EP0159573B1 - Procédé et dispositif pour la pose des conduites souterraines d'intérieur inaccessible par poussage contrôlé - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour la pose des conduites souterraines d'intérieur inaccessible par poussage contrôlé Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0159573B1
EP0159573B1 EP85103778A EP85103778A EP0159573B1 EP 0159573 B1 EP0159573 B1 EP 0159573B1 EP 85103778 A EP85103778 A EP 85103778A EP 85103778 A EP85103778 A EP 85103778A EP 0159573 B1 EP0159573 B1 EP 0159573B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
boring
pipe line
encasing
boring tool
starting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85103778A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0159573A1 (fr
Inventor
Reinhold Englisch
Carl B. Bosse
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
WICEMA BOHRTECHNIK GMBH
Original Assignee
Witte Bohrtechnik GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6232339&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0159573(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Witte Bohrtechnik GmbH filed Critical Witte Bohrtechnik GmbH
Priority to AT85103778T priority Critical patent/ATE30061T1/de
Publication of EP0159573A1 publication Critical patent/EP0159573A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0159573B1 publication Critical patent/EP0159573B1/fr
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/20—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/04—Directional drilling
    • E21B7/046—Directional drilling horizontal drilling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a device for the controlled underground driving of pipes in the inaccessible diameter range in accordance with the generic terms of the main method and device claims.
  • a controlled underground pipe advance has been carried out in such a way that a jacking pipe is driven from a dug-out starting pit, in which a pressing device is installed, to a target pit that is also to be excavated, and a control head is articulated on the end face thereof for controlling the heading to the target pit which also carries a drilling tool for working the soil (EP-A-0 100 748, FR-A-2 349 091).
  • the drilling tool either works on the displacer principle or tears open the face of the ground. In the latter case, the drilling tool is coupled to a conveyor string that conveys the soil to the starting pit. To the rear, the product pipes to be laid are gradually coupled to the jacking pipe.
  • the control and actuation mechanism for the control head pivoting is located in the jacking pipe.
  • the actuation lines for the control of the control head and the drilling tool, possibly also the conveyor itself, are lengthened accordingly piece by piece when the product pipes are coupled.
  • the jacking pipe, control head and drilling tool are removed there.
  • What is disturbing in this embodiment is the need to always have to dig a sufficiently large target pit in addition to the starting pit.
  • a further disadvantage of this embodiment is that if the propulsion hits obstacles such as stones or the like that are too large for them to be able to drive around back to the old target direction, pits must be excavated from the surface of the earth at all these points to remove these obstacles. Repairs to the drill head during the advance also require the excavation of a corresponding pit in order to reach the drill head.
  • collapsible and expandable drilling tools are known for drilling tools for earthworks (EP-A-0 065 284, DE-A-2 422 489). These are designed to pierce solid obstacles such as natural stones. They are slidably guided in a carrier tube and can be in a drilling position. be expanded by the drilling diameter corresponding at least to the outer diameter of the carrier tube. After clearing the passage for the carrier tube, such a drilling tool can be collapsed again to a smaller diameter. The collapse and expansion takes place through a controlled rotary movement limited by stops, with which the pivotably mounted drilling tool segments are pivoted accordingly via support and control curve sections.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the task of creating a method and an apparatus for carrying out the method in order to carry out the underground controlled pipe jacking also through any obstacles and through the wall of a target object exclusively from a starting pit.
  • the solution according to the invention results from the characterizing part of patent claim 1, and with regard to the device for carrying out the method it results from the characterizing part of patent claim 5.
  • the drilling tool for earthwork is withdrawn to the starting pit and from there a drilling tool specially designed for drilling through such obstacles is pushed to the obstacle and the obstacle is pierced accordingly.
  • this drilling tool is designed to be collapsible and expandable. In the collapsed state, it can be pushed through the cladding tube. After advancing in front of the obstacle, it is then expanded to at least the outer diameter of the cladding tube and the control head articulated on the first driving cladding tube and thus drills the through-hole in such a large diameter through the obstacle that the subsequent further pre-pressing of the cladding tube is problem-free.
  • the product tube train is then pushed through the cladding tube from the starting pit out of the product tube to the target object, optionally into the perforated wall of the target object, optionally using a seal on the front end of the first product tube of the product tube train.
  • the finished product pipe train is then blocked from moving back from the starting pit and you pull back from the starting pit the now unnecessary cladding pipe train, which of course can be used again and again. If necessary, you can then fill from the starting pit from the annulus created by the retraction of the cladding tube.
  • Another very useful embodiment of the method consists in drilling the target object to form a drill core and pulling the drill core back to the starting pit with the drilling tool and then determining the dimensions of a seal to be placed on the front end of the first product pipe according to the dimensions of the drill core. This gives a seal that is precisely adapted to the diameter and the length of the bore through the target wall and thus acts very reliably.
  • All cladding tubes 3 and 3 ' have such a clear inner diameter that' a train of product tubes 4, which are also to be coupled to one another and to be laid, taking into account in the given example an elastic seal 5 to be arranged on the first product tube 4, through which the cladding tube can be advanced to the collector 2.
  • the various drilling tools associated with the device are also designed so that they can be pushed forward through the cladding tubes 3, 3 'on site and can also be withdrawn from there.
  • FIG. 2 it is shown by way of example that a tubular guide piece 6 is fastened to the front end of the first jacking pipe 3 ', the inner wall of which is designed as a sliding guide 7.
  • the outer ring 9 of a control head is articulated on the tubular guide piece 6 at the front end, for example via a swivel joint 8 located below during operation, which permits swiveling in several axes.
  • a tubular frame 11 which can be pushed back and forth on the outside in the sliding guide 7 of the tubular guide piece 6, are the essential elements of the control and actuation mechanism for the pivoting movement of the control head 10 and also the essential elements for the actuation of the earth-working tool and, if appropriate the earth production to the starting pit.
  • piston-cylinder units 12 For the pivoting of the control head 10 about the pivot axes of the swivel joint 8, several piston-cylinder units 12, one of which is shown in longitudinal section, are provided, for example distributed over the circumference, to be actuated hydraulically from the starting pit.
  • the free end of the piston rod facing away from the piston is articulated to an inner body 13 of the control head 10.
  • the inner body 13 is displaceably guided in an extension of the sliding guide 7 in a corresponding sliding guide 7 'in the outer ring 9 of the control head 10.
  • the outer ring 9 of the control head 10 has an end stop 14 for the advance movement of the inner body 13 together with the tubular frame 11 as well as actuation and control mechanisms.
  • the two sliding guides 7 and 7 ' are bridged by a sheet metal ring 7 ′′, through which the parts can also be pushed.
  • a tapered drill 15 is provided as the earth working tool, which continues backwards in the form of a screw conveyor 16, which travels the soil coming in through the essentially front end of the outer ring 9 and the inner body 13 of the control head 10 Directed towards the starting pit 1.
  • Storage and support of the drilling tool 15 together with the screw conveyor 16 take place in the interior of the tubular frame 11.
  • a pipe string 17 in the exemplary embodiment shown, through which, for example by means of a flushing liquid supplied from the starting pit, that during propulsion the drilling tool 15 drilled soil can be discharged to the starting pit 1.
  • the mechanism described above is essentially limited to the first jacking casing 3 ', with the exception, for example, of the pipe string 17 and all supply lines to the actuating units, for the flushing medium supply and the supply lines for driving the drilling tool including the screw conveyor.
  • the further cladding tubes 3 to be coupled to the first jacking cladding tube 3 ′ normally do not require any guide pieces comparable to the tubular guide piece 6. It is sufficient if its inner diameter is so large that the tubular frame 11 can be easily pushed through with sufficient play.
  • FIG. 3 shows in longitudinal section the special drilling tool that is advanced in front of the obstacle for drilling through such an obstacle.
  • this drilling tool identified as a whole by the reference number 18, is that it can be collapsed into a small-diameter state by being pushed in front of the obstacle in the manner mentioned, it then being able to be expanded again on site and then doing one Ent outside diameter at least speaking the outer diameter of the outer ring 9 of the control head 10 and the cladding tubes 3, 3 ', so that the hole through the obstacle is large enough to then pass through the obstacle with the control head and the cladding tube easily.
  • an outer tube 19 is provided, in which an inner tube 20, limited by stops 21, is rotatably supported within limits, which is connected to a rotary drive 22.
  • cutting ring segments 25 covered with diamond chips are rotatably mounted by means of pins 24, which have eccentric pieces 26 at their free ends, for which control cams 27 are provided in the frontal incisions of the inner tube.
  • the cutting segments 25 have trimmings with, for example, diamond chips on the front and on their outer jacket.
  • the inner tube 20 In the collapsed state of the drilling tool 18, the inner tube 20 is rotated to the outer tube 19 so that it is spaced from the stops 21 ( Figure 4) and the eccentric pieces 26 of the cutting segments 25 inside the recesses in the end face of the inner tube 20, d. H. before the start of the control curve 27.
  • the drilling tool In this collapsed state, the drilling tool can be pushed in front of the obstacle through the cladding tube 3, 3 'and the outer ring 9 of the control head. If the rotary drive, which acts on the inner tube 20, is set in motion, the inner tube 20 rotates in relation to the outer tube 19, as a result of which the eccentric pieces 26 are pressed into the outer position shown in FIG.
  • the above-described drilling tool which can also be constructed differently with regard to its collapse and expansion, for example using toggle levers, is withdrawn to the starting pit 1 through the cladding tube pull, and the drilling tool is then used for soil cultivation, for example as in connection described with Figure 2, pushed back on site.
  • the tunneling now reaches the target object, for example when creating a house connection to collector 2, in this use case of the method and, if water is present, which could occur when drilling through the collector while carrying contaminated soil with it, first of all from starting pit 1 the soil in the area of the connection point to the collector 2 solidifies the drilling tool for the injectors assigned to the soil, so that a consolidation zone 28 forms around the connection point. Then in the manner described the drilling tool for soil cultivation.
  • the cladding tube and the outer ring 9 of the control head 10 now push a drilling tool in front of the collector 2, which is used to drill through the wall of the collector 2 is determined.
  • This drilling tool not shown in the drawing, consists, for example, in a very simple manner of a tube piece which is covered with diamond chips and provided with a rotary drive. If the wall of the collector 2 is pierced with such a piece of pipe, the plaster bored out of the collector wall is located in the tubular drilling tool. This drilling tool is now also pulled back to the starting pit 1.
  • the distance between the starting pit 1 and the collector 2 can also be determined exactly, and in particular due to the presence of the plaster from the collector walls
  • the displacement path can be determined exactly, it must be ensured that, with a sealing sleeve 5 that is precisely adjusted in length, the product pipe pull is only advanced so far that the front end of the first product pipe does not protrude into the collector and here, possibly, as a flow barrier, Deposits produced.
  • the annular space created by the retraction of the cladding tube can still be filled from the starting pit 1.
  • diamond splinters e.g. B. hard metal splinters or small cutting edges to be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)

Claims (10)

1. Procédé pour la pose de conduites (4) souterraines d'intérieur inaccessible par poussage contrôlée, avec poussage d'un train de tubes (4) depuis une fosse de départ (1) tout en élargissant ou enlevant le terrain à l'aide d'un outil de forage (15, 18), et avec transport éventuel du terrain enlevé jusqu'à la fosse de départ (1), caractérisé en ce qu'on pousse tout d'abord, depuis la fosse de départ (1), un train de tubes de gainage constitué de tubes de gainage (3, 3') qui sont d'un diamètre intérieur supérieur au diamètre extérieur des tubes d'extraction de produits (4) à poser, éventuellement augmenté d'une garniture d'étanchéité extérieure (5) appliquée sur ces tubes, en ce que l'outil de forage (15) destiné au travail du terrain est éventuellement ramené par traction jusqu'à la fosse de départ (1), à travers le train de tubes de gainage (3, 3') qui a été poussé jusqu'à cet outil, et un outil de forage (18) destiné à percer des corps solides faisant obstacle est aiors poussé depuis la fosse de départ (1) à travers le train de tubes de gainage (3, 3'), et l'obstacle est percé, en ce qu'à l'atteinte de l'objectif (2), après avoir le cas échéant préalablement ramené par traction l'outil de forage qui se trouve dans le train de tubes de gainage (3, 3'), on pousse depuis la fosse'de départ un outil de forage destiné à percer l'objectif (2), et cet outil est ramené par traction à la fosse de départ (1) une fois l'objectif (2) percé, et en ce qu'un train de tubes d'extraction de produits (4) est alors poussé depuis la fosse de départ (1) jusqu'à l'objectif (2) à travers le train de tubes de gainage (3, 3'), et en dernier lieu le train de tubes de gainage (3, 3') est ramené par traction à la fosse de départ (1), tout en maintenant en place le train de tubes d'extraction de produits (4).
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'une fois l'objectif (2) atteint et avant de le percer, on consolide au préalable, depuis la fosse de départ (1) et par injection, le terrain dans la région du point de jonction.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on perce l'objectif (2) en formant une carotte, on ramène par traction à la fosse de départ (1) la carotte avec l'outil de forage, et on détermine les dimensions d'une garniture d'étanchéité (5) à appliquer sur l'extrémité avant du train de tubes d'extraction de produits (4) d'après les dimensions de la carotte.
4. Procédé seion la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise une garniture d'étanchéité (5) élastique munie de plusieurs lèvres (29) circulaires, et, avant de pousser le train de tubes d'extraction de produits (4) jusqu'à l'objectif (2), on remplit les espaces entre les lévres (29) d'une pâte élastique.
5. Dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon la revendication 1, avec un dispositif de poussage installé du côté de la fosse de départ, avec un premier tube de creusement (3') sur le côté avant duquel est articulée une tête de commande (10) et sur le côté arrière duquel peuvent être accouplés d'autres tubes (3), avec un outil de forage (15) entraînable prévu dans et à l'avant de la tête de commande (10), avec éventuellement un dispositif de transport (16) disposé dans la tête de commande (10) et le tube de creusement (3') et prolongeable à travers les tubes accouplés (3), et avec un mécanisme de commande et d'actionnement (12) disposé dans le tube de creusement (3') pour le pivotement de la tête de commande (10), caractérisé en ce que le tube de creusement (3') est le premier tube d'un train de tubes de gainage (3, 3') accouplables les uns aux autres, dont le diamètre intérieur est supérieur aux tubes d'extraction de produits (4) à poser, y compris éventuellement une garniture d'étanchéité extérieure (5) appliquée sur ces tubes, en ce qu'il est prévu un jeu d'outils de forage (15, 18) pour le travail du terrain et pour le perçage de corps solides faisant obstacle, l'outil de forage (15) destiné au travail du terrain et le cas échéant le dispositif de transport (16) destiné à l'évacuation du terrain jusqu'à la fosse de départ (1) étant, conjointement avec le dispositif de commande et d'actionnement (12) pour le mouvement de pivotement de la tête de commande (10), et conjointement avec un corps intérieur (13) de la tête de commande (10) qui est assemblé à ce dispositif, guidés avec possibilité - de translation en va-et-vient à travers le train de tubes de gainage (3, 3') dans des glissières (7') d'une bague extérieure (9) de la tête de commande (10) ainsi que dans des glissières (7) d'un élément de guidage (6) tubulaire prévu à l'extrémité avant du premier tube de gainage de creusement (3'), une butée de fin de course (14) pour le mouvement de translation étant prévue dans la bague extérieure (9) de la tête de commande (10), et en ce qu'en outre le jeu d'outils de forage comprend un outil de forage (18) qui peut être rétracté afin d'être déplacé à travers le train de tubes de gainage (3, 3') et la bague extérieure (9) et expansé au moins au diamètre extérieur de la bague extérieure (9) et du train de tubes de gainage (3, 3'), outil qui présente du côté avant des segments coupants (25) pour le perçage de corps solides faisant obstacle.
6. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les glissières de translation (7) prévues dans l'élément de guidage tubulaire (6) du premier tube de gainage de creusement (3') et les glissières de translation (7') prévues dans la bague extérieure (9) de la tête de commande (10) peuvent être mutuellement assemblées par une bague en tôle (7"), laquelle assure simultanément l'étanchéité de la région d'articulation de la tête de commande (10) à l'extrémité avant du premier tube de gainage de creusement (3').
7. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les parties du dispositif de commande et d'actionnement (12) situées dans la région du premier tube de gainage de creusement (3'), ainsi que les supports et mécanismes d'actionnement de l'outil de forage (15) situés dans cette région, et le cas échéant que les parties du dispositif d'évacuation (16) vers la fosse de départ situées dans cette région, sont disposées dans un bâti tubulaire (11) qui est lui- même guidé en translation dans les glissières de translation (7) de l'élément de guidage tubulaire (6) du premier tube de gainage de creusement (3').
8. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que l'outil de forage rétractable (18) présente un tube intérieur (20) muni d'un entraînement rotatif (22), tube qui est disposé limité contre une butée (21) dans un tube extérieur (19), et en ce que des segments coupants (25) sont . montés rotatifs à l'avant du tube extérieur (19), segments qui sont revêtus sur leur surface extérieure et sur leur côté frontal de matériau coupant et qui présentent à leurs extrémités libres des éléments excentriques (26) pour l'actionnement desquels sont prévues, dans des évidements pratiqués du côté frontal du tube intérieur (20), des cames de commande (27), et ce de telle sorte que lors de la rotation du tube intérieur (20) par rapport au tube extérieur (19), les éléments excentriques (26) sortent des évidements pratiqués dans le tube intérieur (20) pour s'étendre le long des cames de commande (27), et font alors pivoter les segments coupants (25) à leur position expansée.
9. Dispositif seion la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que des injecteurs sont associés à l'outil de forage (15) destiné au travail du terrain.
10. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le jeu d'outils de forage comprend un outil de forage destiné à percer la paroi d'un objectif (2), outil qui est réalisé sous la forme d'un élément tubulaire revêtu de matériau coupant.
EP85103778A 1984-04-02 1985-03-28 Procédé et dispositif pour la pose des conduites souterraines d'intérieur inaccessible par poussage contrôlé Expired EP0159573B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85103778T ATE30061T1 (de) 1984-04-02 1985-03-28 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum gesteuerten unterirdischen vortrieb von rohren im unbegehbaren durchmesserbereich.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19843412198 DE3412198A1 (de) 1984-04-02 1984-04-02 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum gesteuerten unterirdischen vortrieb von rohren im unbegehbaren durchmesserbereich
DE3412198 1984-04-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0159573A1 EP0159573A1 (fr) 1985-10-30
EP0159573B1 true EP0159573B1 (fr) 1987-09-30

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EP85103778A Expired EP0159573B1 (fr) 1984-04-02 1985-03-28 Procédé et dispositif pour la pose des conduites souterraines d'intérieur inaccessible par poussage contrôlé

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EP (1) EP0159573B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE30061T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3412198A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE1003903A3 (fr) * 1989-12-19 1992-07-14 Diamant Boart Stratabit Sa Outil de forage destine a elargir un puits.
CH683446A5 (de) * 1991-02-25 1994-03-15 Herrenknecht Gmbh Rückholbare Tunnelvortriebsmaschine.
BE1006434A3 (fr) * 1992-12-04 1994-08-23 Baroid Technology Inc Commande d'au moins deux bras de stabilisation dans un dispositif de forage ou de carottage.
GB2273142A (en) * 1992-12-07 1994-06-08 British Gas Plc Renewing underground pipes
DE19544191C1 (de) * 1995-11-28 1996-11-28 Werner Dipl Ing Gebauer Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Sanieren von unterhalb der Erdoberfläche verlegten Rohrleitungen sowie Verwendung
US5655609A (en) * 1996-01-16 1997-08-12 Baroid Technology, Inc. Extension and retraction mechanism for subsurface drilling equipment
CN114635439B (zh) * 2022-04-22 2024-03-22 茅台学院 一种水土保持修复设备

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DE2422489C2 (de) * 1974-05-09 1984-10-25 Kabushiki Kaisha Takechi Koumusho, Osaka Erdbohrer und Verfahren zum Einsetzen von Pfählen o.dgl.
NL7604193A (en) * 1976-04-21 1977-10-25 Helvoirt C Hole boring appts. for embankment etc. - has outlet nozzles arranged in groups which can be fed individually or collectively with pressurised water
DE2617782A1 (de) * 1976-04-23 1977-11-03 Gewerk Eisenhuette Westfalia Schneidschuhanordnung fuer eine rohrvorpresseinrichtung
DE2740473C2 (de) * 1977-09-08 1985-08-29 Gewerkschaft Eisenhütte Westfalia, 4670 Lünen Vorpreßeinrichtung
JPS55142897A (en) * 1979-04-21 1980-11-07 Iseki Kaihatsu Koki Pipe driver
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DE3214033C2 (de) * 1982-04-16 1985-05-23 Wayss & Freytag Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Verfahren zum unterirdischen Einbau von Rohrbauwerken
DE3228684A1 (de) * 1982-07-31 1984-02-02 Baumann & Burmeister Bauunternehmung Gmbh & Co Kg, 2000 Hamburg Vorrichtung zum vorpressen kleiner, nicht mehr begehbarer rohre
DE8232343U1 (de) * 1982-11-18 1983-05-11 Witte Bohrtechnik GmbH, 3060 Stadthagen Einrichtung zum steuerbaren vorpressen von rohren

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0159573A1 (fr) 1985-10-30
ATE30061T1 (de) 1987-10-15
DE3560731D1 (en) 1987-11-05
DE3412198A1 (de) 1985-10-10

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