EP0190458A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Herstellen von Rohren aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit und mit kontrolliertem Gefüge - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Herstellen von Rohren aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit und mit kontrolliertem Gefüge Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0190458A1
EP0190458A1 EP85116525A EP85116525A EP0190458A1 EP 0190458 A1 EP0190458 A1 EP 0190458A1 EP 85116525 A EP85116525 A EP 85116525A EP 85116525 A EP85116525 A EP 85116525A EP 0190458 A1 EP0190458 A1 EP 0190458A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tube
temperature
tank
die
cooled
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85116525A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0190458B1 (de
Inventor
Claude Bak
Rio Bellocci
Yves Gourmel
Michel Pierrel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pont a Mousson SA
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Pont a Mousson SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pont a Mousson SA filed Critical Pont a Mousson SA
Priority to AT85116525T priority Critical patent/ATE35291T1/de
Publication of EP0190458A1 publication Critical patent/EP0190458A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0190458B1 publication Critical patent/EP0190458B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/14—Plants for continuous casting
    • B22D11/145—Plants for continuous casting for upward casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/006—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/124—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for cooling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
    • Y10T29/49988—Metal casting
    • Y10T29/49989—Followed by cutting or removing material

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the production by continuous casting of spheroidal graphite cast iron pipes and to a heat treatment subsequent to this continuous casting, with a view to giving the pipes a structure suitable for use, for example, but not exclusively, a bainitic structure.
  • FR-A-24 15 501 discloses the manufacture of a cast iron pipe by vertical downward continuous casting, with the use of a core to form the cavity of the barrel of the pipe.
  • the heat treatment is carried out very advantageously by starting the quenching phase directly in the centrifuge shell, which saves significant time and saves heating energy for the treatment.
  • thermal, e on the other hand is obtained an advantageous bainitic structure compared to the usual ferritic structure these cast iron pipes.
  • the bainitic structure of the GS cast iron pipe allows to significantly improve the elastic limit and the breaking strength for the same elongation value and, if you want to make cast iron tubes with mechanical characteristics usually required , a significant reduction in thickness of the cast iron pipes with bainitic structure compared to known pipes with ferritic structure.
  • the known method of manufacturing cast iron pipes by centrifugal casting is a discontinuous manufacturing process. It has the advantage of allowing austenitic quenching in situ, that is to say inside the centrifuge shell, as shown in patent FR-A-25 22 291.
  • the Applicant has posed the problem of obtaining a spheroidal graphite cast iron tube having a determined structure, for example, but not exclusively bainitic, in manufacturing by casting continuous, and in particular a homogeneous structure over the entire wall of the tube, and this in an industrially reproducible manner, despite the poor quenchability of spherical graphite cast iron.
  • the subject of the invention is a process for the continuous production of a spheroidal graphite cast iron tube with a homogeneous and controlled structure, chosen from structures containing bainite, bainite and ferrite, or ferrite and perlite, this process of the type in which a tube is formed by a continuous casting process inside a cooled tubular die, from a cast iron having the following composition by weight: carbon, 2.5 to 4.0% - Silicon, 2 to 4%, Manganese, 0.1 to 0.6%, Molybdenum 0 to 0.5%, Nickel, 0 to 3.5%, Copper, 0 to 11%, Magnesium, 0 at 0.5%, Sulfur, 0.1% maximum, Phosphorus, 0.06% maximum, the rest being iron, this process being characterized in that at the outlet of the cooled tubular die, the cast iron tube which has just been generated through a fluidized bath of solid refractory particles cooled to a temperature substantially lower than the temperature at which the cast iron tube is at its n power at the outlet
  • the invention also relates to an installation for the implementation of this method, this installation of the type comprising means for continuous casting of a spheroidal graphite cast iron tube, being characterized in that it comprises downstream of the cooled continuous casting die a fluidization tank of solid refractory particles, said tank being provided with a tubular coil of water for cooling the fluidized bath in which the coil is embedded and said tank comprising at least one inlet or outlet of the tube to pass through the fluidized bath of said particles in the tank.
  • the cooling heat treatment undergone by the spheroidal graphite cast iron tube, continuously, at the outlet of the continuous die is perfectly uniform and reproducible, which makes it possible to obtain a structure of very precise and homogeneous tube.
  • the immediate monitoring of the casting of the cast iron pipe by the heat treatment in a fluidized bath of refractory particles makes it possible to obtain a the castability of the cast iron is much higher than that which would be obtained by allowing the poured pipe to cool and by heating it to then quench it.
  • the invention in fact makes it possible to start directly from the structure not yet treated, that is to say virgin from the cast iron pipe leaving the casting die.
  • a dummy or false tube (not shown) constituted by a tubular steel sleeve of the same outside diameter and the same thickness as the tube T to be obtained is introduced from the top of the die 4-5, through the fluidization and heat treatment tank 9, to a level lower than that of the upper end of the graphite jacket 4. Then liquid iron is introduced along the arrow f into the pouring funnel 2 to a level N located slightly below the upper part of the jacket 4 of the die 4-5.
  • This liquid iron has the following composition by weight: Carbon 2.5 to 4.0%, Silicon 2 to 4%, Manganese 0.1 to 0.6%, Molybdenum 0 to 0.5%, Nickel 0 to 3.5 %, Copper 0 to 11%, Magnesium 0 to 0.5%, Sulfur 0.1% maximum, Phosphorus 0.06% maximum, the rest being iron.
  • the tank 9, initially empty of sand, before the introduction of the manikin is filled with sand at 15, in the fluidization chamber, as soon as the manikin is submerged below the level N. In fact, the manikin then offers the wall internal tubular which was missing to contain a mass of sand 15 which can then be introduced. Cooling water is admitted through the conduits 6 and 7 for the casing 5 and 17 and 18 for the tubular turns 16.
  • the cast iron cools in contact with the jacket 4 along a solidification front S of approximately frustoconical shape, and hangs on the dummy which is pulled upwards by the motorized rollers 35 of the chimney 33a, then the chimney 33 and drives, step by step, the part of solidified cast iron in the form of a tube primer T.
  • the bainitization heat treatment of the tube T is carried out under conditions of temperature change illustrated in FIG. 5 and described in patent FR 2 522 291:
  • the temperatures (T ° C) are on the ordinate while the times (t) are on the abscissa.
  • the curve a ... h of FIG. 5 illustrates the evolution of the temperature of a spheroidal graphite cast iron tube over time when it undergoes the heat treatment of the invention.
  • the fluidized sand bath 15 is at a temperature adjusted to the value necessary for obtaining the desired structure (for example between 100 and 200 ° C. for a bainitic structure ) that the first phase of the heat treatment is carried out which is a bainitization quench, without heating, taking advantage of the calories from the tube leaving the die 4-5.
  • This temperature of the sand bath 15 of between 100 and 200 ° C. is kept constant by virtue of the circulation of water at a temperature of the order of 20 ° C. in the conduits 17 and 18.
  • the flow of incoming fluidizing air via the duct 13 and the speed of circulation of the water depends on the intensity of the cooling of the sand bath 15.
  • the flow rate of fluidizing air and the speed of circulation of the water are adjustable.
  • the temperature drop of the tube T is abrupt (from 850 ° C to about 500 ° C) and takes place in a very short time, during the crossing of the fluidization tank 9 where the tube T is licked over its entire surface by the fluidized sand bath 15 maintained by the coil 16 at a temperature of the order of 100 to 200 ° C. It is a hardening of bainitization.
  • the fluidized bath 15 therefore performs a true intense drainage of calories out of the tube T formed and this uniformly over the entire wall of the tube T immersed in the sand bath 15, so that each point of the tube T undergoes the same heat treatment .
  • the tube T enters the extractor 33a which, while protecting it against cooling, drives it by its motorized rollers 35 to the chimney 33 of natural and slow cooling which is in the position d vertical axis, through the cutting device K.
  • the entry into the chimney 33 corresponds to point d.
  • the interval of passage of the extractor 33a between the tank 9 and the chimney 33, where the cutting or cutting-off device K is located corresponds to the section of curve cd, with a slight drop in temperature of the outside wall of the tube T: the point d is at a temperature close to 480 ° C.
  • the cooling of the tube T in this chimney 33 is slow due to the heat-insulating sleeve 34 of the chimney 33.
  • the pipe T is at a temperature of the order of 350 ° C.
  • the cutting of the tube T is carried out by means of the cutting device K, when the desired length of tube T is inside the chimney 33.
  • the cut T tube is transported inside the tunnel furnace 44 by moving it in a direction AR1 parallel to the horizontal axis Xl X1 of the tilted chimney 33.
  • the jack 40 is actuated so as to tilt the chimney 33 and the tube T which it contains, and supports, at an angle of 90 ° in the direction of the arrow AR around the axis YY of the journal 37.
  • the chimney 33 tilts until the end of the rod stroke 39 of the jack 40 (portion in phantom in Fig. 3).
  • This change of direction takes place from the as follows: the jacks 47 retract the rollers 45 from below the bearing chimneys 48 so that the tube T is deposited on the chimneys 48 and the endless drive chains 49 which drive it in the new direction AR2 to the outlet 43 from the oven.
  • the tunnel oven 44 is heated by the gas burners 46 to a temperature such that the tube T advancing along the tunnel oven 44 at an adjustable speed (by adjusting the driving speed of the driving chains 49) is maintained at a isothermal constant temperature between two limits (two isotherms): on the one hand an upper limit (elfl or isothermal section of 450 ° C in Fig. 5) and on the other hand a lower limit (e2f2 or isothermal section of 250 ° C ).
  • the temperature maintenance of the tube T takes place in an intermediate or isothermal section ef, between 250 ° C and 450 ° C, (Fig. 5), it is in the chimney 33 that the tube T passes from the temperature d (entry of the chimney 33) to the temperature e (exit of the chimney 33 and entry into the oven 44) between the temperatures el and e2, respectively 450 ° C and 250 ° C.
  • This heat treatment phase in the holding oven 44 ensures the stability of the bainite and possibly of the residual austenite in the matrix of the structure. Maintaining bainitization ensures homogeneous bainitic or austenitic structure. Beyond the points f 1 or f 2, the tube T is cooled as described below in paragraph 4).
  • the tube T leaves the tunnel oven 44 at a temperature between 450 ° C and 250 ° C between the points f2 and f1 to be cooled in the third and last phase as described below in paragraph 4). It is therefore inside the hatched area of FIG. 5 between the sections elfl and e2f2 (section ef in broken lines) that is located the constant temperature maintenance of the tube T.
  • the bainitic or possibly bainitic-austenitic structure is homogeneous and offers the optimal mechanical characteristics indicated in patent FR-A 2 522,291.
  • the tube T cools in the open air to ordinary temperature, for example between 5 and 25 ° C., depending on the section flg, in shortly and finally retains this temperature which is that of the outside air (gh section).
  • the T-tube in spheroidal graphite cast iron then has a bainitic structure or a mixed bainite-austenite structure.
  • Cast iron tubes preferably water supply tubes, with nominal diameters of 600 to 2,500 mm and more particularly from 1,000 to 1,600 mm can be formed and heat treated with thicknesses of between 5 and 20 mm. This method and this installation are therefore particularly advantageous for the manufacture of T-shaped tubes of large diameters and of relatively small thickness.
  • the first quenching phase begins at point b of the curve in FIG. 2 by taking advantage of the heat of the tube T formed without adding calories, to bring the tube T to the temperature of 800-850 ° C.
  • the use of the tank 9 in a fluidized sand bath 15 ensures the temperature uniformity of the tube T over its entire length and over its entire cylindrical wall and ensures the fidelity, the reproducibility of the heat treatment.
  • the use of the fluidized sand bath 15, or any other suitable particles of a solid material as a means of evacuating or draining the calories from the tube T towards the outside, instead of cooling water, is a safety due to the proximity of the cast iron bath F.
  • the process and the installation for thermal treatment of the invention are applied to a continuous vertical downward casting of a cast iron tube T.
  • a chimney 33 with a heat-insulating sleeve 34 follow the tank 9 and precede a gas-burner holding tunnel tunnel, not shown, but which does not is other than the oven 44 of Figs. 2 and 4.
  • a device K for cutting the tube T is interposed between the extractor 33b and the chimney 33.
  • the chimney comprises at its lower part an ear 36 and a pin 37 of YY tilting axis as well as an ear 38 and tilting means of an angle of 90 ° which are not shown.
  • the complete heat treatment according to the invention takes place under the same conditions as in the example of FIGS. 1,2,3,4 and 5 according to the three phases illustrated in FIG. 5, that is to say the austenitization-bainitization quenching phase first along the section a, b between the die 23 and the fluidization tank 9, then along the section b, c of sudden drop in temperature for the bainitisation through the fluidization tank 9 and finally, after the tube T has been cut, following a horizontal section ef (or isotherm ef) located in the hatched zone between the upper isotherm elfl (450 ° C) and the lower isotherm e2f2 (250 ° C) occurs a temperature stabilization inside the holding tunnel oven 44.
  • the heat treatment ends with the final phase fl or f2, g, h of cooling in the open air of the tube T taken out of the bainitization holding oven 44.
  • the treatment of the invention allows it, faithfully and industrially reproducible.
  • the chimney 33 is eliminated.
  • the treatment of the invention makes it possible to reproduce a bainite + ferrite structure.
  • the temperature of the fluidized bath 15 must be between 100 and 200 ° C. as for the bainite alone.
  • the temperature of the fluidized bath 15 must be such that the cooling rate of the tube T passing through this bath 15 is constant.
  • the constant cooling rate of the tube T through a three-phase alpha + gamma + graphite band shown in hatching in the thermal diagram of FIG. 7 (the band ⁇ + ⁇ + G is so called because it illustrates the eutectoid transformation domain of cast iron where the three phases ferrite, austenite and graphite coexist from the ternary diagram "iron, carbon, silicon") gives rise to the proportions selected ferrite and perlite.
  • the constant and adjustable speed of passage of the pipe T through the fluidized bath 15 generates a constant cooling speed through the three-phase strip ( ⁇ + ⁇ + G) and therefore guarantees a constant and previously chosen proportion of each of the phases: ferrite and perlite.
  • the intensity of the cooling can be adjusted as in the case of bainitic quenching by the choice of the fluidization air flow (conduit 13) and the choice of the speed of circulation of water in the coil 16. If one wants to reduce the intensity of cooling, can suppress any circulation of water in the coil 16, or even replace the coil 16 with a heating means.
  • This heating means can be, for example, an electric heating resistor embedded in the fluidized bath 15 or enveloping the metal tank 9 or also arranged so as to heat the fluidizing air (conduit 13).
  • gas burners can also be used.
  • point a corresponds to the birth of the tube T outside of the die 4-5. It is the same as in the first example (Fig. 5): the temperature is 1100 ° C. At the inlet of the fluidized bath, the temperature of the tube T is 850 ° C. at point b, as in FIG. 5. At the outlet of the fluidized bath, at point c, the temperature of the tube T is lowered to a value greater than 600 ° C. It should be noted that the drop in temperature according to the diagram in FIG. 7 between points b and c is much less brutal and much more progressive than in the treatment according to the diagram in FIG. 5.
  • the three-phase strip ( ⁇ + ⁇ + G) (eutectoid transformation zone of the cast iron) in a temperature range between 770 and 810 ° C where the cooling rate of the tube T is constant .
  • the strip ( ⁇ + ⁇ + G) is hatched.
  • the tube T Opening into the open air at the outlet of the fluidized bath 15 and no longer having a chimney 33 to pass through, the tube T undergoes natural cooling in the open air illustrated by the section of curve ck.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Transducers For Audible Bands (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Investigating And Analyzing Materials By Characteristic Methods (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
  • Cold Cathode And The Manufacture (AREA)
  • Details Of Garments (AREA)
EP85116525A 1985-01-04 1985-12-23 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Herstellen von Rohren aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit und mit kontrolliertem Gefüge Expired EP0190458B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85116525T ATE35291T1 (de) 1985-01-04 1985-12-23 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen herstellen von rohren aus gusseisen mit kugelgraphit und mit kontrolliertem gefuege.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8500159A FR2575683B1 (fr) 1985-01-04 1985-01-04 Procede et installation pour la fabrication continue de tuyaux en fonte a graphite spheroidal a structure controlee
FR8500159 1985-01-04

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0190458A1 true EP0190458A1 (de) 1986-08-13
EP0190458B1 EP0190458B1 (de) 1988-06-22

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EP85116525A Expired EP0190458B1 (de) 1985-01-04 1985-12-23 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Herstellen von Rohren aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit und mit kontrolliertem Gefüge

Country Status (27)

Country Link
US (1) US4800949A (de)
EP (1) EP0190458B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH0615693B2 (de)
KR (1) KR900001325B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE35291T1 (de)
AU (1) AU564826B2 (de)
BR (1) BR8600005A (de)
CA (1) CA1277478C (de)
DD (1) DD247621A5 (de)
DE (1) DE3563458D1 (de)
EG (1) EG17408A (de)
ES (1) ES8705285A1 (de)
FI (1) FI80621C (de)
FR (1) FR2575683B1 (de)
GB (1) GB2169230B (de)
HR (2) HRP930763B1 (de)
IN (1) IN166932B (de)
MX (1) MX164846B (de)
MY (1) MY103668A (de)
PL (1) PL144856B1 (de)
RO (1) RO93864B (de)
SI (2) SI8512006A8 (de)
SU (1) SU1450729A3 (de)
TR (1) TR22514A (de)
UA (1) UA5948A1 (de)
YU (2) YU44536B (de)
ZA (1) ZA859748B (de)

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CN109382492A (zh) * 2018-12-05 2019-02-26 昆明理工大学 一种连续制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的方法及装置
CN109513890A (zh) * 2018-10-10 2019-03-26 西安理工大学 一种具有a型石墨组织的空心铸铁管材的制备方法

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JP2567258B2 (ja) * 1987-10-21 1996-12-25 マツダ株式会社 高強度、高剛性、高靱性を有する鉄系鋳物およびその製造法
CN1053709C (zh) * 1996-10-14 2000-06-21 赤峰龙峰铸管厂 冲天炉铁水生产小口径铸态球墨铸铁管工艺
DE19750144A1 (de) * 1997-11-12 1999-06-02 Krupp Polysius Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Mahlwalze
US6331219B1 (en) 1998-10-09 2001-12-18 Morgan Construction Company Retarded cooling system with granular insulation material
FR2839727B1 (fr) * 2002-05-14 2004-06-25 Technologica Sarl Procede d'elaboration et de mise en forme de pieces en fonte a graphite spheroidal a caracteristiques mecaniques elevees
NL1023849C2 (nl) * 2003-07-08 2005-01-11 Corus Technology B V Werkwijze en inrichting voor de productie van buizen en een pijpleiding.
GB0403411D0 (en) * 2003-11-25 2004-03-24 Unilever Plc Process to prepare a shaped solid detergent
US20050189043A1 (en) * 2004-02-12 2005-09-01 Technologica Method of fabricating spheroidal graphite cast iron parts of high precision, geometrically and dimensionally, and having improved mechanical characteristics
KR100868222B1 (ko) 2007-08-22 2008-11-11 기아자동차주식회사 히터튜브 교환장치
CN108526265B (zh) * 2018-02-28 2019-06-21 重庆市铭鼎机械制造有限公司 重型车用排气管的制造设备
JP2021147695A (ja) * 2020-03-23 2021-09-27 アイシン高丘株式会社 フェライト系球状黒鉛鋳鉄、デフケース及び差動装置

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FR2297247A1 (fr) * 1975-01-13 1976-08-06 Inst Odlewnictwa Procede de traitement thermique de la fonte et dispositif pour la realisation de ce procede
US4257472A (en) * 1979-07-30 1981-03-24 Concast Incorporated Continuous casting of hollow shapes
EP0087634A1 (de) * 1982-03-01 1983-09-07 Pont-A-Mousson S.A. Schleudergussröhren aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben
FR2547517A1 (fr) * 1983-06-15 1984-12-21 Pont A Mousson Installation de coulee continue verticale a filiere a entree chaude pour la coulee de tubes metalliques, notamment en fonte

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109513890A (zh) * 2018-10-10 2019-03-26 西安理工大学 一种具有a型石墨组织的空心铸铁管材的制备方法
CN109513890B (zh) * 2018-10-10 2020-06-26 西安理工大学 一种具有a型石墨组织的空心铸铁管材的制备方法
CN109382492A (zh) * 2018-12-05 2019-02-26 昆明理工大学 一种连续制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的方法及装置

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MY103668A (en) 1993-08-28
ATE35291T1 (de) 1988-07-15
YU200685A (en) 1988-04-30
IN166932B (de) 1990-08-11
FR2575683A1 (fr) 1986-07-11
FI860009A (fi) 1986-07-05
YU44536B (en) 1990-08-31
SU1450729A3 (ru) 1989-01-07
UA5948A1 (uk) 1994-12-29
GB8530723D0 (en) 1986-01-22
EG17408A (en) 1991-08-30
YU51687A (en) 1989-08-31
ES550663A0 (es) 1987-05-01
EP0190458B1 (de) 1988-06-22
GB2169230A (en) 1986-07-09
AU5146485A (en) 1986-07-17
PL257172A1 (en) 1986-10-07
SI8710516A8 (en) 1996-08-31
FI860009A0 (fi) 1986-01-02
RO93864A (ro) 1988-03-30
RO93864B (ro) 1988-04-01
JPS61177324A (ja) 1986-08-09
ES8705285A1 (es) 1987-05-01
CA1277478C (fr) 1990-12-11
TR22514A (tr) 1987-09-16
BR8600005A (pt) 1986-09-23
GB2169230B (en) 1989-06-14
YU44943B (en) 1991-04-30
JPH0615693B2 (ja) 1994-03-02
DD247621A5 (de) 1987-07-15
HRP930763B1 (en) 1996-02-29
MX164846B (es) 1992-09-29
US4800949A (en) 1989-01-31
ZA859748B (en) 1986-08-27
HRP930748B1 (en) 1996-04-30
PL144856B1 (en) 1988-07-30
KR900001325B1 (ko) 1990-03-08
FR2575683B1 (fr) 1987-01-30
DE3563458D1 (en) 1988-07-28
FI80621C (fi) 1990-07-10
SI8512006A8 (en) 1996-04-30
FI80621B (fi) 1990-03-30
KR860005666A (ko) 1986-08-11
AU564826B2 (en) 1987-08-27

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