EP0193546B1 - NUMERISCHER DEKOMPRESSIONSMESSER MIT VARIABELER ABSORPTION UND VERFAHREN ZUR DURCHFüHRUNG - Google Patents

NUMERISCHER DEKOMPRESSIONSMESSER MIT VARIABELER ABSORPTION UND VERFAHREN ZUR DURCHFüHRUNG Download PDF

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EP0193546B1
EP0193546B1 EP19850904004 EP85904004A EP0193546B1 EP 0193546 B1 EP0193546 B1 EP 0193546B1 EP 19850904004 EP19850904004 EP 19850904004 EP 85904004 A EP85904004 A EP 85904004A EP 0193546 B1 EP0193546 B1 EP 0193546B1
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pressure
decompression
value
time
ambient
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EP19850904004
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French (fr)
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EP0193546A1 (de
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Michel Jullian
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
    • B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
    • B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
    • B63C11/32—Decompression arrangements; Exercise equipment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
    • B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
    • B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
    • B63C2011/021—Diving computers, i.e. portable computers specially adapted for divers, e.g. wrist worn, watertight electronic devices for detecting or calculating scuba diving parameters

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  • the invention relates to a method for determining the minimum non-pathological decompression program for a person (diver, hyperbaric worker, aviator, cosmonaut, etc.) who has stayed and breathed a gas mixture containing one or more gases which cannot be metabolized at ambient pressures. greater than that of the "surface" that it ultimately wants to reach, as well as an automatic device for determining and indicating said program and related parameters applying the said method as well as a diving assembly incorporating the said device.
  • the need for a decompression program stems from the fact that, during the pressure stay, the non-metabolizable gases have dissolved via the lungs and the blood in the tissues of the organism in greater quantities than those which may exist there at surface pressure, and that too rapid decompression would release in situ, rather than in the exhalation gases via the blood and the lungs, the excess of said gases not consumable by the body in the form of bubbles called " pathological ", that is to say capable of inflicting lesions on the tissues in which they appear and / or of interrupting the blood circulation in certain vessels, the spectrum of observable and generally deferred consequences of these decompression accidents ranging from slight itching localized until death.
  • the two main types of decompression are continuous decompression and step decompression.
  • Continuous decompression consists in reducing the ambient pressure continuously or in small steps, and is faster but less practical than decompression in stages, which consists in making stops of relatively long duration at relatively distant predetermined ambient pressures. one from the other, generally spaced 3 mem (meters of seawater) 3 ms to the surface, the speed of movement to the first level and between the levels being limited by a given maximum admissible value, generally between 10 and 20 mem / min.
  • the ideal decompression program is the minimal program, that is to say the one whose total duration is the shortest without compromising the safety of the person concerned.
  • a method for determining decompression programs is precise when the program prescribed by this method for a given exposure comes as close as possible to the minimum program, any deviation going in the direction of safety.
  • the first is the accuracy of determining the state of saturation of the person with non-metabolizable gases after a given exposure.
  • the second is the precision with which the constraints which said saturation state must obey during decompression are known to avoid the appearance of pathological bubbles.
  • the method of the invention has a better first factor and, in turn, a better second factor than conventional methods.
  • the state of saturation of the organism is represented by the tensions of non-metabolizable gases in a certain number of tissues. These voltages represent concentrations of dissolved gas scaled so that at Saturation of a given tissue for a given gas (Saturation will be used here with a capital S in the sense of equilibrium where the tissue contains in solution all the gas which can reside therein in a stable manner), the tension of the gas in the tissue is numerically equal to the partial pressure of said gas in the breathed mixture, itself equal to the product of ambient pressure and the molar concentration of the gas in the mixture.
  • These tissues do not represent well defined anatomical tissues, but rather sets of diverse anatomical tissues united by a common behavior with regard to the dynamics of exchanges of a given non-metabolizable gas with respiratory gases.
  • Each tissue is characterized for a given gas by a constant called period or half-life, which according to the tissue can range from a few minutes to a few hundred minutes, which is defined as the time necessary for the tension of this gas in this tissue reduced by half the difference separating it initially from the saturation tension, equal to the partial pressure of the gas in the respiratory mixture, the latter being assumed to be constant.
  • certain methods employ calculation devices for estimating the tensions when the ambient pressure is high, such as the "magnification" of the times actually spent at ambient pressures greater than 70 mem by a factor of 1.5 or 2.
  • these tables can be qualified as work decompression tables.
  • EP-A-073 499 is also known, according to which the previous dives of a hyperbaric worker are taken into account when calculating the concentration of the inert gas in his tissues.
  • tissue blood flow tissue blood flow
  • This vasodilatation is accompanied by an increase in cardiac output in order to maintain a constant blood pressure.
  • cardiac output in humans can vary between 5 and 25 I / min, i.e. by a factor of 5, or even more: cardiac outputs of around 40 I / mn have been measured in well trained athletes providing maximum effort.
  • a muftiplication of the cardiac output by a factor "x" greater than 1 must necessarily be associated with a multiplication by a factor "y” at least equal to "x" of the perfusion of the tissues whose increased metabolism is responsible for the increased cardiac output.
  • the ambient temperature that is to say the temperature of the medium which receives the plunger, influences the perfusion of the organic tissues. This is how a low temperature reduces tissue perfusion and reduces the speed of gas exchange.
  • the purpose of the method according to the invention is to take into account the exercise of the diver and / or the temperature of the ambient environment in order to more accurately determine the optimal decompression program.
  • a high temperature and / or an increased exercise facilitate this exchange, on the other hand, a slow exercise or a rest and / or a low temperature slow down the said exchange.
  • the factor which influences the exchange of non-metabolizable gas between the different tissues of the body of the diver and the blood is the perfusion of these different tissues of the body of the diver.
  • This pulmonary ventilation can be determined using close measurements of the pressure of the reservoir of the respiratory mixture, then the use of an isothermal expansion law or not to determine the amount of said mixture released by the reservoir.
  • the recorded value of the pulmonary ventilation can have as acceptable value 40 liters / min and that of the temperature 10 ° C.
  • the memories of the automatic calculation means with memories include data representative of those of the table of GERS (French Navy) and those of the table of the French Ministry of Labor or any other tables.
  • the memories of the memory calculation means equipping the device contain the data of a program of calculation in real time and in future time of the quantities of neutral gas present in the theoretical tissues.
  • the device comprises registers for receiving the highest value of pulmonary ventilation, the lowest value of the ambient temperature, the value of the highest ambient pressure experienced by the diver and the value of the dive time, the means of calculation based on the value of the minimum ambient temperature and the value of the maximum pulmonary ventilation received by the registers, selecting either the GERS table or the table of the French Ministry of Labor and subsequently according to the value of the highest ambient pressure determining the maximum diving depth and the value of the diving time selecting the corresponding decompression plane in the selected table.
  • the device comprises two solenoid valves controlled by the calculation means, one having its input connected to a gas tank other than the respiratory gas tank and its output connected to an inflatable or equivalent vest and the other having its input connected to said vest and its output left to the atmosphere, the calculation means controlling one or other of the valves to inflate the said vest or to deflate it in order to perform an automatic ascent, this being following the observation of a any anomaly according to pre-recorded instructions either following a voluntary order given on the spot.
  • the diving assembly forming part of the present invention is characterized in that it incorporates a device applying the present method.
  • Knowing P has other obvious safety advantages by allowing good management of respiratory reserves.
  • a relatively high value may be used, for example 20 I / min (respectively 1 Vmn).
  • this prediction can be made by preceding the ascent of a hypothetical residual stay at the present depth at the end of which the new state of saturation and the new decompression program are calculated as for an actual stay, so that one can predict by successive tests the maximum possible residual time at this depth, taking into account the available breathing gas reserves.
  • the method takes into account as exercise parameter, the pulmonary ventilation (VE) determined during the dive, to calculate the quantities (qi) of neutral gas contained in one or more theoretical tissues (i) constituting a mathematical model of the diver's body.
  • VE pulmonary ventilation
  • the corresponding maximum cardiac rates (Q c) are determined using the empirical tables provided from experiments on several subjects at different ambient pressures.
  • the determination of the maximum cardiac rates can be indifferently carried out by any of these two methods.
  • the first stage (D1) is determined as that whose depth is equal to or immediately greater than the depth where any one of (q i ) max is reached.
  • the quantities of neutral gas (qi) relating to the tissues (i) are not calculated.
  • a decompression table either for work (as for example the table of the French Ministry of Labor) or for exploration (as for example the table of GERS of the French Navy) is selected according to the values of the pulmonary ventilation determined and measured room temperature values.
  • the recorded values of ventilation and temperature are 40 liters / minute for pulmonary ventilation and 10 ° C for temperature for example.
  • the device implementing the method according to the present invention comprises means for measuring the time (t), the ambient temperature ( T ), the ambient pressure (p), the pressure (P) of the reservoir of the respiratory mixture.
  • the description of the device will be limited to the embodiment, where the cardiac output is determined by determining the pulmonary ventilation, but it should be noted that said flow can also be determined by measuring the frequency diver's heart.
  • the device forming part of the present invention is equipped with a cardiac pulse sensor, known per se, producing signals representative of said pulsations.
  • the corresponding cardiac rates are found using the pre-provided correspondence tables.
  • the device also includes data input means allowing data entry to choose a decompression plan calculation method and to serve for the determination of said plan; the volume of the respiratory gas reservoir is introduced to serve, among other things, for determining pulmonary ventilation.
  • the device also includes indication means receiving the output signals from the calculation means.
  • the memories of the calculation means include instructions necessary to calculate the quantities (qi) of neutral gas contained in one or more tissues (i), this by the integration in real time of the exchange rates gaseous of said tissues.
  • This calculation takes into account the ambient pressure, the time and the ambient temperature and is performed each time the pulmonary ventilation is determined from successive measurements of the pressure of the respiratory gas reservoir.
  • the pulmonary ventilation itself is, according to stored instructions calculated from said measurements and according to an isothermal expansion law or not, known in itself, and taking into account the volume of said tank, the ambient pressure and possibly the evolution of the temperature as a function of time.
  • the decompression plan is finally determined by integration in future time of the said gas exchange rates, also following the instructions stored according to the present process.
  • the permanent calculation of the quantities (q;) of neutral gas in the various tissues (i) makes it possible to update the decompression plan according to the actual progress of the ascent and possibly in the case of the execution of successive dives at sea, at altitude or speleological.
  • the memories of the calculation means comprise the data of at least two decompression tables, for example the table of GERS and the table of the French Ministry of Labor.
  • the device also comprises two registers for receiving the highest value of the pulmonary ventilation and the lowest value of the ambient temperature.
  • the device also has two other registers for receiving the highest value of the ambient pressure and the value of the dive time.
  • the calculation means according to the value of the minimum ambient temperature and the value of the maximum pulmonary ventilation recorded in these registers, select either the GERS table or the table of the French Ministry of Labor.
  • the GERS table is selected if the ambient temperature has never been below 10 ° C and if the pulmonary ventilation has never been above 40 liters / minute.
  • the calculation means extract from the selected table the decompression plan corresponding to the dive time and the maximum depth reached, these calculation means, by means of indication means indicate to the diver the parameters fixing the stages of decompression (stages and durations of the stages).
  • the device automatically detects the fact that the diver ascends, checks whether the diver follows the indications of the decompression plane and is therefore able to warn him via the means of indication if this is not the case, and of updating the decompression program according to the actual progress of the decompression.
  • the first embodiment can coexist with the second to take over in the event that the diving profile goes beyond the framework of the prerecorded tables.
  • the device comprises a means for measuring the ambient pressure, a means for measuring the time, a means for measuring the ambient temperature and a means for measuring the exercise.
  • the device according to the invention comprises at least one means for measuring the pulmonary ventilation to determine the exercise.
  • the pulmonary ventilation is determined by measuring the rate of decrease of the pressure P of the respiratory gas reservoir according to (Eq. 4).
  • the calculation means and possibly the indication means are sensitive to the signals coming from said pressure measurement means P.
  • Said calculating means evaluate the rate of variation of the pressure P as a function of the signals coming from said means for measuring the pressure P and from those coming from the time measuring means at the ends of a small time interval.
  • Said calculation means determine the pulmonary ventilation of the user as a function of said rate of variation of P, of the ambient pressure, and of the volume of the reservoir concerned.
  • the calculation means also use the current measured value of the pressure P to predict, on the basis of and possibly simultaneously with the current decompression program, the value of P when it reaches the surface assuming that the user would immediately perform its ascent according to the indications of the device and where its pulmonary ventilation during said ascent would have a presumed given value, said value may or may not depend on the values measured until the time when the prediction is made.
  • Said calculation means are able to warn the user by means of one or more of the indication means as soon as the value P predicted upon arrival at the surface becomes less than a given safety threshold.
  • the above prediction is also effective. killed by preceding the ascent of a hypothetical residual stay at this depth, at the end of which the new state of saturation and the new decompression program are calculated as for an actual stay, so that the means of calculation predict by suc - cess i fs the maximum possible residual duration at this depth, taking into account the available breathing gas reserves.
  • the means for measuring the ambient pressure, the ambient temperature, and the pressure of the bottle or bottles each comprise at least one sensor which delivers an analog electrical signal and at least one analog digital converter which receives the analog electrical signal and the converts to digital signal.
  • the means for measuring the ventilation in combination with the bottle pressure sensor and the analog-to-digital converter comprises a programmable clock or timer so that the calculation means in relation to the programmable clock can assess the speed of variation. pressure in the bottle.
  • the bottle pressure sensor is connected to said bottle by a flexible hose.
  • the outputs of these sensors are connected to at least one multiplexer controlled by the calculation means, the output of this multiplexer is electrically connected to the input of the analog to digital converter.
  • the calculation means select the outputs of the various sensors sequentially.
  • the sensors of the pressure measurement means are reactive or resistive, electro-mechanical or electrical, passive or active, precalibrated or not, with or without internal thermal compensation for sensitivity and / or zero, sensitive to pressures absolute or pressures relative to that prevailing inside the housing or one of its compartments. They may or may not include bellows, Bourdon tubes, levers, converters for displacement into an electrical signal, membranes, intermediate fluids transmitting pressure, flexible or rigid pipes or conduits equipping the sensitive parts of the sensors and the environments where pressures are measured.
  • Their electrical part can be composed of one or more discrete or integrated electronic elements, which can behave electrically like a "Wheatstone bridge" whose resistance of one or more of the branches varies according to the measured pressure thus varying the output voltage of said bridge, or as a differential electric oscillator or not, the impedance of one or more of the elements of which varies as a function of the pressure measured, thus varying the oscillation frequency of said oscillator.
  • Said means for measuring the pressure or pressures can also include circuits for amplification and / or external thermal compensation of the input (excitation) and / or output signals of the base sensor (s).
  • circuits can be integrated into a single component or consist of operational amplifiers and passive components (resistances, capacitors).
  • circuits may also be common to the other sensors by insertion of one or more analog demultiplexers and / or muftiplexers controlled by the calculation means between said circuits and the inputs and / or outputs of said sensors.
  • Said means for measuring the pressure or pressures may comprise at least one constant voltage source, the output of which is connected either directly or by means of the said amplification and / or thermal compensation circuits at the input (excitation) of the sensor (s), said constant voltage source which, according to an arrangement called “ratiometric", can be that which internally or externally calibrates the analog-digital converter (s).
  • the ambient temperature sensor is of the resistive temperature detector (RTD), thermistor, thermocouple, diode or integrated circuit type.
  • Said means for measuring the temperature may have parts in common with other elements of the device, the temperature sensor being able in particular to be integrated into one of the pressure sensors or to the analog-to-digital converter being able to be of the voltage-frequency type.
  • the signals from the temperature measurement means can be used to compensate for the thermal coefficients of the other measurement means and possibly of the indication means.
  • the temperature measurement means comprise at least one analog-digital converter which can be of the voltage-frequency type which they can share with other measurement means if an analog multiplexer is provided. assistant, the output or outputs of said converter being connected to one or more lines of the calculation means, said converter also being able to contain the base temperature sensor.
  • the indication means can be directly sensitive, via amplification circuits or via calculation means, to signals from the temperature measurement means and capable of informing the user of the value of said temperature.
  • a possible version of the device also includes a means measuring heart rate.
  • this means is constituted by a pulse sensor of a known type which is sensitive to the cardiac pulse and which transforms the said pulse into an electrical pulse.
  • This means is also constituted by the programmable clock or "timer" which measures by means of an interruption line of the microcomputer the time interval between two electrical pulses received.
  • This circuit can for example be a flip-flop of the "Schmidt trigger” type.
  • the heartbeat sensor is mounted in a bracelet intended to be attached to the wrist of the diver.
  • An electrical line consisting of an electrical wire coated with an insulator connects this sensor to the rest of the device.
  • the means of data entry allow the possible modification, for purposes of experimentation or adaptation to new diving conditions or simply for reasons of personal preferences, of some of the quantities that can be held explicitly or implicitly in the memory of the means calculation such as surface pressure, volume of the tank in which the pressure P is measured, type of respiratory system used, safety threshold of the pressure P predicted on arrival at the surface, composition of the respiratory mixture possibly below form of a function of the ambient pressure, number and basic periods (for a given basic cardiac output) of the tissues constituting the mathematical model of the organism, initial values of the tensions of the various non-metabolizable gases in said tissues, maximum values permissible of said voltages as functions of ambient pressure, maximum ascent rate male, desired decompression mode (continuous or stepwise), depths or ambient pressures authorized for the execution of steps in the case of step decompression, coefficients of the correlation cardiac output / pulmonary ventilation / ambient pressure, coefficients correlation of cardiac output / period for each tissue, dive time not to be exceeded, depth or ambient pressure not to be exceeded, calibration constants of the measurement means
  • the data input means are composed of magnetic action switches of the "reed” or Hall effect type located inside the housing, controlling the binary state of lines of the calculation means and one or more several magnets encapsulated in or covered with a material suitable for protecting them from corrosion, located outside said housing and movable in translation and / or rotation by the user in order to actuate said switches selectively and remotely.
  • the data entry means may also include a locking device to protect the constants against any accidental modification during use or transport of the device.
  • the calculation means are for example constituted by a microcomputer which can be of CMOS construction comprising in one or more housings one or more microprocessors with 4, 8, 16, 32 or even 64 bits, one or more clock signal generators, one or more elements of random access memory which can be of the static or dynamic type or a combination of the two, possibly one or more elements of read-only memory programmable or not, possibly one or more "timers” (counting registers), possibly one or more decoders , possibly one or more binary signal amplifiers ("buffers”, “drivers”, buffers, transmitters, receivers, transmitters) possibly one or more auxiliary logic boxes (gates, inverters, movable, muftiplexers, counters, Schmidt flip-flops) possibly one or more passive components (resistors, capacitors), possibly one or more communication interfaces, programmable or not, parallel (PIA, -PIO) or synchronous or asynchronous series (SCI, UART, USART, ACIA).
  • the RAM can be kept under permanent voltage so that its content is preserved even during periods of device shutdown.
  • the microprocessor (s) can operate in various modes such as “active”, “sleep”, “standby” corresponding to various energy levels.
  • the calculation means can have one or more hierarchical or non-hierarchical interruption facilities, maskable or not, internal and / or external, by hardware and / or software, allowing the execution of specific algorithms according to the state of the measurement means. and / or display means and / or the timer (s) if necessary and / or data input means if necessary and / or means for supplying electrical energy.
  • One of said interruption facilities preferably of the non-maskable type, controlled by the data input means, can trigger an organized system closure procedure which guarantees the backup of the contents of the RAM.
  • the timers if present can fulfill all or part of the functions of the means of on time in association with the clock signal generator (s).
  • the clock signal generator (s) can be composed of independent oscillators (crystalline, for example quartz, or others, for example RLC circuits) or outputs from those of the time measurement means, if any, which are separate from the means of calculation.
  • the communications between the various components, if there are several, of the calculation means (internal communications) and between the calculation means and the other components of the device (input-output communications) take place via programmable ports.
  • latch latch
  • one-way or two-way or mixed which may have an inhibition facility (high impedance state) and / or via interrupt lines (by example for reception of frequency type signals) and / or via control lines (such as selection lines, handshake lines) and / or via parallel or serial communication interfaces.
  • Some of these ports can be interconnected in a so-called "bus" arrangement.
  • the input-output ports can be specialized or projected in memory.
  • Said calculation means can fulfill part of the functions of the various measurement means, in particular by performing thermal calibrations and / or compensations of sensitivities and / or zeros, by generating via digital-analog converters analog signals allowing to evaluate the signals to be measured by using comparators or by measuring the frequency of an alternating signal using a "timer" and the associated external capture facility ("input capture interrupt").
  • Said calculation means can modify one or more excitation voltages of the measurement and / or indication means by means of digital-analog converters or analog multiplexers associated with potential dividers and possible operational amplifiers.
  • sequences of instructions executed by said calculation means may include various tests of the correct functioning of the device, in particular likelihood tests, leading to a warning of the diver via the indication means in the event of a malfunction detected.
  • Said calculation means can, thanks to one or more switches of the “sotid-state” type (for example Dartingtons or power Mosfets) or mechanical relays (for example of the “reed” type) selectively or globally control the supply of electrical energy other components of the system, in order to direct their operation (on / off of lamps, horns, etc.) and / or to save energy for example by temporarily deactivating certain measurement means while the output signals of said means measurement are not "online” (active on the input lines of the computing means) or when said output signals are observed, vary very slowly allowing infrequent sampling.
  • switches of the “sotid-state” type for example Dartingtons or power Mosfets
  • mechanical relays for example of the “reed” type
  • the means for supplying electrical energy are, for example, constituted by rechargeable batteries of the cadmium-nickel type or non-rechargeable batteries of the lithium or mercury type.
  • Said means for supplying electrical energy occupy, for example, a separate and possibly detachable and replaceable compartment of the housing, hermetically isolated from the other compartment or compartments of said housing while being electrically connected to them.
  • Said supply means if they are of the rechargeable type are connected to two stainless steel contacts, for example gold or gold-plated contacts located outside the housing and allow recharging of said supply means, at least one of the two connections by means of a diode or a switch preventing the discharge of said supply means via said contacts in seawater or in the ambient environment of the user, whoever it may be, the switch, in the case of a switch that can be of the reed type controlled from the outside of the housing using a magnet by the user or a relay controlled by the calculation means as a function of the ambient pressure, and / or requests expressed by the user via the data entry means.
  • two stainless steel contacts for example gold or gold-plated contacts located outside the housing and allow recharging of said supply means, at least one of the two connections by means of a diode or a switch preventing the discharge of said supply means via said contacts in seawater or in the ambient environment of the user, whoever it may be, the switch, in the case of a switch that can be of the ree
  • the compartment of the box containing the said supply means is provided with a manual opening or with a valve for the elimination of gases released by the supply means while preventing the entry of fluids or foreign bodies.
  • the device of the invention may also include means for determining the state of charge of the supply means.
  • These determination means consist of a constant voltage source, possibly a potential divider to which the potential difference is applied between the terminals of said supply means, and a comparator or more simply a divider of voltage connected to an additional input of the analog multiplexer downstream of the analog-digital converter.
  • These means are totally or partially integrated into a single component, the output or outputs of said determination means being connected to one or more ports of the calculation means and / or to the indication means.
  • the means of determining the state of charge trigger, after possible expiration of a delay and possible warning of the diver via the indication means, an organized closure of the system guaranteeing the backup of the contents of the RAM.
  • the means of indication are made up of visual, sound or tactile means.
  • the visual means comprise one or more simple light emitting diodes or arranged in segment display and / or dot matrix and / or "bar-graphs", one or more reflective, transmitive or transflective liquid crystal displays, with direct excitation or multiplexed, illuminable or not, with segments and / or matrices of predefined points and / or symbols and / or "bar-graphs", one or more plasma screens, one or more cathode-ray tube screens, one or more dials with needles, one or more incandescent lamps, one or more flash lamps, one or more electroluminescent tubes or screens, painted and / or engraved legends.
  • These visual means are apparent to the user through one or more windows or transparent walls of the housing and are capable of representing, in digital or analog form or as a "bar-graph” or binary (display in two states, such as an LED s illuminating when a certain quantity exceeds a certain threshold) simultaneously or alternatively, automatically or on request via the data input means, any combination of the following information that the calculation means and possibly the measurement means are capable of provide them with:
  • full or partial decompression program consisting of couples (depth or ambient pressure, time) and possibly the total duration of the ascent, minimum depth or ambient pressure accessible for continuous decompression, duration of this dive (stay at pressures higher than that prevailing on the surface), time, date, possible residual dive time at this depth or ambient pressure depending on the present estimated state of saturation of the user's body and its residual quantity of gas respiratory and possibly the request it expressed via the data entry means in terms of maximum duration of the dive, maximum depth or ambient pressure reached during this dive, current depth or ambient pressure, ascent rate current, residual amount of respiratory gas present (pressure P or equivalent volume for a given ambient pressure which may be the pressure prevailing on the surface), residual quantity of respiratory gas predicted at the end of the ascent prescribed by the device, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen consumption, user's cardiac output, ambient temperature, all information may have been stored by the user via the data entry means, answer to the question "has the maximum admissible depth (which may have been defined by the user) been exceeded?", answer to the question " has the maximum dive time (which may have been
  • the sound means comprise one or more electro-acoustic transducers adapted to the ambient environment (for example hydrophones in a marine or fresh water environment) as well as their associated generator and amplifier circuits. These transducers are electromagnetic or piezoelectric, monotone or multitone, capable of informing the user in a qualitative way (alarms and signals-differentiated or not according to the information transmitted, particularly suitable for information of binary type), or even quantitative for example by speech synthesis if they are associated with one or more speech synthesis circuits receiving their instructions from the calculation means, the information transmitted by said sound means can be any combination of those listed above with reference to the means visuals.
  • Tactile means are made up of mechanical appendages driven by electromagnets or electric motors. These mechanical appendages come into contact with any part of the user's body or fixed electrodes in permanent contact with the user's skin. These electrodes cause a slight discharge.
  • Said tactile means if present allow, in the event of important information to be transmitted to the user (see list referring to visual means), to draw his attention to said visual means even under ambient noise conditions which would make ineffective sound means.
  • the present invention also relates to a diving set comprising, in addition to a device according to the invention, a breathing apparatus composed of reserves of compressed gases carried or not carried by the diver, one or more regulators, and possibly a breathing bag provided with valves and a carbon dioxide absorption cartridge and an automatic oxygen dosing device, possibly a waterproof lamp, possibly orientation instruments (compass, goniometer), a diving mask or helmet, possibly means of propulsion (fins, underwater “scooter”), possibly means of protection against the cold (heated suit or not), possibly means of adjusting the buoyancy of the diver and his equipment (lifeline, ballasts or dry suit) with or without a supply of inflation gas independent of the supply of respiratory gas, possibly a turret or box or cha m decompression bre.
  • a breathing apparatus composed of reserves of compressed gases carried or not carried by the diver, one or more regulators, and possibly a breathing bag provided with valves and a carbon dioxide absorption cartridge and an automatic oxygen dosing device, possibly a waterproof lamp, possibly
  • a turbine-electric generator assembly (dynamo or rectified alternator) associated with a regulator and capable of extracting the energy for expansion of the respiratory gases and / or inflation of the means for adjusting the buoyancy and to maintain in a state of load satisfying the means of supplying electrical energy to the assembly during the dive.
  • Said device according to the invention can be incorporated into the diving helmet and can comprise a corrective optical assembly based on lenses and / or mirrors and / or prisms and / or semi-reflecting blades allowing close-up vision, and possibly superimposed in the normal field of vision, visual means of indication.
  • This device can also include conventional sound indication means (speakers, headphones) operating in the gaseous volume of the headset, and can include voice type data input means consisting of a microphone or laryngophone connected to the means of calculation via a speech recognition module.
  • the diving assembly can include two solenoid valves controlled by the calculation means, binary way via relays or switches known as “solid-state” or proportionally via digital-analog converters followed by amplifiers, one controlling the entry of the inflation gas into the jacket or dry suit and the other controlling the escape of said gas to the ambient environment, said solenoid valves allowing said means of calculation as a function of time, ambient pressure and possibly its time derivatives - easily calculated as a function of the output signals over a period of time of the time measurement means and of the ambient pressure measurement means -, possibly of information previously stored in memory by the user via the input means data (such as the diver's mass, its volume, its coefficient of resistance to movement in water, the compressibility coefficient and the e volume at the surface of his suit) and possibly the current de
  • the calculation means of said device according to the invention may be able to similarly control a solenoid valve responsible for the decompression of a diving turret or chamber or decompression chamber and possibly another responsible for its compression, thus automating the operation of said turret or box or chamber as regards decompression and possibly as regards compression.
  • a preferred embodiment among the combinations of embodiments given for each of the main components of the device, particularly suitable for the use of scuba divers, and which has the advantages of being economical, versatile and relatively simple, is as follows :
  • the ambient and reservoir pressures are transmitted to the "pressure" inputs, mouthed on one side of the housing, of two absolute pressure sensors, monolithic (with single semiconductor substrate) of the "Wheatstone bridge” type whose measurable pressure ranges are compatible to their respective measurands, via a rot-proof stainless membrane and an incompressible, non-corrosive and electrically non-conductive intermediate fluid in both cases, also via a flexible hose designed for high pressures (armed) connected to the HP outlet of the regulator in the second case.
  • the two bridges are excited by constant voltages obtained by amplification of the constant voltage output of the single voltage-frequency converter ("ratiometric" arrangement), on the voltage input to be measured "from which the signals are multiplexed, after amplification and offset. of said bridges as well as the "temperature” output with which said converter is also provided.
  • the means of calculating and measuring time consisting of an 8-bit CMOS microcomputer in a box (microprocessor, read-only memory, random access memory, 16-bit timer or timer, 29 input-output lines), control multiplexing analog signals to be measured by two of their input-output lines, and receive the output frequency of the converter on their frequency line to be measured. They are therefore able to know at any time the uncalibrated values of the ambient pressure, the tank pressure and the temperature, to calibrate them and, as regards the pressures, to apply thermal compensations to them.
  • the calibration and thermal compensation constants are introduced into the microcomputer's RAM thanks to data input means of the "reed" type controlling the state of input-output lines of said microcomputer.
  • the device is provided with a second charge level detector for the main batteries, constituted like the first with a potential divider and a threshold detector, which changes the state of a line of microcomputer input-output when said charge level only allows a few hours of operation, so that the user is notified.
  • the main batteries are simply charged via two bare stainless steel contacts emerging from the housing, the discharge of said batteries by the same path being prevented by the interposition of a diode.
  • This diode can be short-circuited by an reed switch controlled from the outside, allowing rapid total discharge of the main batteries in an emergency via the external contacts, a condition necessary for the subsequent execution of a rapid total charge at 2 A in 15 minutes without danger for the batteries.
  • a second diode connected to the positive pole of the "back-up" battery via a resistor, performs a 1 mA bypass of the current charging, allowing a relatively quick recharging of said back-up battery when it has been used for a prolonged period, which the trickie charging current cannot guarantee.
  • the maximum permanent charging current of the together is 68 mA.
  • the visual means consist of a transflect i f LCD screen module (lighting either behind or in front) with 32 alphanumeric characters multiplexed, in a resistance scale associated with an analog multiplexer allowing the adjustment of the optimal reading angle of the the screen by that of the excitation voltage of the liquid crystals, into an electroluminescent panel underlying the screen and into a wave generator intended to supply said panel.
  • the calculation means control said visual means by fifteen of their input-output lines: eleven are dedicated to data transmissions, three to control the multiplexer 8-1, one to the wave generator of the EL panel controlled via a Darlington .
  • the audible indication means consist of a piezoelectric transducer connected to the "frequency output" line of the microcomputer via an amplifier.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Measuring And Recording Apparatus For Diagnosis (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Claims (10)

1. Verfahren zur Feststellung der Drucksturzebene in Echtzeit bei einem Taucher oder einem Überdruckarbeiter, nach dem man während der Exposition die Zeit (t), die Umgebungstemperatur (T), den Umgebungsdruck (p) und den Druck des Atemgemischbehälters (P) mißt, der ein neutrales Gas wie z. B. Stickstoff enthält; dieses Verfahren ist gekennzeichnet durch:
1: die Berechnung der Lungenventilation (V E) mit Anwendung eines Gasentspannungsgesetzes wie z. B.:
Figure imgb0013
wobei
V das Volumen des besagten Atemgemischs, p der Umgebungsdruck,
dP die Veränderung des Behälterdrucks zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Messungen und
dt das Zeitintervall zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Messungen sind,
2: die Feststellung der maximalen Horzau.sstöße (Q C), die den Lungenventilationen (V E) entsprechen, und zwar anhand vorgelieferter empirischer Tafeln resultierend aus Studien an mehreren Versuchspersonen bei verschiedenen Umgebungsdrucken.
3: die Berechnung der gelösten oder gasförmigen Neutralgasmengen (qi), die in einem oder mehreren theorethischen Geweben (1) enthalten sind, die ein mathemathisches Modell des tauchenden Organismus darstellen, und zwar indem die in Echtzeit abgelaufenen Gasaustauschgeschwindigkeiten (dqildt) der theoretischen Gewebe nach folgender Beziehung integriert werden:
Figure imgb0014
wobei qi für die Neutralgasmenge steht, die im dazugehörigen Gewebe (i) vorhanden ist,
Ai ist gleich: entweder (gp - qi) wenn qi < (p + Ki), d.h. ohne Blasen im Gewebe (i), oder (gp - (p + Ki) wenn qi > (p + Ki), d.h. mit Blasen im Gewebe (i),
g ist der molare Anteil des Neutralgases im Atemgemisch,
Ki > 0 ist eine durch Versuche erhaltene, vorgegebene Konstante, die die Blasenbildungsschwelle im Gewebe (i) darstellt.
ki ist der Zeitkoeffizient des Gewebes (i) berechenbar wie folgt:
ki= ai,i Q*c+ αi,0 mit αi,1 > 0 wenn Δi > 0, d.h. eine steigende Funktion des Herzausstoßes im Fall einer Absorption des Neutralgases durch das Gewebe.
oder ki= βi,1 T + βi,0 mit βi,1 > 0 wenn Δi < 0, d.h. eine steigende Funktion der Temperatur im Fall einer Eliminierung des Neutralgases durch das Gewebe.
αi,1 > 0, αi,0 βi,1 > 0 und βi,0 sind durch Studien für ein Gewebe (i) vorgegebene Konstanten,
4: die Berechnung - durch Integration in Zukunftszeit der Gleichung (1) mit der Annahme, daß 0 c und T ihre Werte behalten - der zukünftigen Entwicklung jeder (qi), die einem Gewebe (i) entspricht, im Falle eines hypothetischen Anstiegs ausgehend vom derzeitigen Umgebungsdruck (p) mit einer konstanten und allgemein verwendeten Geschwindigkeit (z. B. 10 bis 20 m/min) bis die (qi) eines beliebigen Gewebes den maximal zulässigen Wert (qi)max erreicht.
5: die Berechnung der Tiefe, in der die (qi) eines beliebigen Gewebes den maximal zulässigen Wert (qi)max erreicht, wobei (qi)max eine durch das Gewebe und die Tiefe vorgegebene empirische Funktion ist; und die Festlegung der ersten Schwelle, bei der die Tiefe gleich oder leicht unter der besagten berechneten Tiefe ist.
6: die Berechnung der Zeitspanne, während der Ebene der Schwelle (D1) verharrt werden muß, damit die (qi) aller Gewebe (i) niedriger oder gleich den (qi)max der folgenden Schwelle sind, Zeitspanne, nach der in einem kurzen Zeitraum zur nächsten Schwelle aufgestiegen werden kann.
7: die Wiederholung der Etappe (6) bis zum Aufstieg an die Oberfläche.
2. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch (1), das gekennzeichnet ist durch:
- Merken des höchsten Wertes der berechneten Ventilation (V'E)max,
- des höchsten gemessenen Umgebungsdrucks und Abzug der maximal erreichten Tiefe,
- Merken der tiefsten gemessenen Temperatur (T)min.
- Wahl einer Arbeitsdrucksturztafel wie z. B. die Tafel des Französischen Arbeitsministeriums, wenn (V E)max über dem angegebenen Wert der Lungenventilation bleibt, oder wenn (T)min unter dem angegebenen Temperaturwert bleibt,
- Wahl einer Forschungsdrucksturztafel wie z. B. die Tafel des GERS (Französische Marine), wenn (V E)max unter dem angegebenen Wert der Lungenventilation bleibt, oder wenn (T)min über dem angegebenen Temperaturwert bleibt,
- Auszug des Drucksturzplans aus der gewählten Tafel, der der maximal erreichten Tiefe und der gemessenen Tauchzeit (t) entspricht.
3. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 2, das gekennzeichnet ist durch:
- den angegebenen Wert der Lungenventilation, der 40 Liter/min beträgt und,
- den angegebenen Wert der Temperatur, der 10°C beträgt.
4. Automatische Vorrichtung zur Feststellung und Angabe des optimalen Drucksturzplans gemäß dem durch die Ansprüche R1 bis R3 definierten Verfahrens, gekennzeichnet durch:
1: ein Meßmittel zur Messung der Zeit (t), das für die besagte Zeit repräsentative Signale auslöst,
2: ein Meßmittel zur Messung der Umgebungs- temperatur (T), das für die besagte Temperatur repräsentative Signale auslöst,
3: ein Meßmittel zur Messung des Umgebungsdrucks (p), das für den besagten Druck repräsentative Signale auslöst,
4: ein Meßmittel zur Messung des Behälterdrucks (P) des Atemgemischs, das für den besagten Druck repräsentative Signale auslöst,
5: Mittel zur Eingabe von Daten, die vor allem die Eingabe des Behäftervolumens des Atemgases und die Wahl der einen oder anderen Berechnungsmethode des Drucksturzplans ermöglichen.
6: Automatische Rechenmittel mit Speicher, die die Ausgangssignale der MeBmittel und der Dateneingabemittel empfangen:
a) die die Lungenventilation (V E) berechnen,
b) die einen zu benutzenden Drucksturzplan von den zwei vorher aufgezeichneten Drucksturzplänen auswählen, und zwar nach dem Vergleich des Wertes der maximalen, berechneten Ventilation mit einem angegebenen Ventilationswert und des maximalen Temperaturwertes mit einem angegebenen Temperaturwert und unter Auszug des Drucksturzplans aus der gewählten Tafel, der der gemessenen Tauchzeit und der gemessenen maximalen Tiefe entspricht, oder die die Werte der Neutralgaskonzentration in den verschiedenen Geweben durch Integrieren in vergangener und Zukunftszeit berechnen und die einen Drucksturzplan ausarbeiten,
c) die für den bestimmten Drucksturzplan repräsentative Ausgangssignale auslösen.
7: Anzeigemittel, die die Ausgangssignale der Rechenmittel empfangen.
5. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, gekennzeichnet durch die Meßmittel zur Druckmessung und die Rechenmittel zur Berechnung, unter anderem, der Lungenventilation, bestehend aus:
- einem Druckmesser für den Behälterdruck des Atemgases (P), der durch einen Schlauch am besagten Behälter angeschlossen ist und der ein für den besagten Druck repräsentatives Signal auslöst,
- einem Druckmesser für den Umgebungsdruck (p), dessen Lage nicht kritisch ist und der ein für den besagten Druck repräsentatives Signal auslöst,
- einem Muftiplexer, von dem einige Eingänge an den Ausgang des Atemgasdruckmessers und den Ausgang des Umgebungsdruckmessers angeschlossen sind und dessen Ausgang die besagten Signale, eines nach dem anderen in einem wiederholten Zyklus, auf einen Analog/Digital-Konverter überträgt,
- einem Analog/Digital-Konverter, dessen Eingang an den Ausgang des Multiplexers und dessen Ausgang an einen Mikroprozessor angeschlossen sind,
- einem Mikroprozessor, der vom Analog/Digital- Konverter aufeinanderfolgende Werte der in festgelegten Intervallen gemessenen Drukke erhält und der anschließend die Lungenventilation errechnet.
6. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die Speicher der Mittel zur automatischen Berechnung mit Speicher repräsentative Daten der Tafel des GERS (Französische Marine) und der Tafel des Französischen Arbeitsministeriums oder aller anderen Tafeln enthalten.
7. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die Speicher der Mittel zur automatischen Berechnung mit Speicher, die zur Ausstattung der Vorrichtung gehören, Daten eines Rechenprogramms in Echtzeit und Zukunftszeit über die in einem theoretischen Gewebe vorhandenen Neutralgasmengen enthatten.
8. Vorrichtung gemäß den Ansprüchen 4 und 6, gekennzeichnet durch Register zum Erhalt des Maximalwertes der Lungenventilation, des Minimalwertes der Umgebungstemperatur, des Maximalwertes für den Umgebungsdruck, dem der Taucher ausgesetzt ist und des Wertes der Tauchzeit, durch die Rechenmittel, die nach dem Minimalwert der Umgebungs-temperatur und dem Lungenventilationswert - Werte, die in den Registern aufgezeichnet sind - entweder die Tafel des GERS oder die Tafel des Französischen Arbeitsministeriums wählen und anschließend in Abhängigkeit des höchsten Umgebungsdruckwertes die maximale Tauchtiefe bestimmen und anhand des Tauchzeitwertes einen Drucksturzplan wählen, der der gewählten Drucksturztafel entspricht.
9. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, gekennzeichnet durch zwei Elektroventile, die von den Rechenmitteln gesteuert werden, wobei eines mit seinem Eingang an einen Gasbehälter, der nicht der Atemgasbehäiter ist, und mit seinem Ausgang an eine aufblasbare Schwimmweste oder Entsprechendes angeschlossen ist, das andere Ventil ist mit seinem Eingang an die besagte Schwimmweste angeschlossen und wird mit seinem Ausgang frei in der Umgebung gelassen, die Rechenmittel steuern dabei das eine oder andere Ventil, um die besagte Schwimmweste aufzublasen oder Luft auszulassen, um einen automatischen Aufstieg zu veranlassen, aufgrund irgendeiner festgestellten Anomalie gemäß den vorher eingegebenen Anweisungen oder aufgrund einer beabsichtigten, vor Ort gegebenen Anweisung.
10. Tauchsatz gekennzeichnet durch eine Vorrichtung gemäß den Ansprüchen 4 bis 9, getrennt oder nicht getrennt anzuwenden.
EP19850904004 1984-08-16 1985-08-16 NUMERISCHER DEKOMPRESSIONSMESSER MIT VARIABELER ABSORPTION UND VERFAHREN ZUR DURCHFüHRUNG Expired - Lifetime EP0193546B1 (de)

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RU205882U1 (ru) * 2020-11-16 2021-08-11 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Министерство обороны Российской Федерации Устройство для контроля состояния водолаза по дыхательным шумам

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DE19639394A1 (de) * 1996-09-25 1998-04-02 Redmer Consulting S Sicherheitsvorrichtung
DE19639394C2 (de) * 1996-09-25 2002-05-29 Redmer Sonia Sicherheitsvorrichtung für Taucher
RU205882U1 (ru) * 2020-11-16 2021-08-11 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Министерство обороны Российской Федерации Устройство для контроля состояния водолаза по дыхательным шумам

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WO1986001172A1 (fr) 1986-02-27
FR2569158B1 (fr) 1986-12-19
FR2569158A1 (fr) 1986-02-21

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