la marque de référence (BMi) (synchronisation), ouvre la serrure (3) d'une manière commandée par l'unité de synchronisation (23),
    et d'une unité de synchronisation (23), qui, après chaque signal d'émission (SI), compare la marque actuelle d'émission (SMi) de ce signal à la nouvelle valeur (BMi), délivrée par le générateur de référence (233), de la marque de référence et, dans le cas où il n'y a pas identité, rétablit la synchronisation de l'émetteur (1) et du récepteur (2) (post-synchronisation) lorsque les marques d'émission (SMi) de la nouvelle valeur de la marque de référence sont situées dans une plage de post-synchronisation (NB), qui s'étend sur une section de la suite de marques de référence (BM),
    caractérisée par le fait
    que l'unité de synchronisation (23) possède une mémoire de marques (232), dans laquelle est mémorisée une suite d'émission (SF) qui est constituée par les marques d'émission (SM) de n signaux d'émission successifs (SI), et
    que l'unité de synchronisation (23) est agencée de telle sorte qu'elle réalise la post-synchronisation du générateur de référence (233) sur la marque de référence (BMi) qui est identique à la n-ème marque d'émission (SM) de la séquence d'émission (SF), lorsque pendant la plage de post-synchronisation (NB) apparaít une suite de références (BF) formée par n marques de référence (BN) et qui est identique à la suite d'émission (SF).
  2. Installation de fermeture électronique suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que l'unité de synchronisation (23) réalise la post-synchronisation du générateur de référence (233), en cas d'absence de synchronisation, sur une marque de référence (BMi) identique à la marque d'émission (SMi) reçue, lorsque cette marque d'émission (SMi) est présente à l'intérieur d'une séquence de captage (FF) de marques de référence (BM) qui s'étend uniquement sur une partie de la plage de post-synchronisation (NB), au début de cette dernière.
  3. Installation de fermeture électronique suivant la revendication 2, caractérisée par le fait que la longueur de la suite d'accrochage (FF) est réglable dans le récepteur (2).
  4. Installation de fermeture électronique suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée par le fait que la longueur de la suite de référence (BF) est réglable dans le récepteur (2).
  5. Installation de fermeture électronique suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée par le fait que la longueur de la plage de post-synchronisation (NB) est réglable dans le récepteur (2).
  6. Installation de fermeture électronique suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée par le fait qu'il est prévu, dans le récepteur (2), une minuterie (236) qui est commandée par l'unité de synchronisation (23) et qui bloque le récepteur (2) pendant un intervalle de temps d'attente lorsqu'aucune post-synchronisation n'est possible pendant la plage de post-synchronisation (NB).
  7. Installation de fermeture électronique suivant la revendication 6, caractérisée par le fait
    qu'il est prévu une mémoire de valeurs anciennes (234), dans laquelle la dernière valeur ancienne (BMo) de la marque de référence est mémorisée, et
    que l'unité de synchronisation (23) règle le générateur de référence (237) sur cette valeur ancienne, lorsque la post-synchronisation a échoué.
  8. Récepteur pour une installation de fermeture électronique pour au moins une serrure (3), de préférence pour un véhicule automobile, caractérisé par
    a) un capteur (21) servant à recevoir un signal d'émission (SI),
    b) un générateur de référence (233), qui délivre une marque de référence (BMi) à partir d'une suite de marques de référence qui est identique à la suite de marques d'émission (SM) dans l'émetteur (1) et qui peut être commandée par chaque signal d'émission reçu (SI) sur une nouvelle marque de référence (BMi) de la suite;
    c) une unité de synchronisation (23) qui, après chaque signal d'émission (SI), compare la marque d'émission (SM) de ce signal à la marque de référence (BMi) précisément délivrée par le générateur de référence (21) et, en cas d'absence d'identité, rétablit la synchronisation de l'émetteur (1) et du récepteur (2) (post-synchronisation), lorsque la marque d'émission (SMi) et la marque de référence (BMi) sont situées à l'intérieur d'une plage de post-synchronisation (NB) qui s'étend sur une section de la suite de marques de référence (BM),
    d) une unité de commande (237) qui, en cas d'égalité des deux marques (SMi, BMi), ouvre la serrure (3) d'une manière commandée par l'unité de synchronisation (23).
  9. Procédé pour réaliser la post-synchronisation d'un récepteur (2) et d'un émetteur (1) d'une installation de fermeture électronique comportant au moins une serrure (3), de préférence pour des véhicules automobiles, et selon lequel
    l'émetteur (1) délivre, lors de chaque opération d'émission, un signal d'émission (SI) qui est modulé par une marque d'émission (SM) tirée d'une suite de marques d'émission,
    dans le récepteur (2), une nouvelle valeur (BMi) de la marque de référence (BMi) tirée d'une suite de marques de référence (BM), qui est identique à la suite de marques d'émission (SM), est réglée par chaque signal d'émission (SMi),
    dans le récepteur (2), chaque actuelle d'émission (SMi) est comparée à la nouvelle valeur (BMi) de la marque de référence, et
    en cas d'identité, la serrure est ouverte, et
    en cas d'absence d'identité, cette identité est rétablie au moyen d'une post-synchronisation de l'émetteur, lorsqu'à l'intérieur d'une plage de post-synchronisation (NB), qui s'étend sur une section tirée de la suite de marques de référence (BM), est située une marque de référence (BM), qui est identique à une marque d'émission (SMi),
    caractérisé par le fait
    que dans le récepteur est mémorisée une suite d'émission (SF) qui est constituée par les marques d'émission (SM) de n signaux successifs d'émission (SI),
    que la post-synchronisation est exécutée lorsque dans la plage de post-synchronisation (NB) est présente une suite de références (BF) formée de n marques de référence (BM) et qui est identique à la suite d'émission.
EP19870111270 1986-08-12 1987-08-04 Installation de fermeture électronique comportant au moins une serrure, en particulier applicable aux véhicules automobiles Expired - Lifetime EP0257376B2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3627291 1986-08-12
DE3627291 1986-08-21

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0257376A1 EP0257376A1 (fr) 1988-03-02
EP0257376B1 EP0257376B1 (fr) 1991-11-06
EP0257376B2 true EP0257376B2 (fr) 2001-07-25

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EP19870111270 Expired - Lifetime EP0257376B2 (fr) 1986-08-12 1987-08-04 Installation de fermeture électronique comportant au moins une serrure, en particulier applicable aux véhicules automobiles

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Country Link
US (1) US4825210A (fr)
EP (1) EP0257376B2 (fr)
DE (1) DE3774364D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2026498T3 (fr)

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DE3774364D1 (de) 1991-12-12
EP0257376B1 (fr) 1991-11-06
ES2026498T3 (es) 1992-05-01
EP0257376A1 (fr) 1988-03-02
US4825210A (en) 1989-04-25

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