EP0159389B1 - Tête de combat à fonction multiple - Google Patents

Tête de combat à fonction multiple Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0159389B1
EP0159389B1 EP84110066A EP84110066A EP0159389B1 EP 0159389 B1 EP0159389 B1 EP 0159389B1 EP 84110066 A EP84110066 A EP 84110066A EP 84110066 A EP84110066 A EP 84110066A EP 0159389 B1 EP0159389 B1 EP 0159389B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
active part
active
mufti
warhead
purpose warhead
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP84110066A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0159389A3 (en
EP0159389A2 (fr
Inventor
Jens Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Seidensticker
Benjamin Dipl.-Phys. Furch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rheinmetall Industrie AG
Original Assignee
Rheinmetall GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rheinmetall GmbH filed Critical Rheinmetall GmbH
Publication of EP0159389A2 publication Critical patent/EP0159389A2/fr
Publication of EP0159389A3 publication Critical patent/EP0159389A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0159389B1 publication Critical patent/EP0159389B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/10—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with shaped or hollow charge
    • F42B12/16—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with shaped or hollow charge in combination with an additional projectile or charge, acting successively on the target
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/20—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type
    • F42B12/22—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type with fragmentation-hull construction
    • F42B12/32—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of high-explosive type with fragmentation-hull construction the hull or case comprising a plurality of discrete bodies, e.g. steel balls, embedded therein or disposed around the explosive charge

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a multi-purpose warhead according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a multi-purpose warhead for parallel combat of people and mobile or immobile armored targets is known from DE-A-2 205 074.
  • this multipurpose warhead only one explosive charge within an explosive shell is assigned a forward-looking spike-forming shaped charge lining, several projectile-forming assignments arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the explosive charge and, for example, spherical fragments as splinter assignment on the remaining free jacket sections of the explosive charge.
  • the detonation can already have negative effects on the penetration rate and the accuracy, for example in the case of the spike-forming shaped charge lining, in that no detonation wave guidance is provided for the formation of the spike.
  • the accuracy of the projectile-forming assignment can be negatively influenced, because the detonation waves do not impinge on the axis of the assignment rotationally symmetrically due to the curvature of the explosive shell.
  • the arrangement of only one explosive charge within the explosive charge envelope does not allow the energy to be optimally designed and metered in order to achieve different occupancy-specific detonation speeds.
  • the invention has for its object to increase the accuracy and penetration and thus the effectiveness of the multi-purpose warhead mentioned in the preamble of claim 1 in the fight against hard, semi-hard and soft targets.
  • the multipurpose warhead according to the invention is particularly advantageous in that, in a simple construction, outside parts of the same diameter and each having a different type of occupation can be arranged one behind the other in a tube-like multipurpose warhead shell, the detonation energies of the respective explosive charges being able to be adapted and metered to the necessary detonation speeds of the different types of occupation.
  • At least three different active parts are arranged within the multi-purpose warhead shell for the simultaneous fight against hard, semi-hard and soft targets, a second active part designed as a projectile-forming occupancy being arranged symmetrically between a first active part designed as a spike-forming lining and a pre-shaped splinter-containing third active part the axis has conical recesses opening outwards on both sides, an inert insert being present within the recess directed towards the 1st active part and an ignition device being arranged within the recess directed towards the 3rd active part.
  • the arrangement of the inert system in the conical recess of the second active body prevents hot steam or particles of the subsequently arranged active parts from striking the central area of the explosive face of the shaped charge. Due to its central position and its smaller outside diameter compared to the diameter of the shaped charge, the inert insert allows an annular firing and detonation wave guidance of the shaped charge, whereby the first active part carrying the shaped charge can be made considerably shorter in length due to the omission of the inert insert.
  • the detonator Due to the expedient arrangement of the detonator in a second conical recess of the second active part corresponding to the first conical recess and by the arrangement of a detonator between the facing tips of the conical recesses, only a single detonator is also advantageously required for the adjacent first and third active part .
  • the opposite conical recesses are arranged rotationally symmetrically to the axis of the projectile-forming assignment, as a result of which the detonation waves can hit the assignment almost perpendicularly, and large assignments can also be generated as projectiles with high penetration power in exactly predetermined directions.
  • Each fourth and next but one active part designed as a projectile-forming charge advantageously contains a metal insert in a keg-shaped recess instead of the inert insert, which on the one hand can absorb the acceleration forces which can act on the explosive of the projectile-forming charge and on the other hand can initiate the adjacent active unit.
  • the acceleration forces it is also possible to use the cavity within the Fill in the metal insert with a suitable fiber.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the arrangement of a multi-purpose warhead 23 consisting of the active parts 1, 2 and 3 within a missile 19 which forms the multi-purpose warhead shell 7.
  • the active parts 1, 2 and 3 or 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (FIG. 3) are arranged between a ballistic hood 24 and a wing tail 25 arranged at the rear.
  • the arrangement of the active parts within a round of ammunition that can be fired from tubular weapons is also possible if the active parts 1, 2, 3 are equipped on the rear side with a base piece (not shown) instead of the wing guide and on the front side with a sensor (also not shown).
  • Fig. 2 shows the structure of a multi-purpose warhead 23 consisting of three different active parts 1, 2, 3 within the tube-like multi-purpose warhead shell 7 of the same diameter.
  • each active part 1, 2, 3 has its individual structure, for example with a respective explosive charge 6 specific to the occupancy type, each can be different in composition and in the snap action which retains that a common ignitable multi-purpose warhead 23 with different occupation modes 8, 9, 22 provided active parts 1, 2, 3 form with high effectiveness ke t for the simultaneous combating of hard, semi-hard i and soft Aims.
  • the tip of the multi-purpose warhead 23 forms the active part 1 with a shaped charge 6.1 and a conical shaped charge lining 8 arranged rotationally symmetrically with respect to the axis 12.
  • the assignments 22 can be made differently in the wall thickness, in the material design, in the number and in the shape; in all cases, however, the axis 26 of the respective assignment 22 is oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 12.
  • the explosive charge 6.2 contains conical recesses 10, 11 opening symmetrically on both sides on the axis 12, an inert insert 13 being present within the recess 10 executed for the active part 1 and an ignition device 14 being arranged within the recess 11 executed for the active part 3.
  • the maximum diameter di of the inert insert 13 arranged in the active part 2 is matched to the outer diameter d 2 of the active part 1 in such a way that an annular firing of the spike-forming lining 8 is possible.
  • the inert insert 13 prevents at the same time that no hot steam or particles can impinge on the central area of the explosive face of the shaped charge 6.1.
  • an ignition device 14 which can be unlocked as a function of different physical quantities, by means of which, in the unlocked position, a detonator 17 arranged between the tips 15 and 16 of the conical recesses 10, 11 facing each other in the middle and the explosive charge 8.2 can ignite rotationally symmetrically to the axis 12.
  • a detonator 17 arranged between the tips 15 and 16 of the conical recesses 10, 11 facing each other in the middle and the explosive charge 8.2 can ignite rotationally symmetrically to the axis 12.
  • the adjacent explosive charges 6.1 and 6.3 are also ignited at the same time.
  • the recess 10 also allows the inert insert 13 to be accommodated, as a result of which the active part 1 can be simplified and significantly shortened with high target effectiveness, but without having to carry the inert insert 13 itself .
  • the cylinder-like active parts 1, 2 allow the side 18 of the active part 2 to be arranged in line with a preformed splitter 9 or a further cylindrical active part 3 or 4 having a splinter covering 20 (FIG. 3).
  • additional active parts 5, 3 or 4 can be added to the third active part according to FIG. 3.
  • the projectile-forming active part 5, like active part 2 requires initiation centrally in the middle. For this reason, each active part 5 is also equipped with a separate igniter device 14.
  • the active parts 3, 4, on the other hand, which are coated with balls or preformed splitters, do not require a separate igniter, but can be fired in a meaningful manner from the other active parts.
  • the cavity 10 of the active part 5 is covered with a metal insert 21, this can initiate the adjacent active parts 3 or 4 like a hollow charge.
  • the active part 5 is arranged as the fourth or as every next but one active part.
  • the metal insert 21 is at the same time able to absorb the acceleration forces the explosives of the active part 5 act to record.
  • another suitable material can also be used as insulation.
  • the cavity 10 of the active part 5 can also be filled with a suitable fiber 27.
  • the acceleration forces to be absorbed by the cavity 11 of the active parts 2, 5 are sensibly absorbed by a shell of the ignition device 14 corresponding to the shape of the cavity 11.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)

Claims (5)

1. Tête de combat à applications multiples (23) comportant des remplissages (22) formant projectiles pour l'attaque d'objectifs matériels semi- durs, comportant un revêtement (8) formant dards pour l'attaque simultanée d'objectifs matériels durs et comportant des éclats (9) préformés ou des remplissages d'éclats (60) pour l'attaque simultanée d'objectifs dits mous, caractérisée par les caractéristiques suivantes :
(a) dans une enveloppe (7) de tête de combat à applications multiples sont disposées l'une derrière l'autre, au moins trois parties actives (1, 2, 3, 4) cylindriques et de même diamètre extérieur, contenant chacune une charge explosive (6) ;
(b) chaque partie active (1, 2, 3, 4) représente un autre type de remplissage aux effets différents, trois parties actives (1, 2, 3, 4) au moins étant disposées dans une enveloppe (7) de tête de combat à applications multiples;
(c) entre une première partie active (1) qui se présente sous la forme d'un revêtement (8) formant dards et une troisième partie active
(3) contenant des éclats (9) préformés, est disposée une deuxième partie active (2) se présentant sous la forme d'un remplissage (2) formant projectiles, qui comporte des deux côtés, de manière symétrique par rapport à l'axe (12), des évidements (10, 11) coniques s'ouvrant vers l'extérieur, une garniture inerte (13) étant appliquée à l'intérieur de l'évidement (10) dirigé vers la partie active (1), et un dispositif d'allumage (14) étant disposé à l'intérieur de l'évidement (11) dirigé vers la partie active (3).
2. Tête de combat à applications multiples (23) selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'un détonateur (17) est disposé entre les sommets (15, 16) tournés l'un vers l'autre des évidements (10.11 ) coniques de la partie active (2).
3. Tête de combat à applications multiples ( 23) selon les revendications 1 et 2, caractérisée en ce que le diamètre maximal (di) de la garniture inerte (13) disposée dans la partie active (2), est adapté au diamètre extérieur (d2) de la partie active (1 ), de manière à permettre une mise à feu annulaire du revêtement (8) formants dards.
4. Tête de combat à applications multiples (23) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce qu'une partie active (4) pourvue d'un remplissage d'éclats (20) est prévue pour servir de troisième partie active.
5. Tête de combat à applications multiples (23) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que la quatrième et chaque deuxième partie active, est une partie active (5) remplie d'une garniture métallique (21) pour l'amorçage central de la partie active adjacente.
EP84110066A 1983-10-11 1984-08-23 Tête de combat à fonction multiple Expired - Lifetime EP0159389B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3336853 1983-10-11
DE19833336853 DE3336853A1 (de) 1983-10-11 1983-10-11 Mehrzweckgefechtskopf

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0159389A2 EP0159389A2 (fr) 1985-10-30
EP0159389A3 EP0159389A3 (en) 1988-09-07
EP0159389B1 true EP0159389B1 (fr) 1990-02-28

Family

ID=6211477

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84110066A Expired - Lifetime EP0159389B1 (fr) 1983-10-11 1984-08-23 Tête de combat à fonction multiple

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US4612859A (fr)
EP (1) EP0159389B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3336853A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3525147C1 (de) * 1985-07-13 1987-01-15 Diehl Gmbh & Co Sturz-Flugkoerper zum Bekaempfen von insbesondere Radarstellungen
US4724767A (en) * 1986-04-24 1988-02-16 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Shaped charge apparatus and method
US9476682B1 (en) 1989-01-26 2016-10-25 Qinetiq Limited Multi-charge munitions, incorporating hole-boring charge assemblies
US5509357A (en) * 1995-03-03 1996-04-23 Northrop Grumman Corporation Dual operating mode warhead
FR2736424B1 (fr) * 1995-07-07 1997-08-08 Giat Ind Sa Tete militaire a charge formee
US5542354A (en) * 1995-07-20 1996-08-06 Olin Corporation Segmenting warhead projectile
SE508652C2 (sv) * 1995-10-05 1998-10-26 Bofors Ab Sätt att särskilja falska zonrörsindikeringar från indikeringar av verkliga mål samt explosivämnesfylld, med zonrör försedd projektil
SE9601114L (sv) * 1996-03-22 1997-07-14 Bofors Ab Ammunitionsanordning i form av granat eller liknande
DE69706738T2 (de) * 1996-04-05 2002-07-04 Luchaire Defense Sa Geschoss dessen Sprengladung durch einen Zielanzeiger ausgelöst wird
US6393991B1 (en) 2000-06-13 2002-05-28 General Dynamics Ordnance And Tactical Systems, Inc. K-charge—a multipurpose shaped charge warhead
SE519365C2 (sv) 2000-07-03 2003-02-18 Bofors Defence Ab Arrangemang vid uppskjutbar ammunitionsenhet med modulärt uppbyggda stridsdelar
DE10057673A1 (de) * 2000-11-21 2002-05-23 Rheinmetall W & M Gmbh Gefechtskopf
SE523695C2 (sv) * 2001-06-12 2004-05-11 Saab Ab Ammunitionsanordning, såsom granat eller liknande, lämpad för hålslagning i väggar eller likartade konstruktioner
US6846372B1 (en) 2003-03-31 2005-01-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Reactively induced fragmentating explosives
US20070006768A1 (en) * 2005-07-06 2007-01-11 Rafael-Armament Development Authority Ltd. Mushroom warhead
ES2549264T3 (es) * 2006-03-09 2015-10-26 Saab Ab Procedimiento para la reducción de la cantidad de tipos de munición a utilizar y dispositivo de munición
US8191479B2 (en) * 2006-12-20 2012-06-05 Ruhlman James D Reduced collateral damage bomb (RCDB) including fuse system with shaped charges and a system and method of making same
DE102007025258A1 (de) * 2007-05-30 2008-12-04 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Gefechtskopf
US8464639B2 (en) 2007-07-30 2013-06-18 Blake K. THOMAS Shaped charge fuse booster system for dial lethality in reduced collateral damage bombs (RCDB)
FR2992408B1 (fr) * 2012-06-26 2014-06-13 Nexter Munitions Tete militaire a projection de noyaux
DE102013021030A1 (de) * 2013-12-17 2015-06-18 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Gefechtskopf und Sprengladungsmodul für einen derartigen Gefechtskopf
DE102019101761A1 (de) 2019-01-24 2020-07-30 Rheinmetall Denel Munition (Pty) Ltd. Sprengladungsanordnung einer Rakete mit einer seitlich wirkenden Hohlladung mit einer seitlich wirkenden Splitterladung
DE102019101762A1 (de) 2019-01-24 2020-07-30 Rheinmetall Denel Munition (Pty) Ltd. Sprengladungsanordnung einer Rakete mit zwei unterschiedlichen Sprengstoffen
CN112224412B (zh) * 2020-09-30 2022-06-14 北京理工大学 一种机载式反装甲可吸附战斗部
US11486233B2 (en) 2020-11-18 2022-11-01 Raytheon Company Sympathetically detonated self-centering explosive device

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2205074A1 (de) * 1972-02-03 1977-03-17 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Sprengkoerper mit hohlladungs- und splitterbelegungen

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1171362A (en) * 1966-06-30 1969-11-19 Boelkow Gmbh Warhead
BE740812A (fr) * 1969-10-27 1970-07-27
US3906860A (en) * 1974-06-04 1975-09-23 Us Army Dual purpose projectile
FR2385074A1 (fr) * 1977-03-23 1978-10-20 Haut Rhin Manufacture Machines Missile a charge creuse a effet additionnel
DE2746666C3 (de) * 1977-10-18 1981-07-02 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH, 8000 München Rotationssymmetrische Hohlladung
DE2807280C2 (de) * 1978-02-21 1984-01-19 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH, 8000 München Sprengladung für Gefechtsköpfe, Streuminen oder dergleichen Munition
DE2835818C2 (de) * 1978-08-16 1983-12-22 Rheinmetall GmbH, 4000 Düsseldorf Sprengkörper mit projektilbildenden Belegungen

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2205074A1 (de) * 1972-02-03 1977-03-17 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Sprengkoerper mit hohlladungs- und splitterbelegungen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4612859A (en) 1986-09-23
DE3481439D1 (de) 1990-04-05
EP0159389A3 (en) 1988-09-07
EP0159389A2 (fr) 1985-10-30
DE3336853A1 (de) 1985-04-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0159389B1 (fr) Tête de combat à fonction multiple
DE19655109C2 (de) Mörser-Munition
DE2835557C2 (de) Gefechtskopf für Geschosse und Raketen
WO2006136185A1 (fr) Projectile ou ogive
EP0113833B1 (fr) Projectile à effet explosif et incendiaire
GB2128300A (en) Armour piercing projectile
EP0583642A1 (fr) Engin explosif emportant deux charges placées en tandem
DE2919807C2 (de) Drallstabilisiertes Treibspiegelgeschoß zur Überwindung eines heterogenen Widerstandes
DE3416787A1 (de) Panzerbrechendes geschoss
EP0763705B1 (fr) Projectile secondaire pour projectile du type tandem
EP0950870B1 (fr) Charge militaire à effet multiple
DE2205074A1 (de) Sprengkoerper mit hohlladungs- und splitterbelegungen
DE2835818C2 (de) Sprengkörper mit projektilbildenden Belegungen
EP0180734B1 (fr) Munition, notamment munition pour mortier
DE2807280C2 (de) Sprengladung für Gefechtsköpfe, Streuminen oder dergleichen Munition
DE877571C (de) Hohlladungsgeschoss
EP1612504B1 (fr) Tête militaire pour munition d'artillerie
DE3800975A1 (de) Panzergeschoss mit additiver durchschlagswirkung
DE60202419T2 (de) Sprenggeschoss
DE2209445A1 (de) Waffensystem zur bekaempfung von wasserfahrzeugen, insbesondere unterseebooten
DE4139371C1 (de) Flugzielgefechtskopf
DE1578077C2 (de) Gefechtskopf fuer ein Panzerabwehrgeschoss
DE3401249A1 (de) Geschoss fuer rohrwaffen, insbesondere kanonen oder gefechtskopf
DE2832246A1 (de) Sprengkoerper
DE3522008C2 (fr)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19880823

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19890210

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)
REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 3481439

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19900405

ET Fr: translation filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 19900710

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19900727

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 19900821

Year of fee payment: 7

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Effective date: 19910823

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Effective date: 19920430

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Effective date: 19920501

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST