EP0164006B1 - Elément d'isolation avec revêtement - Google Patents

Elément d'isolation avec revêtement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0164006B1
EP0164006B1 EP19850106109 EP85106109A EP0164006B1 EP 0164006 B1 EP0164006 B1 EP 0164006B1 EP 19850106109 EP19850106109 EP 19850106109 EP 85106109 A EP85106109 A EP 85106109A EP 0164006 B1 EP0164006 B1 EP 0164006B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thermal insulation
heat
microporous
molded
insulating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19850106109
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0164006A1 (fr
Inventor
Günter Dr. Dipl.-Chem. Kratel
Günter Dr. Dipl.-Chem. Stohr
Franz Dipl.-Ing. Schreiner (Fh)
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wacker Chemie AG
Original Assignee
Wacker Chemie AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6236291&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0164006(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Wacker Chemie AG filed Critical Wacker Chemie AG
Priority to AT85106109T priority Critical patent/ATE39523T1/de
Publication of EP0164006A1 publication Critical patent/EP0164006A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0164006B1 publication Critical patent/EP0164006B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
    • E04B1/80—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped
    • E04B1/806—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped with air or gas pockets included in the slab
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/23—Sheet including cover or casing
    • Y10T428/231—Filled with gas other than air; or under vacuum
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/23—Sheet including cover or casing
    • Y10T428/239—Complete cover or casing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249978—Voids specified as micro
    • Y10T428/24998—Composite has more than two layers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to thermal insulation boards based on compressed, microporous thermal insulation material with a covering.
  • Molded heat-insulating bodies based on compressed, microporous heat-insulating material are known, for example, according to DE-A-3033515 (EP-A-00 47 494). It is also known to partially or completely moldings of this type with envelopes, e.g. with glass fiber fabrics, aluminum foil or other lamination material.
  • Such thermal insulation molded articles are distinguished, in particular in the range of higher temperatures, in particular in the temperature range from approximately 200 ° C. to 1,000 ° C., by excellent insulating properties. In the temperature range between about -50 ° C to 200 ° C, however, their insulating properties are similar to other insulating materials that are less efficient or unsuitable in the higher temperature range.
  • microporous insulation material are required if an insulation is to be designed in such a way that, in the case of insulation against high temperatures, the cold side of the insulation layer only has temperatures in the range from approximately -10 ° C. to 40 ° C.
  • the object of the invention was to improve the insulating effect of molded thermal bodies based on pressed, microporous thermal insulation material in the temperature range from about -50 ° C to 200 ° C.
  • the insulating effect of moldings based on compressed, microporous material can be improved by evacuating the moldings.
  • these moldings can be filled with gases such as krypton, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride or carbon dioxide.
  • gases such as krypton, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride or carbon dioxide.
  • the invention relates to thermal insulation boards made of a coating, provided, pressed, microporous thermal insulation material based on finely divided metal oxides, which are characterized in that the casing is gas-tight and the partial pressure of air within the coated thermal insulation boards is less than 20 mbar.
  • the thermal insulation boards according to the invention can, if desired, have a content of krypton, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride or carbon dioxide.
  • the partial pressure on the gases mentioned can be 0-1000 mbar, in particular 0-400 mbar.
  • the proportion of binder is preferably 0.3 to 1.5% by weight.
  • finely divided metal oxide examples include pyrogenic silicas, including arcing silicas, low-alkali precipitated silicas, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide produced analogously.
  • the finely divided metal oxides have specific surfaces of 50-700 square meters / g, preferably 70-400 square meters / g.
  • Ilmenite, titanium dioxide, silicon carbide, iron-II-iron-III mixed oxide, chromium dioxide, zirconium oxide, manganese dioxide and iron oxide are suitable as opacifiers.
  • the opacifiers advantageously have an absorption maximum in the infrared range between 1.5 and 10 1 tm.
  • fiber material examples include glass wool, rock wool, slag wool, ceramic fibers such as those obtained from melts of aluminum oxide and / or silicon oxide, asbestos fibers and others.
  • the inorganic binders used are, for example, the borides of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, calcium, silicides such as calcium silicide and calcium aluminum silicide, in particular by boron carbide.
  • silicides such as calcium silicide and calcium aluminum silicide, in particular by boron carbide.
  • further constituents are basic oxides, in particular magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or barium oxide.
  • thermal insulation boards according to the invention mostly have a flat shape. In special cases, however, they can also take the form of circular segments and the like.
  • Beveled edges, folds and the like may be mentioned as further shaping elements.
  • the thermal insulation boards based on microporous material are provided with gastight coverings. Relatively low demands are to be made of the compressive strength of these envelopes, since they are in direct contact with the molded body and are thus supported in such a way that the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere is absorbed.
  • wrapping material examples include composite films with a layer sequence of thermoplastic material / metal foil / thermoplastic material.
  • a composite film consists of a layer sequence of polypropylene / aluminum film / polyester.
  • Other examples are composite films with a layer sequence of polyfluorocarbon / polyimide, which may also have a layer of aluminum foil can.
  • the covering preferably consists of two separate layers, a first layer which consists of a thermoplastic material, such as polyethylene, and a second layer which can consist of one of the aforementioned composite films.
  • Glass plates serve as a covering, which are connected by gas-tight sealing compounds.
  • sealing compounds are polymers and copolymers of hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene fluoride and the like.
  • the gases enclosed in the bed should be able to escape during pre-compression or compression. Therefore, the compression and compression is preferably carried out with the application of negative pressure. Degassing can also take place before compression or compression.
  • the prefabricated molded body is then provided with a covering and finally evacuated until the partial pressure in air no longer exceeds 20 mbar. Typically, evacuation is carried out until the partial pressure in air is 20 mbar to 10- 4 mbar Krypton, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof can be filled. Finally, the covering is sealed airtight. Such a sealing is carried out, for example, by welding off the composite films described above.
  • the thermal insulation boards according to the invention are used in particular for insulation in the temperature range from -50 ° C. to 200 ° C. They serve, for example, as insulation in cold store facilities. Another application opens up as an additional element for thermal insulation in storage furnaces and the like, where they are preferably used in conjunction with non-evacuated high-temperature insulation based on microporous thermal insulation material. It is provided here that the non-evacuated thermal insulation layer is designed such that a heat gradient to a temperature of approximately 100 ° C. to 200 ° C. arises and, in combination, the evacuated thermal insulation board according to the invention is a W a rmegef a overall to a temperature in the area of the ambient temperature.
  • thermal insulation boards according to the invention By using the thermal insulation boards according to the invention, high-performance insulation arrangements are available, the layer thicknesses of which are significantly reduced compared to conventional insulation arrangements with a comparable insulating effect.
  • the thermal insulation panels according to the invention are assembled in the same way as the assembly of conventional thermal insulation panels.
  • the plate was coated with a 100 ⁇ m thick composite film (polypropylene / aluminum / polyester) and evacuated to a residual pressure of 20 mbar.
  • the thermal conductivity number 1 of the plate was 100 ° C

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Insulation (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Claims (3)

1. Panneau calorifuge, comportant une enveloppe, en un matériau calorifuge microporeux comprimé à base d'oxydes de métaux en fines particules, panneau caractérisé en ce que son enveloppe est étanche aux gaz et en ce que la pression partielle de l'air, à l'intérieur du panneau calorifuge enveloppé, est inférieure à 20 mbars.
2. Panneau calorifuge selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il contient du krypton, du xénon, de l'hexafluorure de soufre, du bioxyde de carbone ou un de leurs mélanges.
3. Panneau calorifuge selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise comme enveloppe une feuille stratifiée consistant en au moins une couche métallique et en une couche d'un matériau polymère thermoplastique.
EP19850106109 1984-05-18 1985-05-17 Elément d'isolation avec revêtement Expired EP0164006B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85106109T ATE39523T1 (de) 1984-05-18 1985-05-17 Waermedaemmformkoerper mit umhuellung.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19843418637 DE3418637A1 (de) 1984-05-18 1984-05-18 Waermedaemmformkoerper mit umhuellung
DE3418637 1984-05-18

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0164006A1 EP0164006A1 (fr) 1985-12-11
EP0164006B1 true EP0164006B1 (fr) 1988-12-28

Family

ID=6236291

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19850106109 Expired EP0164006B1 (fr) 1984-05-18 1985-05-17 Elément d'isolation avec revêtement

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4636416A (fr)
EP (1) EP0164006B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS60260796A (fr)
AT (1) ATE39523T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3418637A1 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0254993A2 (fr) * 1986-07-31 1988-02-03 General Electric Company Isolation thermique constituée de silicates précipités et de cendres volantes
EP0396961A1 (fr) * 1989-05-10 1990-11-14 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Corps de forme pour isolation thermique
EP0403943A1 (fr) * 1989-06-21 1990-12-27 Isolfeu Ag Zurich Isolation thermique pour compensateurs de tuyaux
EP0446486A2 (fr) * 1990-03-16 1991-09-18 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Moulure pour isolation thermique
DE4018970A1 (de) * 1990-06-13 1991-12-19 Schatz Oskar Zur uebertragung von druckkraeften geeignete vakuumwaermeisolierung, insbesondere fuer waermespeicher von kratfahrzeugen
TR25085A (tr) * 1991-03-04 1992-11-01 Degussa Ag Dallare Ind Limited ISI IZOLASYONU ICIN KALIPLANMIS ELEMAN YATAY VE DIKEY HAREKET EDEBILEN PENCERE SISTEMLERISERAMIK PARCALARIN VE BILHASSA TUGLALARIN SIRLANMASI ICIN YüKSEK KRISTALIZASYON HIZINA SAHIP CAM SER ICIN YAPI DONANIMI AMIK BILESIM
US5718096A (en) * 1992-01-18 1998-02-17 Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh Box-shaped structures, such as buildings
DE19809316A1 (de) * 1998-03-05 1999-09-09 Plus Recycling Gmbh R Wärmeisolationskörper und Mehrschichtkörper hierfür

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US4636415A (en) * 1985-02-08 1987-01-13 General Electric Company Precipitated silica insulation
JPS61241595A (ja) * 1985-04-16 1986-10-27 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 真空断熱構造体
DE3737459A1 (de) * 1987-11-05 1989-05-18 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Waermedaemmformkoerper mit umhuellung auf basis von verpresstem, mikroporoesem waermedaemmstoff
DE3816979A1 (de) * 1988-05-18 1989-11-30 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Waermedaemmformkoerper auf der basis von verpresstem, mikroporoesem waermedaemmstoff mit einer umhuellung auf der basis von metallen
US5362541A (en) * 1988-08-24 1994-11-08 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Shaped articles for heat insulation
FR2643667B1 (fr) * 1989-02-24 1991-06-21 France Etat Ponts Chaussees Bloc de maconnerie isolant et porteur et procede de fabrication du bloc
US5316816A (en) * 1989-05-10 1994-05-31 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Form body for heat insulation and vacuum insulation panel with asymmetric design
DE4019870A1 (de) * 1990-06-22 1992-01-09 Degussa Vakuumisolationspanel mit asymmetrischem aufbau
GB9016621D0 (en) * 1990-07-28 1990-09-12 Dunbrik Yorks Ltd Method of flue insulation
GB9017279D0 (en) * 1990-08-07 1990-09-19 Micropore International Ltd Method for making a body of particulate insulating material
DE4106727C2 (de) * 1991-03-02 1995-11-16 Porotherm Daemmstoffe Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von umhüllten mikroporösen Wärmedämmformkörpern
US5270092A (en) * 1991-08-08 1993-12-14 The Regents, University Of California Gas filled panel insulation
GB2264296B (en) * 1992-02-07 1995-06-28 Zortech Int Microporous thermal insulation material
US6153135A (en) * 1993-01-08 2000-11-28 Novitsky; Charles Method for producing vacuum insulating and construction material
DE4307818A1 (de) * 1993-03-12 1994-09-15 Hans Dr Viesmann Wandelement
DE4310613A1 (de) * 1993-03-31 1994-10-06 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Mikroporöser Wärmedämmformkörper
US5478867A (en) * 1993-07-07 1995-12-26 The Dow Chemical Company Microporous isocyanate-based polymer compositions and method of preparation
DE4339435C2 (de) * 1993-11-19 1996-02-29 Jochen Dr Fricke Mehrscheibenpaneel als thermisch isolierendes Bauelement
DE4344713A1 (de) * 1993-12-27 1995-03-09 Aabh Patent Holdings Doppelwandige thermische Isolierung
US5877100A (en) * 1996-09-27 1999-03-02 Cabot Corporation Compositions and insulation bodies having low thermal conductivity
DE19647567C2 (de) * 1996-11-18 1999-07-01 Zae Bayern Vakuumwärmedämmpaneel
DE19704323C1 (de) * 1997-02-05 1998-07-02 Saskia Solar Und Energietechni Evakuierter Hohlkörper zur Wärmedämmung
US6010762A (en) * 1998-01-15 2000-01-04 Cabot Corporation Self-evacuating vacuum insulation panels
US6513974B2 (en) 1998-09-17 2003-02-04 Thomas G. Malone Inflatable insulating liners for shipping containers
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DE19928011A1 (de) * 1999-06-19 2000-12-21 Porextherm Daemmstoffe Gmbh Isolierplatte, insbesondere für den Niedertemperaturbereich
US20030128898A1 (en) * 1999-09-17 2003-07-10 Malone Thomas G. Inflatable insulating liners including phase change material
US6755568B2 (en) * 2000-12-21 2004-06-29 Cargo Technology, Inc. Inflatable insulating liners for shipping containers and method of manufacture
US20040018336A1 (en) * 2002-07-29 2004-01-29 Brian Farnworth Thermally insulating products for footwear and other apparel
DE10308581A1 (de) * 2003-02-27 2004-09-16 Wacker-Chemie Gmbh Wärmedämmung für Unterwasser-Bauteile für die Öl- und Gasförderung
DE10325607A1 (de) * 2003-06-05 2004-12-23 Wacker-Chemie Gmbh Vakuumisolationspaneel enthaltend eine mikroporöse Wärmedämmplatte mit erhöhter mechanischer Festigkeit
EP1566264B2 (fr) * 2004-02-18 2011-11-23 SCHWENK Dämmtechnik GmbH & Co KG Corps thermo-isolant
WO2009032763A1 (fr) * 2007-08-28 2009-03-12 Fi-Foil Company, Inc. Système et procédé pour isoler des articles à l'aide d'un panneau isolant réfléchissant ou gonflable
US8333279B2 (en) * 2008-09-11 2012-12-18 Simple Container Solutions, Inc. Expandable insulated packaging
JP5591513B2 (ja) * 2009-10-16 2014-09-17 ニチアス株式会社 断熱材及びその製造方法
KR101417249B1 (ko) * 2011-02-21 2014-07-16 (주)엘지하우시스 이너백을 포함하는 진공단열재 및 이를 제조하는 방법
US9744752B2 (en) 2012-01-24 2017-08-29 Inflatek Innovations, Llc Inflatable panel and method of manufacturing same
GB2507325A (en) * 2012-10-26 2014-04-30 Euroform Products Ltd Composite insulation including gas filled pockets
US9606587B2 (en) * 2012-10-26 2017-03-28 Google Inc. Insulator module having structure enclosing atomspheric pressure gas
US9057472B2 (en) * 2012-11-01 2015-06-16 Ragui Ghali Insulation material
US9430006B1 (en) 2013-09-30 2016-08-30 Google Inc. Computing device with heat spreader
US8861191B1 (en) 2013-09-30 2014-10-14 Google Inc. Apparatus related to a structure of a base portion of a computing device
US9442514B1 (en) 2014-07-23 2016-09-13 Google Inc. Graphite layer between carbon layers
CN108506646B (zh) * 2017-02-28 2024-04-26 芜湖美的厨卫电器制造有限公司 保温型材及热水器
GB2569787B (en) * 2017-12-20 2020-06-17 Acergy France SAS Insulation of pipe-in-pipe systems

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0254993A2 (fr) * 1986-07-31 1988-02-03 General Electric Company Isolation thermique constituée de silicates précipités et de cendres volantes
EP0254993A3 (en) * 1986-07-31 1988-10-05 General Electric Company Insulation formed of precipitated silica and fly ash insulation formed of precipitated silica and fly ash
EP0396961A1 (fr) * 1989-05-10 1990-11-14 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Corps de forme pour isolation thermique
EP0403943A1 (fr) * 1989-06-21 1990-12-27 Isolfeu Ag Zurich Isolation thermique pour compensateurs de tuyaux
EP0446486A2 (fr) * 1990-03-16 1991-09-18 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Moulure pour isolation thermique
EP0446486A3 (en) * 1990-03-16 1992-03-18 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Thermal insulation element
DE4018970A1 (de) * 1990-06-13 1991-12-19 Schatz Oskar Zur uebertragung von druckkraeften geeignete vakuumwaermeisolierung, insbesondere fuer waermespeicher von kratfahrzeugen
TR25085A (tr) * 1991-03-04 1992-11-01 Degussa Ag Dallare Ind Limited ISI IZOLASYONU ICIN KALIPLANMIS ELEMAN YATAY VE DIKEY HAREKET EDEBILEN PENCERE SISTEMLERISERAMIK PARCALARIN VE BILHASSA TUGLALARIN SIRLANMASI ICIN YüKSEK KRISTALIZASYON HIZINA SAHIP CAM SER ICIN YAPI DONANIMI AMIK BILESIM
US5718096A (en) * 1992-01-18 1998-02-17 Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh Box-shaped structures, such as buildings
DE19809316A1 (de) * 1998-03-05 1999-09-09 Plus Recycling Gmbh R Wärmeisolationskörper und Mehrschichtkörper hierfür
DE19809316C2 (de) * 1998-03-05 2000-11-09 Plus Recycling Gmbh R Wärmeisolationskörper und Mehrschichtkörper hierfür

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4636416A (en) 1987-01-13
DE3418637A1 (de) 1985-11-21
JPH0355719B2 (fr) 1991-08-26
JPS60260796A (ja) 1985-12-23
DE3567048D1 (en) 1989-02-02
EP0164006A1 (fr) 1985-12-11
ATE39523T1 (de) 1989-01-15

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