EP0275228B1 - Verfahren und Anlage zum Schmelzen und Stranggiessen von Metallen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Anlage zum Schmelzen und Stranggiessen von Metallen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0275228B1
EP0275228B1 EP88420010A EP88420010A EP0275228B1 EP 0275228 B1 EP0275228 B1 EP 0275228B1 EP 88420010 A EP88420010 A EP 88420010A EP 88420010 A EP88420010 A EP 88420010A EP 0275228 B1 EP0275228 B1 EP 0275228B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
crucible
zone
metal
wall
sectorised
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88420010A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0275228A1 (de
Inventor
Marcel Garnier
Jean Driole
Annie Gagnoud
Patrick Paillère
Edouard Alhéritière
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Compagnie Europeenne du Zirconium Cezus SA
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Compagnie Europeenne du Zirconium Cezus SA
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Publication date
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Priority to AT88420010T priority Critical patent/ATE83597T1/de
Publication of EP0275228A1 publication Critical patent/EP0275228A1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/02—Induction heating
    • H05B6/22—Furnaces without an endless core
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
    • B22D23/06—Melting-down metal, e.g. metal particles, in the mould

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a vertical device for melting and continuous casting of metals, of the type called cold crucible with induction heating.
  • the cold crucible has a conductive wall, often of copper, consisting of several longitudinal sectors, in number ranging from 4 to more than 20, juxtaposed, electrically isolated from each other, and traversed by an internal circulation of coolant.
  • This wall is thus maintained at a temperature much lower than that of the melt.
  • the crucible is surrounded, over part of its height, by a cooled coaxial helical inductor, traversed by an alternating current at medium or high frequency.
  • the division into sectors of the wall of the crucible allows the alternating magnetic field of the inductor to induce in the metallic mass to be treated currents which heat it and stir it when it is melted.
  • the molten metal is evacuated progressively by an orifice, generally situated at the bottom of the crucible.
  • the device is then used exclusively for heating, solidification taking place in a separate ingot mold.
  • the contamination of the metal by the wall can be avoided by the formation of a film of solidified slag in contact with the wall, which constitutes a sheath around the liquid metal.
  • the metal is evacuated progressively in the solid state, by pulling down.
  • the metal is never in contact with the vertical cylindrical crucible, because on the one hand it is subjected to electromagnetic confinement forces, on the other hand a layer of solidified slag is interposed between the metal (liquid or solid) and the wall over the entire height of the appliance.
  • a layer of solidified slag is interposed between the metal (liquid or solid) and the wall over the entire height of the appliance.
  • the long contact length between the solid mass and the wall requires a great tensile force, and precautions to avoid tearing of material from the wall of the crucible; on the other hand, it is necessary to peel the layer of slag which adheres to the ingot before transforming it.
  • the slag is delicate to handle, constitutes a risk of metal pollution and corrosion of the crucible, requires additional oven cleaning operations, because it vaporizes when working under vacuum, and prevents the obtaining of an ingot shape. other than circular cylindrical.
  • FR-A-2303774 also discloses a device for melting and continuous casting of crystalline materials based on refractory metal oxides, this device comprising a cold conductive crucible with a vertical axis, the wall of which is formed on at least part of its height by longitudinal sectors electrically isolated from each other and traversed by a cooling fluid, an inductor with helical coils surrounding the crucible over part of its height and supplied with alternating current at medium or high frequency serving both to heating and confinement of the metal, and a system for drawing the ingot down.
  • Its crucible has generators extending downwards over its entire height so as to obtain continuous extraction of the crystalline material from a fusion bed, the unmelted part or lining of which is in contact with the cooled walls and protects the material from contact with these walls. No means of controlling the cross-sectional shape of the extracted material is described.
  • the invention which relates to a method and a corresponding device of the 2nd category above, makes it possible to remedy the drawbacks reported with regard to US-A-3775091 and to obtain a good quality ingot with respect to of a further transformation.
  • the first object of the invention is a method of melting and casting metals in which, according to US-A-3775091, a continuous crucible having a wall comprising longitudinal sectors electrically isolated from one another is continuously supplied with solid metal in divided form , said metal is induction melted by means of an inductor with helical coils surrounding the crucible, the metal thus molten is electromagnetically confined, it is cooled by circulating a coolant in said wall of the crucible, and said metal is extracted with l solidified state by pulling it down at a speed corresponding to said supply.
  • said wall of the crucible is divided into a sectored upper zone with vertical generators and into a sectorized zone with generators moving downwards situated in the lower position and connected to said upper zone, said inductor is placed so that its lowest turn is at the connection of said upper and lower zones, and said molten metal is electromagnetically confined so that this metal is in contact with said crucible wall, in the absence of slag, only over a limited height not exceeding 1 cm above said connection, facilitating the extraction of solidified metal and improving its surface condition.
  • the invention also relates to a melting and casting device, usable for implementing the above method, comprising according to FR-A-2303774 a cold conductive crucible with a vertical axis, the wall of which is formed on at least part of its height by longitudinal sectors electrically isolated from each other and traversed by a cooling fluid, an inductor with helical coils surrounding the crucible over part of its height and supplied with alternating current at medium or high frequency used both for heating and when confining the metal, a system for drawing the ingot downwards, said crucible comprising a sectorized lower zone with generators deviating downwards.
  • This device is characterized in that, being intended for the melting and continuous casting of metals, its said crucible comprises a sectored upper zone with vertical generators, in that this upper zone is connected to said sectored lower zone, and in that the the lowest turn of said inductor is at the level of the connection of said zones, said device thus making it possible to melt and flow without slag and to avoid tearing of metal on said wall of the crucible.
  • This structure allows, by means of the electrical adjustment of the inductor, to obtain the electromagnetic confinement of the liquid mass away of the wall, except in a portion of very low height, preferably not exceeding 1 cm, at the connection of the 2 zones of the crucible, where the side wall or skin of the metal is made to solidify in contact with the cold wall from the crucible. Below this level, the thickness of the solidified metal increases until it concerns the entire section of the ingot. Due to the change in cross section of the crucible passing from the upper zone to the lower zone, the solid metal only touches the wall at the low height indicated.
  • this contact zone is therefore limited to less than 1 cm, preferably 2 to 5 mm.
  • the level of the lowest coil of the inductor is very important. If it is located above the connection between the two zones of the crucible, it is not possible to limit the height of contact of the metal with the wall sufficiently, hence difficulties in the electrical field, and for drawing the ingot. On the other hand, if it is located below the connection, the risk of liquid metal running down the wall increases appreciably.
  • the reference level for the lowest turn of the inductor is that of the intersection of the extensions of these 2 zones.
  • the angle of inclination of the oblique generatrices of the lower zone of the crucible relative to the vertical generatrices of the upper sectorized wall of this crucible depends on the coefficient of contraction of the material on solidification. It must be chosen so that the ingot remains as close as possible to the wall so that it can continue to cool while avoiding touching it. An angle between 1 ° and 5 ° and preferably of the order of 2 ° is generally chosen.
  • the device contains as constant a quantity of metal as possible, the supply and extraction being precisely regulated.
  • the top of the dome of liquid metal (form due to electromagnetic confinement) is maintained at a constant level which depends on the electrical and magnetic characteristics of the system and the nature of the metal.
  • the height of the inductor is preferably chosen such that its upper turn is at the level of the top of the liquid dome. If the height of the inductor is smaller, there is an instability of the dome, with the risk of contact of the metal with the wall in unwanted areas. It is advantageous for the sectored upper zone of the crucible to exceed the top of the liquid dome by an amount of the order of 1/6 of the internal transverse dimension of the crucible.
  • the internal transverse dimension is half of the smallest dimension of the crucible. In the case of a circular section, it is the radius. In the case of an ellipse, it is the half minor axis. In the case of a square, it is the half side. In the case of a rectangle it is half width. Finally, in the case of a complex section, it is half the distance between the closest parallel segments or half the distance between the closest parallel tangent points.
  • the crucible can be extended upward by a non-sectored area. Then, the total height of the crucible above the highest turn of the inductor is at least equal to half of the interior transverse dimension of the crucible. The internal transverse dimension of the crucible is measured in the upper zone with vertical generators surrounded by the inductor.
  • the sectorized lower zone of the crucible has a total height at least equal to half the internal transverse dimension of the crucible to avoid a screen effect causing a drop in energy efficiency. Its wall is either entirely oblique or initially oblique and then extended downwards by a vertical portion.
  • the height of the oblique part is at least equal to a quarter of the internal transverse dimension of the crucible.
  • the crucible can also be extended downwards by a non-sectored zone with a vertical or oblique cooled wall connecting to the sectorized zone which is above it. Its height will preferably be between half the internal transverse dimension of the crucible and this dimension. Its role is above all to continue cooling the ingot.
  • the wall of the crucible is made of a material that is a good thermal and electrical conductor (for example, copper, aluminum) so as to have good energy efficiency.
  • the continuous slag-free casting according to the invention which requires a low metal-wall direct contact zone, requires a connection angle between the liquid and the wall corresponding to poor wetting. It is then necessary in certain cases to provide the internal surface of the crucible with a surface coating, for example metallic, or to subject it to a surface treatment, so as to obtain an excellent surface condition for the ingot.
  • the device of the invention is suitable for the production of cylindrical ingots. It is also suitable for the dairy-free preparation of ingots of non-circular cross-section, for example polygonal, the inner wall of the upper zone of the crucible then being of polygonal cylindrical shape, ingots which cannot be obtained in the presence of slag, because the solidification of this in the angles harms the good filling of the section with metal.
  • the inductors In order to obtain an effective value of the uniform magnetic field along the internal wall of the crucible, the inductors must be modified.
  • the distance between inductor and wall is varied in the vicinity of the angles to reduce the intensity of the field.
  • the magnetic circuit is arranged in the rectilinear parts of the crucible section, for example by partially surrounding the inductor with magnetic sheets or ferrites, possibly cooled, to increase the field in these areas.
  • the device of the invention particularly advantageous for the remelting and casting of refractory metals of groups IV, V and VI or their alloys, is also usable for the remelting and casting of other metals or alloys, in particular earth rare, aluminum, copper, silicon and nickel or cobalt base alloys. It is also suitable for the production of metal by chemical reaction, in particular when the other product formed by this reaction is gaseous or volatile.
  • Figures 1a and 1b show the schematic transverse and axial sections of a cold crucible according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 represents a semi-continuous melting and casting installation according to the invention in a controlled atmosphere.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show cross-sectional diagrams of polygonal crucibles with suitable inductors.
  • FIG. 1b the electrical and fluid connections have not been shown.
  • 1 is a copper crucible with a circular section 180 mm high.
  • the upper 125 mm (a + b + c) consist of 16 hollow sectors 2 which are each of substantially trapezoidal cross section (Figure 1a), cooled by internal circulation of water, the lower 55 mm (d) being constituted by a skirt 3 also cooled by internal circulation of water ( Figure 1b).
  • the upper zone 4 of the crucible 1 is in the form of a cylinder 80 mm high and 60 mm in internal diameter.
  • the inductor 6 is a copper tube 1 mm thick and 6 mm in internal diameter, wound helically over a height of 7 substantially contiguous and isolated turns, with a diameter of 85 mm. 7 is the false bottom of the cylindrical part of the crucible, on which the solidified metal 8 of the ingot rests and which is drawn downwards in steady state.
  • Titanium shavings are purified by reflow.
  • the titanium false back is in position such that its upper face is located at mid-height of the inductor.
  • the electric power is gradually increased until the upper part of the false bottom melts.
  • the false bottom is pulled slightly, titanium shavings are fed and the power is further increased to its nominal value.
  • FIG 2 shows the semi-continuous casting installation used.
  • the crucible 20 is placed inside the sealed enclosure 21 under argon at atmospheric pressure.
  • the means for introducing inert gas or for placing under vacuum are not shown.
  • the hopper 22 contains the material which is fed into the crucible via the distributor 23.
  • the false bottom 7 which supports the ingot 25 is linked to the rod 26 which is driven by the device 27 and which passes tightly through the wall of the enclosure 21.
  • the operation of the supply and extraction devices are synchronized by means of a regulator not shown, controlled by laser measurement of the level of the dome of liquid metal in the crucible.
  • a crucible was produced having substantially the same dimensions as that of Example 1, with only 2 differences: the angle of the cone was 2.5 ° and the height of the lower conical skirt not sectored was 70 mm.
  • the operating power is 35 kW at the terminals of the inductor, with a frequency current of 9 kHz.
  • a copper crucible with 16 sectors was produced, with an internal diameter of 100 mm, with a total height of 280 mm.
  • the sectors extend over a height of 230 mm from the top.
  • the upper part is cylindrical and 130 mm high, the lower part is tapered with an angle of 2 ° and with a sectored height of 100 mm.
  • the inductor with 10 turns in tube of outside diameter 8 mm, and thickness 1 mm, has a height of 85 mm and an inside diameter of 150 mm.
  • the metal / wall contact height remains between 5 and 10 mm. In 75 min, a 35 kg ingot is obtained.
  • the corresponding internal transverse dimension 1/2 is 9 mm.
  • Its total height is 110 mm. It comprises, from top to bottom, a sectorized cylindrical part of 65 mm in height, a sectorized conical part of 15 mm and a non-sectorized conical part of 30 mm.
  • the angle of the cone is 2 °.
  • the number of sectors is 18.
  • the inductor 106 with 6 turns has a height of 50 mm. It is made of the same copper tube as in the previous examples.
  • the space between crucible and inductor is 10 mm, except in the vicinity of the angles where it is increased.
  • This figure represents a variant of Example 4, where the inductor 206 of substantially constant spacing with the sectors of the crucible 200, is surrounded by magnetic sheets 2060 on its rectilinear parts, so as to increase the field in the corresponding zones.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Dental Prosthetics (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
  • Control Of Vending Devices And Auxiliary Devices For Vending Devices (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Verfahren zum Schmelzen und Gießen von Metallen, bei dem man einen Tiegel (1) mit einer elektrisch untereinander isolierte Längssektoren (2) aufweisenden Wand kontinuierlich mit festem Metall in zerteilter Form speist, man das Metall durch Induktion mittels eines den Tiegel (1) umgebenden Induktors (6) mit wendelförmigen Windungen schmilzt, man das so geschmolzene Metall elektromagnetisch einschließt, man es durch Bewirken einer Zirkulation eines Kühlfluids in der genannten Wand des Tiegels (1) abkühlt und man das Metall im erstarrten Zustand durch Ziehen nach unten mit einer der Speisung entsprechenden Geschwindigkeit abzieht,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß man die Wand des Tiegels (1) in eine obere sektorisierte Zone (4) mit vertikalen Mantellinien und in eine sektorisierte Zone (5) mit nach unten auseinandergespreizten Mantellinien unterteilt, die in der unteren Lage angeordnet und an die obere Zone (4) angeschlossen ist, daß man den Induktor (6) derart anordnet, daß seine unterste Windung (60) auf der Höhe des Anschlusses (45) der oberen (4) und der unteren Zone (5) ist, und daß man das geschmolzene Metall elektromagnetisch derart einschließt, daß dieses Metall in der Abwesenheit von Schlacke nur über eine begrenzte, 1 cm oberhalb des Anschlusses (45) nicht überschreitende Höhe im Kontakt mit der Wand des Tiegels (1) ist, wodurch man das Abziehen des erstarrten Metalls erleichtert und seinen Oberflächenzustand verbessert.
  2. Verfahren nach dem Anspruch 1,
    bei dem man das geschmolzene Metall derart einschließt, daß es über eine Höhe im Bereich von 2 bis 5 mm im Kontakt mit der Wand ist.
  3. Verfahren nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2,
    bei dem man die Speisung und das Abziehen derart konstant beibehält, daß der Scheitelpunkt (9) der Kuppel aus flüssigem Metall (10) etwa auf der Höhe der höchsten Windung (11) des Induktors (6) ist.
  4. Zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 verwendbare Anlage zum Schmelzen und Stranggießen, die einen kalten leitenden Tiegel (1; 100) mit vertikaler Achse, dessen Wand über wenigstens einen Teil ihrer Höhe aus elektrisch untereinander isolierten und von einem Kühlfluid durchströmten Längssektoren (2) gebildet ist, einen Induktor (6) mit wendelförmigen Windungen, der den Tiegel (1; 100) über einen Teil seiner Höhe umgibt und mit Wechselstrom mittlerer oder hoher Frequenz zwecks gleichzeitiger Erhitzung und Einschließung des Metalls gespeist wird, und ein System zum Abziehen (7 und 26 und 27) des Blocks nach unten aufweist, wobei der Tiegel (1; 100) eine untere sektorisierte Zone (5) mit nach unten auseinandergespreizten Mantellinien enthält,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß bei Bestimmung der Anlage zum Schmelzen und Stranggießen von Metallen der Tiegel (1; 100) eine obere sektorisierte Zone (4) mit vertikalen Mantellinien aufweist, daß diese obere Zone (4) an die untere sektorisierte Zone (5) anschließt und daß die unterste Windung (60) des Induktors (6) auf der Höhe des Anschlusses (45) der genannten Zonen (4 und 5) ist, wodurch die Anlage ein Schmelzen und Gießen ohne Schlacke und die Vermeidung der Abrisse von Metall auf der Wand des Tiegels (1; 100) ermöglicht.
  5. Anlage nach dem Anspruch 4,
    in der die untere sektorisierte Zone (5) mit nach unten auseinandergespreizten Mantellinien nach unten durch eine sektorisierte Zone mit vertikalen Mantellinien verlängert ist, wobei die Höhe der ersten Zone wenigstens gleich 1/4 der inneren Querabmessung des Tiegels ist.
  6. Anlage nach dem Anspruch 4,
    in der die untere sektorisierte Zone (5) des Tiegels (1) nach unten durch eine nicht sektorisierte, gekühlte Zone (3) verlängert ist.
  7. Anlage nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 4 bis 6,
    in der der Neigungswinkel der Mantellinien der unteren sektorisierten Zone (5) des Tiegels (1) im Bereich von 1° bis 5° ist.
  8. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7,
    in der die Innenwand der oberen Zone (4) des Tiegels (1) von kreiszylindrischer Form ist und in der die Innenwand der unteren sektorisierten Zone (5) von Kegelstumpfform ist.
  9. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7,
    in der die Innenwand der oberen Zone (4) des Tiegels (100) von vieleckzylindrischer Form ist.
  10. Verwendung der Anlage irgendeines der Ansprüche 4 bis 9 zum Schmelzen und Stranggießen eines der Metalle oder einer der Legierungen der Gruppe, die durch: die feuerfesten Metalle der Gruppen IV, V und VI und deren Legierungen, die Seltenen Erden, das Aluminium, das Kupfer, das Silizium, die Nickelbasislegierungen und die Kobaltbasislegierungen gebildet wird.
EP88420010A 1987-01-15 1988-01-13 Verfahren und Anlage zum Schmelzen und Stranggiessen von Metallen Expired - Lifetime EP0275228B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88420010T ATE83597T1 (de) 1987-01-15 1988-01-13 Verfahren und anlage zum schmelzen und stranggiessen von metallen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8700814A FR2609655B1 (fr) 1987-01-15 1987-01-15 Dispositif de fusion et coulee continue de metaux, son procede de mise en oeuvre et son utilisation
FR8700814 1987-01-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0275228A1 EP0275228A1 (de) 1988-07-20
EP0275228B1 true EP0275228B1 (de) 1992-12-16

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EP88420010A Expired - Lifetime EP0275228B1 (de) 1987-01-15 1988-01-13 Verfahren und Anlage zum Schmelzen und Stranggiessen von Metallen

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US4838933A (de)
EP (1) EP0275228B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS63192543A (de)
KR (1) KR910007297B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE83597T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1326752C (de)
DE (1) DE3876638T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2036275T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2609655B1 (de)
NO (1) NO169877C (de)

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KR101238144B1 (ko) 2009-02-09 2013-02-28 도호 티타늄 가부시키가이샤 열간 압연용 티타늄 슬래브, 그 용제 방법 및 압연 방법
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ES2704883T3 (es) * 2011-03-14 2019-03-20 Consarc Corp Crisol frío de inducción eléctrica con fondo abierto para su uso en colada electromagnética de lingotes y método para colar en el crisol
JP2018536085A (ja) * 2015-09-15 2018-12-06 リテック システムズ エルエルシー 炉式溶鉱炉などの溶融物制御のためのレーザセンサ
CN115261663B (zh) * 2022-08-01 2023-05-02 江西蓝微电子科技有限公司 一种金合金键合丝及其制备方法

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US3775091A (en) * 1969-02-27 1973-11-27 Interior Induction melting of metals in cold, self-lined crucibles
GB1221909A (en) * 1969-10-01 1971-02-10 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Improvements in or relating to apparatus for the heat treatment of electrically conductive materials
FR2303774A1 (fr) * 1975-03-10 1976-10-08 Fizichesky Inst Im P N Procede et dispositif pour la preparation par fusion de materiaux cristallins a base d'oxydes de metaux refractaires
FR2497050A1 (fr) * 1980-12-23 1982-06-25 Saphymo Stel Dispositif de fusion par induction directe en cage froide avec confinement electromagnetique de la charge fondue

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FR2609655B1 (fr) 1989-03-24
NO169877C (no) 1992-08-19
US4838933A (en) 1989-06-13
JPS63192543A (ja) 1988-08-09
KR910007297B1 (ko) 1991-09-24
EP0275228A1 (de) 1988-07-20
CA1326752C (fr) 1994-02-08
JPH0258022B2 (de) 1990-12-06
ATE83597T1 (de) 1993-01-15
FR2609655A1 (fr) 1988-07-22
NO880149D0 (no) 1988-01-14
DE3876638T2 (de) 1993-06-24
ES2036275T3 (es) 1993-05-16
NO169877B (no) 1992-05-11
NO880149L (no) 1988-07-18
KR880008848A (ko) 1988-09-13
DE3876638D1 (de) 1993-01-28

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