EP0170598A1 - Verfahren zur Herstellung von Stäben oder Walzdraht aus martensitischem rostfreiem Stahl und so hergestellte Gegenstände - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Stäben oder Walzdraht aus martensitischem rostfreiem Stahl und so hergestellte Gegenstände Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0170598A1
EP0170598A1 EP85420123A EP85420123A EP0170598A1 EP 0170598 A1 EP0170598 A1 EP 0170598A1 EP 85420123 A EP85420123 A EP 85420123A EP 85420123 A EP85420123 A EP 85420123A EP 0170598 A1 EP0170598 A1 EP 0170598A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mpa
hot rolling
bars
temperature
resilience
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85420123A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0170598B1 (en
Inventor
Michel Lacoude
Michel Lluansi
Philippe Munier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ugine Savoie SA
Original Assignee
Ugine Aciers SA
Ugine Savoie SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ugine Aciers SA, Ugine Savoie SA filed Critical Ugine Aciers SA
Priority to AT85420123T priority Critical patent/ATE49238T1/de
Publication of EP0170598A1 publication Critical patent/EP0170598A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0170598B1 publication Critical patent/EP0170598B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/13—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by hot working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
    • C21D8/065—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires of ferrous alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium

Definitions

  • the method of the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing bars or wire rod from stainless steel.
  • martensitic stainless steels with good mechanical resistance correspond to the designations according to standard NF A 35-575 : "Z12C13”. "Z20C13” - “Z30C13”, with overall C 0.08 to 0.34% and Cr 11.5 at 14.0%. They are martensitic steels, that is to say having a predominantly martensite structure.
  • the invention consists in a selection of composition and in the setting of hot rolling conditions which surprisingly lead to the desired levels of properties in the raw hot rolling state.
  • compositions and the conditions of rolling are both necessary for obtaining these properties.
  • the metallurgical examinations carried out make it possible to give qualitative indications on the effects of these conditions, effects which appear complex, and to indicate practical limits for the conditions of the process of the invention and the characteristics of the corresponding products.
  • the "other elements" are in the usual contents for an elaboration in electric steelworks from scrap, their total is usually less than 0.5%. In particular, the residual Al content is less than 0.1%.
  • the adjustment of the total content "C + N" is an essential point of the invention: it makes it possible to increase the mechanical resistance (R, E 0.2) of the product obtained and to maintain good resilience (KCU). An example will show the harmful influence on the resilience of a too high "C + N”.
  • the method of the invention makes it possible to obtain raw hot rolling bars or wire rod which still have very interesting mechanical characteristics. With improved machinability. these products indeed have mechanical properties (R, E) of a very good level with a resilience that is lower the higher the S content, but overall greater than 40 J / cm2.
  • Nb ⁇ 0.1% and V ⁇ 0.1% have a hardening effect, essentially resulting in an improvement in the breaking load "R” and especially in the elastic limit at 0.2% “E 0.2".
  • An addition of nickel can be made if the cost is not considered excessive, mainly to improve the resilience. Such an addition tends to decrease the proportion of ferrite in the martensite / ferrite structure.
  • the rolling conditions necessary to obtain the mechanical characteristics of the bars or machine wires according to the invention are as follows: after the possible hot coarse-graining of the product, whether or not followed by a cooling, the product must be brought to a temperature between 1050 ° C and 1160 ° C before undergoing the final hot rolling, this preliminary setting to temperature being obtained either by preheating or reheating, or by roughing conditions causing this temperature when the product arrives at the final rolling.
  • the final hot rolling of the product thus brought to between 1050 and 1160 ° C is then carried out in practice at a temperature less than or equal to 1150 ° C (the product cools down by 10 ° C or more during the initiation of this rolling), and it must produce a reduction in section "S / s", where "S” is the cross section of the product at the initiation of this final hot rolling and "s" the cross section obtained at the end of said final hot rolling , at least equal to 3. Tests have shown that the final hot rolling should preferably be finished between 1050 and 950 ° C, product temperatures. Finally, the final hot rolling must be followed by homogeneous air cooling.
  • Accelerated cooling means such as blown air or mists (water + air) can be used, provided that the cooling remains homogeneous, that is to say that the cooling rates must differ little from one section right to another of the product.
  • Preheating before the final hot rolling can also be carried out below 1050 ° C, for example between 1000 ° C and 1050 ° C, but the process while remaining applicable becomes more difficult to implement.
  • the rods or wire rod according to the invention are recognizable by all of their mechanical characteristics and their analysis. These mechanical characteristics being singular for such an analysis. They are also characterized in addition by a proportion of ferrite in martensite less than 30% and typically between 15 and 25%, as well as by an average grain or phase diameter (martensite and ferrite) equivalent to 5 to 10 ASTM (specification ASTM E 112 ), i.e. 65 ⁇ m to 11 ⁇ m. These structural characteristics are largely responsible for the mechanical characteristics.
  • the bars according to the invention are in the form of raw hot rolling bars, or hot rolled then erected with optionally a surface finish, of diameter or thickness between 15 and 250 mm and preferably between 15 and 120 mm .
  • the wire rod with a diameter between 5 and 35 mm according to the invention is usually in the form of a crown or erect bars.
  • the cooling is mainly done in offset crowns or turns.
  • the hot roughing was carried out in blooming as usual at about 1200-1250 ° C, transforming the 250 mm squares into 148 mm squares.
  • the cooled 148 mm squares were then preheated in an oven at various temperatures as indicated in the table and then hot-rolled in the final by successive passes to the diameters shown in the table and cooled in air. From the measurements carried out with an optical pyrometer, it was estimated that the temperature of the bars at the end of the rolling was in all cases between 950 and 1000 ° C.
  • the maximum section reduction is that of the A1 20 mm ⁇ bars with S / s - 69.
  • the adjustment of the preheating and rolling temperature is certainly important for the adjustment of the ferrite content.
  • the ferrite content must be minimized to obtain good resilience and good mechanical resistance, therefore preheat and laminate in a limited temperature range depending on both of this effect under real dynamic conditions and other very important factors: dissolution and maintenance of C and N in solution to strengthen the matrix. obtaining a fine-grained structure (preheating and recrystallization during rolling).
  • the cast squares of 250 ⁇ 250 mm were hot transformed as before and similar tests were carried out starting from squares of 148 mm, with air cooling of the bars obtained.
  • the temperature of the bars at the end of the rolling was between 950 and 1000 ° C.
  • the preheating temperatures and the mechanical characteristics obtained on the bars are collated in the Table below:
  • This graph shows that in the range of ferrite content ⁇ % from 18 to 35%, a reduction of ⁇ % of 10% corresponds on average to an increase of E 0.2 of approximately 100 MPa.
  • Figure 3 locates on the one hand the figurative points (C%, N%) of the flows (A) - (B) and (D), on the other hand the domain (E) of contents (C%, N%) according to the invention as well as the narrowest preferential domain (F).
  • the hardening of the bars depends significantly on the content of (C + N) dissolved. Small additions of Nb ⁇ 0.1% and / or V ⁇ 0.1% also play a hardening role.
  • the good characteristics R and E 0.2 are linked to the high content of (C + N) and to the small additions of Nb and of V, but the contents in (C. N) are outside the scope of the invention and the resilience is very low.
  • the process is particularly suitable for the production of rods or wire rod with continuous hot rolling means.
  • the bars or machine wires of the invention are used in particular for the manufacture of mechanical parts resistant to corrosion, working in contact water, steam, wine or beer: such as trees, pistons, liners, valves or hardware.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
EP85420123A 1984-07-04 1985-07-03 Process for manufacturing hot-rolled martensitic stainless steel rods or rod wire, and products obtained Expired - Lifetime EP0170598B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85420123T ATE49238T1 (de) 1984-07-04 1985-07-03 Verfahren zur herstellung von staeben oder walzdraht aus martensitischem rostfreiem stahl und so hergestellte gegenstaende.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8411050A FR2567151B1 (fr) 1984-07-04 1984-07-04 Procede de fabrication de barres ou de fil machine en acier inoxydable martensitique et produits correspondants
FR8411050 1984-07-04

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0170598A1 true EP0170598A1 (de) 1986-02-05
EP0170598B1 EP0170598B1 (en) 1990-01-03

Family

ID=9306034

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85420123A Expired - Lifetime EP0170598B1 (en) 1984-07-04 1985-07-03 Process for manufacturing hot-rolled martensitic stainless steel rods or rod wire, and products obtained

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4594115A (de)
EP (1) EP0170598B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS6119734A (de)
AT (1) ATE49238T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1254062A (de)
FR (1) FR2567151B1 (de)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0508574A1 (de) * 1991-04-11 1992-10-14 Crucible Materials Corporation Gegenstand aus martensitisches rostfreies Stahl und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
EP0945520A1 (de) * 1998-03-23 1999-09-29 Hans Kohler AG Hochfester, korrosionsbeständiger Stahlwerkstoff für Einsätze im Bauwesen, der Geotechnik und im allgemeinen Maschinenbau
EP1233080A1 (de) * 2001-02-14 2002-08-21 BÖHLER Edelstahl GmbH Stahl für Kunststofformen und Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung desselben
US6488813B2 (en) * 2000-08-01 2002-12-03 Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd. Blocked urethane prepolymers as paper wet strength agent
CN102676941A (zh) * 2012-04-25 2012-09-19 李小强 一种碳化钨颗粒增强的耐磨耐蚀不锈钢及其制备方法
WO2017182896A1 (fr) * 2016-04-22 2017-10-26 Aperam Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en acier inoxydable martensitique à partir d'une tôle
WO2019002924A1 (fr) * 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Aperam Procédé de soudage par points de tôles d'acier inoxydable martensitique

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19755409A1 (de) * 1997-12-12 1999-06-17 Econsult Unternehmensberatung Nichtrostender Baustahl und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
WO1999036584A1 (en) * 1998-01-16 1999-07-22 Crs Holdings, Inc. Free-machining martensitic stainless steel
JP3491030B2 (ja) * 2000-10-18 2004-01-26 住友金属工業株式会社 ディスクブレ−キロ−タ−用ステンレス鋼
DE10237446B4 (de) * 2002-08-16 2004-07-29 Stahlwerk Ergste Westig Gmbh Verwendung eines Chrom-Stahls und dessen Herstellung
JP3920185B2 (ja) * 2002-09-27 2007-05-30 日新製鋼株式会社 耐たわみ性に優れたステンレス鋼製の二輪車用タイヤリム材および二輪車用フレーム材
US6899773B2 (en) * 2003-02-07 2005-05-31 Advanced Steel Technology, Llc Fine-grained martensitic stainless steel and method thereof
JP2005241457A (ja) 2004-02-26 2005-09-08 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk 赤外線センサ及びその製造方法
US8557059B2 (en) * 2009-06-05 2013-10-15 Edro Specialty Steels, Inc. Plastic injection mold of low carbon martensitic stainless steel
CN103725954B (zh) * 2013-12-16 2017-01-04 泰州俊宇不锈钢材料有限公司 一种高强度耐腐蚀钢丝及其制造工艺
WO2016100839A1 (en) 2014-12-19 2016-06-23 Nucor Corporation Hot rolled light-gauge martensitic steel sheet and method for making the same
CN105132820B (zh) * 2015-09-21 2017-05-17 舞阳钢铁有限责任公司 高强度马氏体不锈钢板及其生产方法
JP7320936B2 (ja) * 2018-11-16 2023-08-04 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 棒状鋼材
CN113604737B (zh) * 2021-07-30 2022-07-12 山东钢铁股份有限公司 一种q550d高强钢板及其制备方法

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1786297A (en) * 1929-11-20 1930-12-23 Howard M Givens Process of rolling alloy steel
US2384566A (en) * 1940-12-13 1945-09-11 Rustless Iron & Steel Corp Method of working alloy steel and products thereof
GB883712A (en) * 1958-06-16 1961-12-06 Carpenter Steel Co An alloy steel
US3832244A (en) * 1968-05-28 1974-08-27 Crucible Inc Stainless steel

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2337185A (en) * 1942-09-09 1943-12-21 John J Caugherty Method of drawing stainless steel wire
US2795519A (en) * 1954-03-27 1957-06-11 Sandvikens Jernverks Ab Method of making corrosion resistant spring steel and product thereof
US3154412A (en) * 1961-10-05 1964-10-27 Crucible Steel Co America Heat-resistant high-strength stainless steel
US4042423A (en) * 1975-12-03 1977-08-16 Union Carbide Corporation Method for providing strong wire and strip
US4161415A (en) * 1978-02-01 1979-07-17 Union Carbide Corporation Method for providing strong wire
US4265679A (en) * 1979-08-23 1981-05-05 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Process for producing stainless steels for spring having a high strength and an excellent fatigue resistance
JPS58123822A (ja) * 1982-01-18 1983-07-23 Daido Steel Co Ltd 直接焼入方法

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1786297A (en) * 1929-11-20 1930-12-23 Howard M Givens Process of rolling alloy steel
US2384566A (en) * 1940-12-13 1945-09-11 Rustless Iron & Steel Corp Method of working alloy steel and products thereof
GB883712A (en) * 1958-06-16 1961-12-06 Carpenter Steel Co An alloy steel
US3832244A (en) * 1968-05-28 1974-08-27 Crucible Inc Stainless steel

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENTS ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, vol. 7, no. 232 (C-190) [1377], 14 octobre 1983, page 70 C 190; & JP - A - 58 123 822 (DAIDO TOKUSHUKO K.K.) 23-07-1983 *

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0508574A1 (de) * 1991-04-11 1992-10-14 Crucible Materials Corporation Gegenstand aus martensitisches rostfreies Stahl und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
EP0945520A1 (de) * 1998-03-23 1999-09-29 Hans Kohler AG Hochfester, korrosionsbeständiger Stahlwerkstoff für Einsätze im Bauwesen, der Geotechnik und im allgemeinen Maschinenbau
US6488813B2 (en) * 2000-08-01 2002-12-03 Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd. Blocked urethane prepolymers as paper wet strength agent
CN100558926C (zh) * 2001-02-14 2009-11-11 博哈里尔特种钢有限公司 一种塑料成型模具用钢和其热处理方法
US6893608B2 (en) 2001-02-14 2005-05-17 Boehler Edelstahl Gmbh Steel for plastic molds and process for their heat treatment
KR100500263B1 (ko) * 2001-02-14 2005-07-11 뵈러 에델스탈 게엠베하 마레이징 강 및 그 마레이징 강의 열처리 방법
EP1233080A1 (de) * 2001-02-14 2002-08-21 BÖHLER Edelstahl GmbH Stahl für Kunststofformen und Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung desselben
CN102676941A (zh) * 2012-04-25 2012-09-19 李小强 一种碳化钨颗粒增强的耐磨耐蚀不锈钢及其制备方法
WO2017182896A1 (fr) * 2016-04-22 2017-10-26 Aperam Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en acier inoxydable martensitique à partir d'une tôle
RU2724767C2 (ru) * 2016-04-22 2020-06-25 Аперам Способ изготовления из листа детали из мартенситной нержавеющей стали
US11001916B2 (en) 2016-04-22 2021-05-11 Aperam Method for manufacturing a martensitic stainless steel part from a sheet
WO2019002924A1 (fr) * 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Aperam Procédé de soudage par points de tôles d'acier inoxydable martensitique
CN110809632A (zh) * 2017-06-30 2020-02-18 艾普伦 用于马氏体不锈钢钢板点焊的方法
CN110809632B (zh) * 2017-06-30 2021-10-08 艾普伦 用于马氏体不锈钢钢板点焊的方法
US11478873B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2022-10-25 Aperam Method for welding using points of martensitic stainless steel sheets

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE49238T1 (de) 1990-01-15
EP0170598B1 (en) 1990-01-03
US4594115A (en) 1986-06-10
FR2567151B1 (fr) 1986-11-21
CA1254062A (fr) 1989-05-16
JPS6119734A (ja) 1986-01-28
FR2567151A1 (fr) 1986-01-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0170598A1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Stäben oder Walzdraht aus martensitischem rostfreiem Stahl und so hergestellte Gegenstände
FR2536765A1 (fr) Procede de fabrication de plaques d'acier ayant une resistance elevee a la traction
EP1913169B1 (de) Herstellungsprozess von stahlblechen mit hoher festigkeit und exzellenter dehnung und hergestellte produkte
US6221180B1 (en) Steel sheet for can and manufacturing method thereof
CN113025867A (zh) 一种高纯净度齿轮用钢20CrMnAl的制造方法
BE1008531A6 (fr) Acier lamine a chaud non affine thermiquement et procede d'elaboration de celui-ci.
AU4289499A (en) Steel wire rod and process for producing steel for steel wire rod
JP3812168B2 (ja) 強度の均一性と靱性に優れたラインパイプ用継目無鋼管の製造方法
CN106756568A (zh) 不含铌低成本s355mc热轧酸洗板及其生产方法
JP2024129165A (ja) 冷間鍛造性及び、耐食性と非磁性に優れるステンレス鋼
JP7077477B2 (ja) フェライト系ステンレス棒状鋼材
CN113661260B (zh) 热轧扁钢产品及其制造方法
EP1885900B1 (de) Stahl für unterseeboothüllen mit verbesserter schweissbarkeit
JP5672907B2 (ja) 高強度高加工性缶用鋼板およびその製造方法
JP4779737B2 (ja) 極薄缶用鋼板の製造方法および極薄缶用鋼板
JP3377155B2 (ja) 極低炭素缶用鋼板の製造方法
JPH0551633A (ja) 高Ｓｉ含有オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の製造方法
JPH07216447A (ja) 加工性に優れた外装用高耐銹性フェライトステンレス鋼板の製造方法
RU2339705C2 (ru) Сортовой прокат из низкоуглеродистой хромсодержащей стали для холодного выдавливания
JP4196501B2 (ja) 高強度で靱性に優れたシームレス鋼管用鋼
JP2022138809A (ja) インバー合金及びインバー合金線
JPS6137953A (ja) 非磁性鋼線材の製造方法
JP3210255B2 (ja) 耐食性と製造性に優れるフェライト系ステンレス鋼
US20060081309A1 (en) Ultra-high strength weathering steel and method for making same
CN111057964A (zh) 一种新能源汽车高强度转向节用钢材及其制备方法与应用

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19860225

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19870701

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: UGINE-SAVOIE

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

PUAB Information related to the publication of an a document modified or deleted

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009199EPPU

PUAC Information related to the publication of a b1 document modified or deleted

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009299EPPU

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 49238

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19900115

Kind code of ref document: T

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN

DB1 Publication of patent cancelled
RA1 Application published (corrected)

Date of ref document: 19860205

Kind code of ref document: A1

18W Application withdrawn

Withdrawal date: 19891204

NLXE Nl: other communications concerning ep-patents (part 3 heading xe)

Free format text: IN PAT.BUL.04/90,PATENTNUMBER 0170598 SHOULD BE DELETED

R18W Application withdrawn (corrected)

Effective date: 19891204

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: UGINE-SAVOIE

Effective date: 19900731

EUG Se: european patent has lapsed

Ref document number: 85420123.3

Effective date: 19910402

RIN1 Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected)

Inventor name: MUNIER, PHILIPPE

Inventor name: LLUANSI, MICHEL

Inventor name: LACOUDE, MICHEL