EP0156673A1 - Earth anchor driving and fastening method, device and anchor therefor - Google Patents

Earth anchor driving and fastening method, device and anchor therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0156673A1
EP0156673A1 EP85400288A EP85400288A EP0156673A1 EP 0156673 A1 EP0156673 A1 EP 0156673A1 EP 85400288 A EP85400288 A EP 85400288A EP 85400288 A EP85400288 A EP 85400288A EP 0156673 A1 EP0156673 A1 EP 0156673A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frame
ground
cylinder
grout
sealant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85400288A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0156673B1 (en
Inventor
Claude Louis
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Priority to AT85400288T priority Critical patent/ATE38404T1/en
Publication of EP0156673A1 publication Critical patent/EP0156673A1/en
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Publication of EP0156673B1 publication Critical patent/EP0156673B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
    • E21D20/02—Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
    • E21D20/021—Grouting with inorganic components, e.g. cement
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/62—Compacting the soil at the footing or in or along a casing by forcing cement or like material through tubes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E02D5/76—Anchorings for bulkheads or sections thereof in as much as specially adapted therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
    • E02D7/26—Placing by using several means simultaneously

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for driving in and sealing a reinforcement in the ground, a method of the type according to which a reinforcement is used provided with a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be in the ground; we mount on this frame, at the other end, a joining device comprising a cylinder forming an anvil and defining a chamber communicating with the longitudinal duct of the frame, we send a sealant under pressure to the end of the duct in the ground, and one strikes, using a hammer or the like, on the cylinder which mechanically transmits the shock to the armature.
  • the object of the invention is, above all, to make the method of the kind defined above such that it better meets the various requirements of practice than hitherto, and in particular such that its efficiency is markedly improved and that its implementation be simplified.
  • a method for driving in and sealing a reinforcement in the ground is characterized in that the sealant injected is a liquid sealant, which is sent under pressure the sealant liquid, using a pump so that the static pressure of the liquid is greater than 20 MPa (200 bar) and the kinetic energy of the grout at the outlet of the reinforcement pipe is high enough to cause cutting hydraulic of the ground, and which is struck on the cylinder with a vibro-jacking hammer at a frequency sufficient to avoid the reconstitution of the ground between two shocks, this frequency being greater than 10 Hz.
  • the sealant injected is a liquid sealant, which is sent under pressure the sealant liquid, using a pump so that the static pressure of the liquid is greater than 20 MPa (200 bar) and the kinetic energy of the grout at the outlet of the reinforcement pipe is high enough to cause cutting hydraulic of the ground, and which is struck on the cylinder with a vibro-jacking hammer at a frequency sufficient to avoid the reconstitution of the ground between two shocks, this frequency being greater than 10 Hz.
  • the viscosity of the liquid sealing grout is generally less than 100 centipoise and, advantageously, less than 20 centipoise.
  • the frequency of the shocks is of the order of 50 Hz and in particular around 70 Hz.
  • the static pressure of arrival of the liquid in the cylinder chamber is of the order of 80 MPa (800 bars), in particular of the order of 100 MPa (1000 bars).
  • the grout may be based on cement or resin, or other binders; in the case of a cement-based grout, if c denotes the weight of cement in the grout and e the weight of water, this grout can be characterized by a c / e ratio close to or equal to 1.
  • momentary increases in the pump discharge pressure are controlled and the shocks on the armature are synchronized with these pressure increases.
  • a tube in particular a semi-rigid tube, independent of said frame and passing through the anvil cylinder by a lateral passage, can be introduced into the armature's longitudinal conduit, said tube being connected directly to the pump and emerging at the point of the frame by one. sprinkler.
  • the invention also relates to a device for implementing a method as defined above, this device comprising a frame provided with a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be located in the ground, a joining device comprising a cylinder forming an anvil defining a chamber communicating with the longitudinal duct of the frame, said cylinder being rigidly connected to the head of the frame, means being provided for injecting into the end of the conduit in the ground, a pressurized sealant, and means being provided for striking the cylinder which mechanically transmits the shock to the reinforcement;
  • the device is characterized in that the means for injecting the sealing product into the chamber include pumping means such that the static pressure of the liquid is greater than 20 MPa (200 bars) while the means for hitting the piston include a vibro-percussive hammer, mounted on a support slide, capable of operating at a frequency sufficient to avoid reconstitution of the soil between two shocks and the mobilization of intergranular friction, in particular a frequency greater than 10 Hz, the product sealant being formed by
  • control means are provided to cause momentary increases in the discharge pressure of the pump, the frequency and phase of the shocks being adjusted to these momentary increases in the discharge pressure.
  • the invention also relates to an armature for implementing the method defined above, this armature comprising a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be located in the ground, characterized in that the diameter of the outlet hole of the conduit, or of a tube introduced into this conduit, at said end, is relatively small so that this hole constitutes a nozzle, this diameter possibly being of the order of a few millimeters, in particular of the order of 1 to 2 mm.
  • FIG. 1 one can see a device for the installation and the sealing of reinforcements 1 in the soil S.
  • This device comprises a high performance vibro-percussive hammer 2, in particular of the pneumatic or hydraulic type.
  • This hammer 2 is mounted on a slide-support 3 comprising a movable guide 4 and a fixed guide 5 to maintain the armature 1 to be driven into the ground S while leaving it a possibility of sliding in its longitudinal direction.
  • the assembly of the slide 3 and the hammer 2, with the armature 1 to vibro-sink into the ground S can have any desired orientation, as can the external surface of the ground or ground S itself.
  • the slide 3, and the elements mounted on it, can be supported by the orientable arm of a hydraulic shovel or the like.
  • the vibro-percussive hammer 2 is capable of operating at a frequency sufficient to cause the liquefaction of certain soils (sands among others) and to avoid the reconstitution of the soil in the zone of point 6 of the frame, between two successive choes. The lateral friction is then considerably reduced.
  • This frequency is in particular greater than 10 Hz and is preferably of the order of 50 Hz and in particular approximately 70 Hz.
  • the frame 1 is provided with a longitudinal duct 7 opening through an opening 8 at the point 6, that is to say at the end of the frame intended to be in the ground.
  • This opening 8 can be arranged in the form of a nozzle, that is to say have a reduced diameter, in particular of the order of a few millimeters, advantageously of the order of 2 mm.
  • the longitudinal duct 7 also opens at the other end 9 of the frame 1 through an opening 10.
  • no communication is provided radially between the duct 7 and the outside, over the entire length of the wall surrounding this conduit between the openings 8 and 10.
  • the end 9 of the frame intended to remain above the ground is equipped mounting means, in particular formed by an external thread 11 for a joining device 12 ( Figures 1, 3 and 4) or threshing head.
  • the frame 1 may consist of several butted elements.
  • the tip 6 ensures the achievement of the jet and the fragmentation of the ground mechanically.
  • the geometry of this point 6, possibly with an overdiameter and cutting edges (elements for mechanically cutting the rocks) is studied to best facilitate the penetration of the rod 1 into the ground.
  • the joining device 12 comprises a cylinder (fig. 3) 13 intended to be fixed on the end 9 of the frame 1.
  • the cylinder 13 may include a bore tapped 14 intended to be screwed onto the external thread of a sleeve 15 itself comprising a tapped bore suitable for being screwed onto the threaded end 11 of the frame 1.
  • the sleeve 15 may comprise a peripheral shoulder 16 projecting towards the outside serving as an axial stop for the cylinder 13.
  • a chamber 17 is defined by the envelope of the cylinder 13, this chamber 17 being coaxial with the frame 1 when the cylinder 13 is mounted on this frame. Said chamber 17 communicates directly with the longitudinal duct 7 of the armature 1.
  • Sealing means are provided between the armature and the sleeve 15 and between the sleeve 15 and the cylinder 13.
  • the chamber 17 is connected by a channel 18 comprising a non-return valve 19 to a pipe 20 for discharging a pump 21 (FIG. 1) suitable for injecting under high pressure, into the chamber 17, the sealing product contained in a reservoir 22.
  • a pump 21 FIG. 1
  • the static pressure of arrival of the sealant in the chamber 17, pressure established by the pump 21, is greater than 20 MPa (ie 200 bars), preferably greater than 50 MPa (500 bars) and advantageously of the order of 80 MPa (800 bars) to 100 MPa (1000 bars).
  • the valve 19 is suitable for opening in the direction which allows the entry of the sealing product into the chamber 17 coming from the pipe 20, and for preventing flow in the opposite direction.
  • the sealant used is a grout of liquid seal L whose viscosity is generally less than 100 centipoise and, preferably, less than 20 centipoise.
  • Sealing grout L is based. cement, or resin or other binders.
  • c denotes the weight of cement in the grout and e the weight of water
  • a grout well suited to the process of the invention is characterized by a c / e ratio equal to or substantially equal to 1.
  • the rear transverse face of the cylinder 13 is provided with a protuberance forming an anvil 23 on which is directly struck the hammer 2 schematically shown.
  • this assembly is combined with means 24 making it possible to control momentary increases in the discharge pressure of the pump 21 and the shocks produced on the armature 1 by the hammer 2 are synchronized with these increases pressure.
  • FIG 5 there is shown schematically the discharge pressure P of the pump 21 and therefore the pressure in the pipe 20 as a function of time t plotted on the abscissa.
  • the discharge pressure undergoes a sudden increase ⁇ P for a relatively short time to regain its average value Pm.
  • the variation ⁇ P controlled by the means 24 can be of the order of 50% of the value Pm. This sudden variation causes a hydraulic shock wave transmitted to the end 6 of the frame 1.
  • Pm is greater than 20 MPa.
  • the parameters of the system are chosen so that the hydraulic shock wave arrives at the point 6 of the rod being in the ground practically at the same time, but slightly before, the mechanical shock wave produced by the impact of the hammer 2 on the anvil 23.
  • the time interval between the arrival of the hydraulic shock wave at the tip f. of the rod and the arrival of the mechanical shock wave is less than a tenth and preferably a hundredth of the period of the shocks produced by the vibro-driving hammer 2.
  • This period is regulated, by acting on the mechanism of hammer 2 control, so that it is equal to ⁇ t, the latter period being chosen so as to correspond to a frequency greater than 10 Hz.
  • the phase of the shock with respect to the pressure increase P is adjusted so that the condition set out above is fulfilled, taking into account the fact that the mechanical shock wave transmitted by the rod 1 has a propagation speed of l 'order of 5500 m / s, while the hydraulic shock wave, transmitted by the liquid contained in the longitudinal duct 7 has a lower propagation speed, of the order of 1500 m / s.
  • the pressure increase ⁇ P occurs at time t1 the mechanical shock on the anvil 23 must occur at time t1 + dt.
  • the control means 24 can comprise a control assembly 25 acting on the setting of a pressure limiter 26 mounted on the discharge of the pump 21, so that the diagram of FIG. 5 can be obtained.
  • the impact energy of the hammer 2 is 300 to 400 joules per blow.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the axial lengths of the cylinder 13a and of the chamber 17a are significantly greater than those of the solution of FIG. 3 in order to allow sliding, in a sealed manner, of a piston 27 in this room 17a.
  • Elements similar or playing roles analogous to elements already described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 3 are designated by the same reference numerals without the description being repeated.
  • the piston 27 projects outwardly through a part 28 provided with means for connection to extension elements such as 29, the length of which is chosen according to the working conditions and so as to adjust the parameters to obtain the best performance.
  • extension elements such as 29, the length of which is chosen according to the working conditions and so as to adjust the parameters to obtain the best performance.
  • the connection means between the part 28 and the extension or extensions 29 can be formed by any suitable system such as threading or notching system, etc.
  • the hammer 2 strikes, in the direction of the arrow F, directly on the extension 29.
  • the shock causes the piston 27 to sink into the cylinder 13a and an increase in the pressure of the injected product and, in a second step, the hammer 2 strikes the transverse bottom 23a of the cylinder 13a; the shock is then transmitted mechanically from the cylinder 13a to the frame 1 rigidly connected to this cylinder.
  • the parameters of the device in particular the distance which corresponds to the stroke of the piston 27 before the hammer 2 hits the bottom 23a, are chosen and adjusted so that the hydraulic shock wave produced by the depression of the piston 27 in the cylinder 17a, reaches the tip 6 of the rod practically at the same time, but slightly before (in the sense defined above) the mechanical shock wave.
  • the production of the hydraulic shock wave by means of the depression of the piston 27, can be used independently or in combination with the controlled variations ⁇ P of the discharge pressure of the pump 21.
  • a cap 30 for example made of steel, comprising a blind bore 31 whose axial length is chosen as a function of the desired reduction in the effect of the piston 27. If the axial length e of this bore 31 is greater than the length d - of the projecting part when the piston 27 is moved back as far as possible, the face 32 of the cap will come to bear against the bottom 23a without the bottom of the bore 31 abutting against the extension 29. In this case, the impact of the hammer 2 on the cap 30 will be directly transmitted to the cylinder 13a and the effect of the piston 27 will be completely removed. If the distance e is less than d the effect of the piston 27 will be partially reduced and the stroke of this piston will be equal to de.
  • junction device 12 or threshing head therefore remains a complex organ which, in addition to the transmission of mechanical and hydraulic energy allowing the vibro-sinking, must be able to ensure correct phasing of the mechanical and hydraulic shock waves .
  • a tube 33 in particular semi-rigid, independent of said frame 1, is introduced into the longitudinal duct 7.
  • the tube 33 passes through the cylinder 13b of the joining device 12 by a simple lateral passage 34 and is connected directly to the pump, not shown in Figure 6.
  • the end of the tube 33 is flush with the end of the tip 6 of the frame; the tube 33 can be held co-axially to the frame 1 by sleeves 35, in particular of flexible material, engaged with clamping in the duct 7.
  • a nozzle 8a the characteristics of which, in particular the diameter, are similar to those of the nozzle 8 described above, is mounted at the end of the tube 33 near the tip 6.
  • Such a variant has the advantage of making it more economical the armature 1 remaining in the ground and considerably simplify the device 12 forming the threshing head.
  • Ie nozzle 8a is, moreover, recovered at the end of vibro-driving, simply by pulling on the flexible tube 33 and maintaining the pressure of the fluid inside.
  • the joining device 12 which is connected to the pipe 20 (FIGS. 1, 3 and 4), formed by a high pressure flexible pipe, is mounted at the end 9 of this frame.
  • the armature 1 thus fitted is put in place in the guides 4 and 5 carried by the slide 3.
  • the assembly of the slide 3, the hammer 2 and the armature 1 is then oriented suitably relative to the ground, in the desired direction of penetration.
  • the pump 21 is then started to inject the sealing liquid into the chamber 17 or 17a and the vibro-percussive hammer 2 is itself started so as to strike on the cylinder 13 or on the piston 27 and the cylinder 13a.
  • the injection pressure of the grout which results from the combination of the static pressure of the liquid injected into the chamber and the dynamic pressure generated by the controlled variations ⁇ P of the pressure and / or by the impact on the piston is sufficient to cause fragmentation of the soil by the liquid injected under pressure.
  • the tube 33 is connected directly to the pump 21 (not shown).
  • the discharge pressure of the pump can be modulated as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5 and the phasing of the hammer 2 is carried out as explained above.
  • the fluid jet at very high. pressure produced at the opening 8 or 8a at the point of the frame 6 serves both to perforate the ground or the rocks with a fluid at high speed, and to seal the frame.
  • the injected fluid has the property of being very fluid at the outset to allow this phenomenon of perforation of the ground or of the rock, and to set afterwards after a certain delay, to ensure the sealing of the reinforcement 1 and consolidation of the ground at the end of vibro-sinking.
  • the phenomenon produced by the jet of fluid at very high pressure is a sort of cutting of the soil material under the impact of this jet of fluid at very high speed.
  • the injection of the sealing grout under high pressure allows a significant radial diffusion of the grout to be obtained. Good lateral consolidation is ensured thanks to a sealing bulb whose diameter can reach or exceed 40 cm.
  • the reinforcements 1 can have a variable cross section, increasing from the point towards the end 9 As an example, this transveisal section could increase by 10% to 30% per section of determined length, of 4 m for example.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
  • Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé selon lequel on utilise une armature (1) munie d'un conduit longitudinal (7), on monte sur cette armature un dispositif de jonction (12) comprenant un cylindre, délimitant une chambre reliée au conduit (7) ; on envoie un produit de scellement sous pression à l'extrémité (6) du conduit dans le sol ; on frappe sur le cylindre qui transmet mécaniquement le choc à l'armature. Le produit de scellement injecté est un coulis liquide (L) ; on envoie le coulis de scellement à l'aide d'une pompe (21) sous une pression supérieure à 20 MPa ; la pression d'injection est suffisante pour provoquer la fragmentation du sol par le coulis injecté et l'on frappe sur le cylindre avec un marteau vibro-percutant (2) à une fréquence supérieure à 10 Hz.Method according to which a frame (1) provided with a longitudinal duct (7) is used, a junction device (12) comprising a cylinder, defining a chamber connected to the duct (7), is mounted on this frame; a pressurized sealant is sent to the end (6) of the conduit in the ground; it strikes the cylinder which mechanically transmits the shock to the armature. The sealant injected is a liquid grout (L); the sealing grout is sent using a pump (21) under a pressure greater than 20 MPa; the injection pressure is sufficient to cause fragmentation of the soil by the grout injected and the cylinder is struck with a vibro-percussive hammer (2) at a frequency greater than 10 Hz.

Description

L'invention est relative à un procéde pour enfoncer et sceller une armature dans le sol, procédé du genre de ceux selon lesquels on utilise une armature munie d'un conduit longitudinal s'ouvrant à son extrémité destinée à se trouver dans le sol ; on monte sur cette armature, à l'autre extrémité, un dispositif de jonction comprenant un cylindre formant enclume et définissant une chambre communiquant avec le conduit longitudinal de l'armature, on envoie un produit de scellement sous pression à l'extrémité du conduit dans le sol, et on frappe, à l'aide d'un marteau ou analogue, sur le cylindre qui transmet mécaniquement le choc à l'armature.The invention relates to a method for driving in and sealing a reinforcement in the ground, a method of the type according to which a reinforcement is used provided with a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be in the ground; we mount on this frame, at the other end, a joining device comprising a cylinder forming an anvil and defining a chamber communicating with the longitudinal duct of the frame, we send a sealant under pressure to the end of the duct in the ground, and one strikes, using a hammer or the like, on the cylinder which mechanically transmits the shock to the armature.

Un procédé de ce genre est connu et décrit par exemple dans le brevet GB 902 687. Toutefois, la mise en oeuvre et l'efficacité de ce procédé demandent à être améliorées.A process of this kind is known and described for example in patent GB 902 687. However, the implementation and the efficiency of this process need to be improved.

L'invention a pour but, surtout, de rendre le procédé du genre défini précédemment tel qu'il réponde mieux que jusqu'à présent aux diverses exigences de la pratique, et notamment tel que son efficacité soit nettement améliorée et que sa mise en oeuvre soit simplifiée.The object of the invention is, above all, to make the method of the kind defined above such that it better meets the various requirements of practice than hitherto, and in particular such that its efficiency is markedly improved and that its implementation be simplified.

Selon l'invention, un procédé pour enfoncer et sceller une armature dans le sol, du genre défini précédemment, est caractérisé par le fait que le produit de scellement injecté est un coulis de scellement liquide, qu'on envoie sous pression le coulis de scellement liquide, à l'aide une pompe de telle sorte que la pression statique du liquide soit supérieure à 20 MPa (200 bars) et que l'énergie cinétique du coulis à la sortie du conduit de l'armature soit suffisamment haute pour provoquer un coupage hydraulique du sol, et que l'on frappe sur le cylindre avec un marteau de vibro-fonçage à une fréquence suffisante pour éviter la reconstitution du sol entre deux chocs, cette fréquence étant supérieure à 10 Hz.According to the invention, a method for driving in and sealing a reinforcement in the ground, of the type defined above, is characterized in that the sealant injected is a liquid sealant, which is sent under pressure the sealant liquid, using a pump so that the static pressure of the liquid is greater than 20 MPa (200 bar) and the kinetic energy of the grout at the outlet of the reinforcement pipe is high enough to cause cutting hydraulic of the ground, and which is struck on the cylinder with a vibro-jacking hammer at a frequency sufficient to avoid the reconstitution of the ground between two shocks, this frequency being greater than 10 Hz.

La viscosité du coulis de scellement liquide est généialement inférieure à 100 centipoises et, avantageuse ment, inferieure à 20 centipoises.The viscosity of the liquid sealing grout is generally less than 100 centipoise and, advantageously, less than 20 centipoise.

De préférence, la fiéquence des chocs est de l'ordre de 50 Hz et notamment d'environ 70 Hz.Preferably, the frequency of the shocks is of the order of 50 Hz and in particular around 70 Hz.

Avantageusement, la pression statique d'arrivée du liquide dans la chambre du cylindre est de l'ordre de 80 MPa(800 bars),notamment de l'ordre de 100 MPa (1000 bars).Advantageously, the static pressure of arrival of the liquid in the cylinder chamber is of the order of 80 MPa (800 bars), in particular of the order of 100 MPa (1000 bars).

Ces hautes pressions permettent de donner au coulis de scellement à la sortie du conduit longitudinal formant gicleur une énergie cinétique très élevée (vitesses supersoniques) permettant de fragmenter le terrain.These high pressures make it possible to give the sealing grout at the outlet of the longitudinal duct forming a nozzle a very high kinetic energy (supersonic speeds) making it possible to fragment the ground.

En opérant dans les conditions du procédé de l'invention défini ci-dessus, la pénétration des armatures dans le sol s'effectue facilement et rapidement grâce au découpage du matériau du sol qui se produit sous l'effet percutant du jet de fluide à très haute vitesse. Le coulis de scellement peut être à base de ciment ou de résine, ou d'autres liants ; dans le cas d'un coulis de scellement à base de ciment, si l'on désigne par c le poids de ciment dans le coulis et par e le poids d'eau, ce coulis peut être caractérisé par un rapport c/e voisin de ou égal à 1.By operating under the conditions of the process of the invention defined above, the penetration of the reinforcements into the ground is carried out easily and quickly thanks to the cutting of the material of the ground which occurs under the impactful effect of the fluid jet at very high speed. The grout may be based on cement or resin, or other binders; in the case of a cement-based grout, if c denotes the weight of cement in the grout and e the weight of water, this grout can be characterized by a c / e ratio close to or equal to 1.

De préférence, on commande des augmentations momentanées de la pression de refoulement de la pompe et on synchronise les chocs sur l'armature avec ces augmentations de pression.Preferably, momentary increases in the pump discharge pressure are controlled and the shocks on the armature are synchronized with these pressure increases.

On peut introduire, dans le conduit longitudinal de l'armature, un tube, notamment semi-rigide, indépendant de ladite armature et traversant le cylindre formant enclume par un passage latéral, ledit tube étant relié directement à la pompe et débouchant à la pointe de l'armature par un . gicleur.A tube, in particular a semi-rigid tube, independent of said frame and passing through the anvil cylinder by a lateral passage, can be introduced into the armature's longitudinal conduit, said tube being connected directly to the pump and emerging at the point of the frame by one. sprinkler.

L'invention est également relative à un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre d'un procédé tel que défini précédemment, ce dispositif comprenant une armature munie d'un conduit longitudinal s'ouvrant à son extrémité destinée à se trouver dans le sol, un dispositif de jonction comprenant un cylindre formant enclume définissant une chambre communiquant avec le conduit longitudinal de l'armature, ledit cylindre étant relié rigidement à la tête de l'armature, des moyens étant prévus pour injecter à l'extrémité du conduit dans le sol, un produit de scellement sous pression, et des moyens étant prévus pour frapper sur le cylindre qui transmet mécaniquement le choc à l'armature ; selon l'invention, le dispositif est caractérisé par le fait que les moyens pour injecter le produit de scellement dans la chambre comprennent des moyens de pompage tels que la pression statique du liquide soit supérieure à 20 MPa (200 bars) tandis que les moyens pour frapper sur le piston comprennent un marteau vibro-percutant, monté sur une glissière support, propre à fonctionner à une fréquence suffisante pour éviter la reconstitution du sol entre deux chocs et la mobilisation du frottement intergranulaire, notamment une fréquence supérieure à 10 Hz, le produit de scellement étant formé par un coulis de scellement liquide.The invention also relates to a device for implementing a method as defined above, this device comprising a frame provided with a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be located in the ground, a joining device comprising a cylinder forming an anvil defining a chamber communicating with the longitudinal duct of the frame, said cylinder being rigidly connected to the head of the frame, means being provided for injecting into the end of the conduit in the ground, a pressurized sealant, and means being provided for striking the cylinder which mechanically transmits the shock to the reinforcement; according to the invention, the device is characterized in that the means for injecting the sealing product into the chamber include pumping means such that the static pressure of the liquid is greater than 20 MPa (200 bars) while the means for hitting the piston include a vibro-percussive hammer, mounted on a support slide, capable of operating at a frequency sufficient to avoid reconstitution of the soil between two shocks and the mobilization of intergranular friction, in particular a frequency greater than 10 Hz, the product sealant being formed by a liquid sealant grout.

Avantageusement, des moyens de commande sont prévus pour provoquer des augmentations momentanées de la pression de refoulement de la pompe, la fréquence et la phase des chocs étant ajustées sur ces augmentations momentanées de la pression de refoulement.Advantageously, control means are provided to cause momentary increases in the discharge pressure of the pump, the frequency and phase of the shocks being adjusted to these momentary increases in the discharge pressure.

L'invention est également relative à une armature pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé défini précédemment, cette armature comportant un conduit longitudinal s'ouvrant à son extrémité destinée à se trouver dans le sol, caractérisée par le fait que le diamètre du trou de sortie du conduit, ou d'un tube introduit dans ce conduit, à ladite extrémité, est relativement faible de manière que ce trou constitue un gicleur, ce diamètre pouvant être de l'ordre de quelques millimètres, notament de l'ordre de 1 à 2 mm.The invention also relates to an armature for implementing the method defined above, this armature comprising a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be located in the ground, characterized in that the diameter of the outlet hole of the conduit, or of a tube introduced into this conduit, at said end, is relatively small so that this hole constitutes a nozzle, this diameter possibly being of the order of a few millimeters, in particular of the order of 1 to 2 mm.

L'invention consiste, mises à part les dispositions exposées ci-dessus, en certaines autres dispositions dont il sera plus explicitement question ci-après à propos de modes de réalisation particuliers décrits avec référence aux dessins ci annexés mais qui ne sont nullemrnt limitatifs

  • La figure 1, de ces dessins, est un schéma d'un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'invention.
  • La figure 2, est une vue en plan d'une armature.
  • La figure 3 est un schéma, à plus grande échelle, d'un détail du dispositif de la figure 1.
  • La figure 4 est un schéma montrant, d'une manière semblable à la figure 3, une variante de réalisation.
  • La figure 5 est un diagramme illustrant des variations de la pression de refoulement de la pompe.
  • La figure 6, enfin, illustre une autre variante de réalisation.
The invention consists, apart from the arrangements set out above, of certain other arrangements which will be more explicitly discussed below in connection with of particular embodiments described with reference to the accompanying drawings but which are in no way limiting
  • Figure 1 of these drawings is a diagram of a device for implementing the method according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a plan view of a frame.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram, on a larger scale, of a detail of the device in FIG. 1.
  • Figure 4 is a diagram showing, in a manner similar to Figure 3, an alternative embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating variations in the discharge pressure of the pump.
  • Figure 6, finally, illustrates another alternative embodiment.

En se reportant aux dessins, notamment à la figure 1, on peut voir un dispositif pour la mise en place et le scellement d'armatures 1 dans le sol S.Referring to the drawings, in particular to FIG. 1, one can see a device for the installation and the sealing of reinforcements 1 in the soil S.

Ce dispositif comprend un marteau vibro-percutant 2 à haute performance notamment du type pneumatique ou hydraulique. Ce marteau 2 est monté sur une glissière- support 3 comportant un guide mobile 4 et un guide fixe 5 pour maintenir l'armature 1 à enfoncer dans le sol S tout en lui laissant une possibilité de coulisser suivant sa direction longitudinale. L'ensemble de la glissière 3 et du marteau 2, avec l'armature 1 à vibro-foncer dans le sol S, peut avoir toute orientation souhaitée, de même que la surface extérieure du sol ou terrain S proprement dit. La glissière 3, et les éléments montés dessus, peuvent être supportés par le bras orientable d'une pelle hydraulique ou engin analogue.This device comprises a high performance vibro-percussive hammer 2, in particular of the pneumatic or hydraulic type. This hammer 2 is mounted on a slide-support 3 comprising a movable guide 4 and a fixed guide 5 to maintain the armature 1 to be driven into the ground S while leaving it a possibility of sliding in its longitudinal direction. The assembly of the slide 3 and the hammer 2, with the armature 1 to vibro-sink into the ground S, can have any desired orientation, as can the external surface of the ground or ground S itself. The slide 3, and the elements mounted on it, can be supported by the orientable arm of a hydraulic shovel or the like.

Le marteau vibro-percutant 2, ou marteau de vibro-fonçage est propre à fonctionner à une fréquence suffisante pour entraîner la liquéfaction de certains sols (sables entre autres) et pour éviter la reconstitution du sol dans la zone de la pointe 6 de l'armature, entre deux choes successifs. Le frottement latéral se trouve alors considérablement réduit. Cette fréquence est notamment supérieure à 10 Hz et est de préférence de l'ordre de 50 Hz et notamment d'environ 70 Hz.The vibro-percussive hammer 2, or vibro-hammer hammer, is capable of operating at a frequency sufficient to cause the liquefaction of certain soils (sands among others) and to avoid the reconstitution of the soil in the zone of point 6 of the frame, between two successive choes. The lateral friction is then considerably reduced. This frequency is in particular greater than 10 Hz and is preferably of the order of 50 Hz and in particular approximately 70 Hz.

L'armature 1 est munie d'un conduit longitudinal 7 débouchant par une ouverture 8 au niveau de la pointe 6, c'est-à-dire au niveau de l'extrémité de l'armature destinée à se trouver dans le sol. Cette ouverture 8 peut être agencée sous la forme d'un gicleur c'est-à-dire avoir un diamètre réduit, notamment de l'ordre de quelques millimètres, avantageusement de l'ordre de 2 mm. Le conduit longitudinal 7 débouche également à l'autre extrémité 9 de l'armature 1 par une ouverture 10. Par contre, aucune communication n'est prévue radialement entre le conduit 7 et l'extérieur, sur toute la longueur de la paroi entourant ce conduit entre les ouvertures 8 et 10. Ainsi, lorsque du liquide de scellement est injecté par l'ouverture 10, il ne peut sortir que par l'ouverture 8. L'extrémité 9 de l'armature destinée à rester hors du sol est équipée de moyens de montage, notamment formés par un filetage extérieur 11 pour un dispositif de jonction 12 (figures 1, 3 et 4) ou tête de battage. L'armature 1 peut être constituée de plusieurs éléments raboutés.The frame 1 is provided with a longitudinal duct 7 opening through an opening 8 at the point 6, that is to say at the end of the frame intended to be in the ground. This opening 8 can be arranged in the form of a nozzle, that is to say have a reduced diameter, in particular of the order of a few millimeters, advantageously of the order of 2 mm. The longitudinal duct 7 also opens at the other end 9 of the frame 1 through an opening 10. On the other hand, no communication is provided radially between the duct 7 and the outside, over the entire length of the wall surrounding this conduit between the openings 8 and 10. Thus, when sealing liquid is injected through the opening 10, it can only exit through the opening 8. The end 9 of the frame intended to remain above the ground is equipped mounting means, in particular formed by an external thread 11 for a joining device 12 (Figures 1, 3 and 4) or threshing head. The frame 1 may consist of several butted elements.

Les armatures à vibro-foncer et à sceller dans le sol, selon l'invention, comprennent donc essentiellement :

  • - une tête spéciale 9 avec adaptations pour recevoir la tête de battage 12 transmettant les pressions de vibro-fonçage. Cette tête 9 est également pourvue de systèmes d'accrochage, filetage ou autres, permettant de fixer, à la fin du scellement, divers dispositifs sur l'armature scellée;
  • - la tige proprement dite 1a consituée essentiellement d'un profilé de forme variable (cruciforme, tige creuse, tige avec enveloppe extérieure, etc...) ayant donc un conduit longitudinal 7 pour permettre le transport du fluide de vibro-fonçage.
The armatures to vibro-darken and to be sealed in the ground, according to the invention, therefore essentially comprise:
  • - a special head 9 with adaptations for receiving the threshing head 12 transmitting the vibro-sinking pressures. This head 9 is also provided with attachment systems, threading or the like, making it possible to fix, at the end of the sealing, various devices on the sealed frame;
  • - The rod itself 1a consisting essentially of a profile of variable shape (cruciform, hollow rod, rod with outer shell, etc.) therefore having a longitudinal duct 7 to allow the transport of vibro-driving fluid.

l'a pointe 6 permet d'assurer la réalisation du jet et la fragmentation du terrain sur le plan mécanique. La géométrie de cette pointe 6, avec éventuellement un surdiamètre et des taillants (éléments pour découper mécaniquement les roches) est étudiée pour faciliter au mieux la pénétration de la tige 1 dans le terrain.the tip 6 ensures the achievement of the jet and the fragmentation of the ground mechanically. The geometry of this point 6, possibly with an overdiameter and cutting edges (elements for mechanically cutting the rocks) is studied to best facilitate the penetration of the rod 1 into the ground.

Le dispositif de jonction 12 comprend un cylindre (fig. 3) 13 destiné à être fixé sur l'extrémité 9 de l'armature 1. Pour assurer cette fixation, comme montré par exemple sur la figure 3, le cylindre 13 peut comporter un alésage taraudé 14 destiné à être vissé sur le filetage extérieur d'un manchon 15 comportant lui-même un alésage taraudé propre à être vissé sur l'extrémité filetée 11 de l'armature 1. Le manchon 15 peut comporter un épaulement périphérique 16 faisant saillie vers l'extérieur servant de butée axiale au cylindre 13. Une chambre 17 est définie par l'enveloppe du cylindre 13, cette chambre 17 étant coaxiale à l'armature 1 lorsque le cylindre 13 est monté sur cette armature. Ladite chambre 17 communique directement avec le conduit longitudinal 7 de l'armature 1. Des moyens d'étanchéité sont prévus entre l'armature et le manchon 15 et entre le manchon 15 et le cylindre 13. La chambre 17 est reliée par un canal 18 comportant un clapet anti-retour 19 à une canalisation 20 de refoulement d'une pompe 21 (figure 1) propre à injecter sous haute pression, dans la chambre 17, le produit de scellement contenu dans un réservoir 22.The joining device 12 comprises a cylinder (fig. 3) 13 intended to be fixed on the end 9 of the frame 1. To ensure this fixing, as shown for example in FIG. 3, the cylinder 13 may include a bore tapped 14 intended to be screwed onto the external thread of a sleeve 15 itself comprising a tapped bore suitable for being screwed onto the threaded end 11 of the frame 1. The sleeve 15 may comprise a peripheral shoulder 16 projecting towards the outside serving as an axial stop for the cylinder 13. A chamber 17 is defined by the envelope of the cylinder 13, this chamber 17 being coaxial with the frame 1 when the cylinder 13 is mounted on this frame. Said chamber 17 communicates directly with the longitudinal duct 7 of the armature 1. Sealing means are provided between the armature and the sleeve 15 and between the sleeve 15 and the cylinder 13. The chamber 17 is connected by a channel 18 comprising a non-return valve 19 to a pipe 20 for discharging a pump 21 (FIG. 1) suitable for injecting under high pressure, into the chamber 17, the sealing product contained in a reservoir 22.

La pression statique d'arrivée du produit de scellement dans la chambre 17, pression établie par la pompe 21, est supérieure à 20 MPa (soit 200 bars), de préférence supérieure à 50 MPa (500 bars) et avantageusement de l'ordre de 80 MPa (800 bars) à 100 MPa (1000 bars). Le clapet 19 est propre à s'ouvrir dans le sens qui permet l'entrée du produit de scellement dans la chambre 17 en provenance de la canalisation 20, et à interdire l'écoulement en sens inverse.The static pressure of arrival of the sealant in the chamber 17, pressure established by the pump 21, is greater than 20 MPa (ie 200 bars), preferably greater than 50 MPa (500 bars) and advantageously of the order of 80 MPa (800 bars) to 100 MPa (1000 bars). The valve 19 is suitable for opening in the direction which allows the entry of the sealing product into the chamber 17 coming from the pipe 20, and for preventing flow in the opposite direction.

Le produit de scellement utilisé est un coulis de scellement liquide L dont la viscosité est en général inférieure à 100 centipoises et, de préférence, inférieure à 20 centipoises.The sealant used is a grout of liquid seal L whose viscosity is generally less than 100 centipoise and, preferably, less than 20 centipoise.

Le coulis de scellement L est à base. de ciment, ou résine ou autres liants. Dans le cas d'un coulis de scellement à base de ciment, si l'on désigne par c le poids de ciment dans le coulis et par e le poids d'eau, un coulis convenant bien au procédé de l'invention est caractérisé par un rapport c/e égal ou sensiblement égal à 1.Sealing grout L is based. cement, or resin or other binders. In the case of a cement-based grout, if c denotes the weight of cement in the grout and e the weight of water, a grout well suited to the process of the invention is characterized by a c / e ratio equal to or substantially equal to 1.

Selon le mode de réalisation de la figure 3, la face transversale arrière du cylindre 13 est munie d'une protubérance formant enclume 23 sur laquelle vient frapper directement le marteau 2 schématiquement représenté. Comme montré sur la figure 1, on combine ce montage avec des moyens 24 permettant de commander des augmentations momentanées de la pression de refoulement de la pompe 21 et on synchronise les chocs, produits sur l'armature 1 par le marteau 2, avec ces augmentations de pression.According to the embodiment of Figure 3, the rear transverse face of the cylinder 13 is provided with a protuberance forming an anvil 23 on which is directly struck the hammer 2 schematically shown. As shown in FIG. 1, this assembly is combined with means 24 making it possible to control momentary increases in the discharge pressure of the pump 21 and the shocks produced on the armature 1 by the hammer 2 are synchronized with these increases pressure.

Sur la figure 5, on a représenté schématiquement la pression P de refoulement de la pompe 21 et donc la pression dans la canalisation 20 en fonction du temps t porté en abscisses. A des intervalles de temps Δt , correspondant à la période, la pression de refoulement subit une augmentation brutale Δ P pendant un temps relativement court pour reprendre sa valeur moyenne Pm. La variation Δ P commandée par les moyens 24 peut être de l'ordre de 50 % de la valeur Pm. Cette variation brutale provoque une onde de chocs hydrauliques transmise jusqu'à l'extrémité 6 de l'armature 1. Comme indiqué plus haut, Pm est supérieure à 20 MPa.In Figure 5, there is shown schematically the discharge pressure P of the pump 21 and therefore the pressure in the pipe 20 as a function of time t plotted on the abscissa. At time intervals Δt, corresponding to the period, the discharge pressure undergoes a sudden increase Δ P for a relatively short time to regain its average value Pm. The variation ΔP controlled by the means 24 can be of the order of 50% of the value Pm. This sudden variation causes a hydraulic shock wave transmitted to the end 6 of the frame 1. As indicated above, Pm is greater than 20 MPa.

Les paramètres du système sont choisis de telle sorte que l'onde de choc hydraulique arrive à la pointe 6 de la tige se trouvant dans le sol pratiquement en même temps, mais légèrement avant, l'onde de choc mécanique produite par le choc du marteau 2 sur l'enclume 23. Par l'expression "légèrement avant", il faut comprendre que l'intervalle de- temps entre l'arrivée de l'onde de choc hyraulique à la pointe f. de la tige et l'arrivée de l'onde de choc mécanique est inféieur à un dixième et de préfeiemend un centième de la période des chocs produits pai le marteau de vibro-fonçage 2. Cette période est réglée, en agissant sur le mécanisme de commande du marteau 2, de telle sorte qu'elle soit égale à Δt, cette dernière période étant choisie de manière à correspondre à une fréquence supérieure à 10 Hz.The parameters of the system are chosen so that the hydraulic shock wave arrives at the point 6 of the rod being in the ground practically at the same time, but slightly before, the mechanical shock wave produced by the impact of the hammer 2 on the anvil 23. By the expression "slightly forward", it should be understood that the time interval between the arrival of the hydraulic shock wave at the tip f. of the rod and the arrival of the mechanical shock wave is less than a tenth and preferably a hundredth of the period of the shocks produced by the vibro-driving hammer 2. This period is regulated, by acting on the mechanism of hammer 2 control, so that it is equal to Δt, the latter period being chosen so as to correspond to a frequency greater than 10 Hz.

La phase du choc par rapport à la montée de pression P est réglée de telle sorte que la condition énoncée précédemment soit remplie, en tenant compte du fait que l'onde de choc mécanique, transmise par la tige 1 a une vitesse de propagation de l'ordre de 5 500 m/s , alors que l'onde de choc hydraulique, transmise par le liquide contenu dans le conduit longitudinal 7 a une vitesse de propagation inférieure, de l'ordre de 1 500 m/s. Autrement dit, si l'augmentation de pression ΔP se produit à l'instant t1 le choc mécanique sur l'enclume 23 devra se produire à un instant t1 + dt.The phase of the shock with respect to the pressure increase P is adjusted so that the condition set out above is fulfilled, taking into account the fact that the mechanical shock wave transmitted by the rod 1 has a propagation speed of l 'order of 5500 m / s, while the hydraulic shock wave, transmitted by the liquid contained in the longitudinal duct 7 has a lower propagation speed, of the order of 1500 m / s. In other words, if the pressure increase ΔP occurs at time t1 the mechanical shock on the anvil 23 must occur at time t1 + dt.

Les moyens de commande 24 peuvent comprendre un ensemble de commande 25 agissant sur le tarage d'un limiteur de pression 26 monté au refoulement de la pompe 21, de telle sorte que le diagramme de la figure 5 puisse être obtenu.The control means 24 can comprise a control assembly 25 acting on the setting of a pressure limiter 26 mounted on the discharge of the pump 21, so that the diagram of FIG. 5 can be obtained.

En opérant de la sorte, on provoque une réduction et même une annulation des contraintes effectives intergranulaires dans le sol, et la pénétration de la pointe 6 et de l'armature 1 est considérablement facilitée.By operating in this way, one causes a reduction and even a cancellation of the effective intergranular stresses in the ground, and the penetration of the point 6 and of the frame 1 is considerably facilitated.

A titre d'exemple non limitatif, on peut indiquer que l'énergie des chocs du marteau 2 est de 300 à 400 joules par coup.By way of nonlimiting example, it can be indicated that the impact energy of the hammer 2 is 300 to 400 joules per blow.

La figure 4 illustre une variante de réalisation dans laquelle les longueurs axiales du cylindre 13a et de la chambre 17a sont nettement supérieures à celles de la solution de la figure 3 afin de permettre un coulissement, de manière étanche, d'un piston 27 dans cette chambre 17a. Les éléments semblables ou jouant des rôles analogues à des éléments déjà décrits avec référence aux figures 1 et 3 sont désignés par les mêmes références numériques sans que la description soit reprise.FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the axial lengths of the cylinder 13a and of the chamber 17a are significantly greater than those of the solution of FIG. 3 in order to allow sliding, in a sealed manner, of a piston 27 in this room 17a. Elements similar or playing roles analogous to elements already described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 3 are designated by the same reference numerals without the description being repeated.

Le piston 27 fait saillie vers l'extérieur par une partie 28 munie de moyens de raccordement à des éléments de rallonge tels que 29 dont la longueur est choisie en fonction des conditions de travail et de manière à ajuster les paramètres pour obtenir les meilleures performances. Les moyens de raccordement entre la partie 28 et la ou les rallonges 29 peuvent être formés par tout système approprié tel que filetage ou système de crantage, etc...The piston 27 projects outwardly through a part 28 provided with means for connection to extension elements such as 29, the length of which is chosen according to the working conditions and so as to adjust the parameters to obtain the best performance. The connection means between the part 28 and the extension or extensions 29 can be formed by any suitable system such as threading or notching system, etc.

Selon une première possibilité, le marteau 2 vient frapper, suivant le sens de la flèche F, directement sur la rallonge 29. Dans un premier temps, le choc provoque l'enfoncement du piston 27 dans le cylindre 13a et une augmentation de la pression du produit injecté et, dans un deuxième temps, le marteau 2 vient frapper sur le fond transversal 23a du cylindre 13a ; le choc est alors transmis mécaniquement du cylindre 13a à l'armature 1 liée rigidement à ce cylindre.According to a first possibility, the hammer 2 strikes, in the direction of the arrow F, directly on the extension 29. At first, the shock causes the piston 27 to sink into the cylinder 13a and an increase in the pressure of the injected product and, in a second step, the hammer 2 strikes the transverse bottom 23a of the cylinder 13a; the shock is then transmitted mechanically from the cylinder 13a to the frame 1 rigidly connected to this cylinder.

Les paramètres du dispositif, notamment la distance à qui correspond à la course du piston 27 avant que le marteau 2 ne vienne frapper sur le fond 23a, sont choisis et réglés de telle sorte que l'onde de choc hydraulique, produite par l'enfoncement du piston 27 dans le cylindre 17a, parvienne à la pointe 6 de la tige pratiquement en même temps, mais légèrement avant (au sens défini précédemment) l'onde de choc mécanique.The parameters of the device, in particular the distance which corresponds to the stroke of the piston 27 before the hammer 2 hits the bottom 23a, are chosen and adjusted so that the hydraulic shock wave produced by the depression of the piston 27 in the cylinder 17a, reaches the tip 6 of the rod practically at the same time, but slightly before (in the sense defined above) the mechanical shock wave.

La production de l'onde de choc hydraulique, à l'aide de l'enfoncement du piston 27, peut être utilisée indépendamment ou en combinaison avec les variations commandées ΔP de la pression de refoulement de la pompe 21.The production of the hydraulic shock wave, by means of the depression of the piston 27, can be used independently or in combination with the controlled variations ΔP of the discharge pressure of the pump 21.

Si l'on souhaite supprimer l'effet du piston 27, dans l'exemple de réalisation de la figure 4, on peut coiffer la partie 28 de la tige de piston en saillie, et son prolongement 29, par un chapeau 30, par exemple en acier, comportant un alésage borgne 31 dont la longueur axiale est choisie en fonction de la réduction souhaitée de l'effet du piston 27. Si la longueur axiale e de cet alésage 31 est supérieure à la longueur d- de la partie en saillie lorsque le piston 27 est reculé au maximum, la face 32 du chapeau viendra en appui contre le fond 23a sans que le fond de l'alésage 31 vienne buter contre la rallonge 29. Dans ce cas, le choc du marteau 2 sur le chapeau 30 sera directement transmis au cylindre 13a et l'effet du piston 27 sera complètement supprimé. Si la distance e est inférieure à d l'effet du piston 27 sera partiellement réduit et la course de ce piston sera égale à d-e.If one wishes to suppress the effect of the piston 27, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, one can cover the part 28 of the projecting piston rod, and its extension 29, with a cap 30, for example made of steel, comprising a blind bore 31 whose axial length is chosen as a function of the desired reduction in the effect of the piston 27. If the axial length e of this bore 31 is greater than the length d - of the projecting part when the piston 27 is moved back as far as possible, the face 32 of the cap will come to bear against the bottom 23a without the bottom of the bore 31 abutting against the extension 29. In this case, the impact of the hammer 2 on the cap 30 will be directly transmitted to the cylinder 13a and the effect of the piston 27 will be completely removed. If the distance e is less than d the effect of the piston 27 will be partially reduced and the stroke of this piston will be equal to de.

Il apparaît donc que l'effet du piston 27, dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 4, peut être modulé à la demande en jouant sur la longueur des rallonges 29, et sur la profondeur e du chapeau 30 éventuellement utilisé.It therefore appears that the effect of the piston 27, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, can be modulated on demand by varying the length of the extensions 29, and on the depth e of the cap 30 possibly used.

Le dispositif de jonction 12 ou tête de battage reste donc un un organe complexe qui, en plus de la transmission des énergies mécanique et hydraulique permettant le vibro-fonçage, doit être en mesure d'assurer un phasage correct des ondes de choc mécanique et hydraulique.The junction device 12 or threshing head therefore remains a complex organ which, in addition to the transmission of mechanical and hydraulic energy allowing the vibro-sinking, must be able to ensure correct phasing of the mechanical and hydraulic shock waves .

Une autre variante, représentée sur la figure 6 et faisant partie intégrante de la présente invention, consiste à réaliser matériellement l'effet "jet" de la manière suivante. On introduit, dans le conduit longitudinal 7, un tube 33, notamment semi-rigide, indépendant de ladite armature 1. Le tube 33 traverse le cylindre 13b du dispositif de jonction 12 par un simple passage latéral 34 et est relié directement à la pompe, non représentée sur la figure 6. L'extrémité du tube 33 affleure l'extrémité de la pointe 6 de l'armature ; le tube 33 peut être maintenu co-axialement à l'armature 1 par des manchons 35, notamment en matière souple, engagés avec serrage dans le conduit 7. Un gicleur 8a, dont les caractéristiques, notamment le diamètre, sont semblables à celles du gicleur 8 décrit précédemment, est monté à l'extrémité du tube 33 voisine de la pointe 6. Une telle variante-présente l'avantage de rendre plus économique l'armature 1 restant dans le terrain et de simplifier consadérablement le dispositif 12 formant tète de battage. I.e gicleur 8a est, de plus, récopéré en fin de vibro-fonçage, simplement en tirant sur le tube 33 flexible et en maintenant la pression du fluide à l'intérieur.Another variant, represented in FIG. 6 and forming an integral part of the present invention, consists in physically producing the "jet" effect in the following manner. A tube 33, in particular semi-rigid, independent of said frame 1, is introduced into the longitudinal duct 7. The tube 33 passes through the cylinder 13b of the joining device 12 by a simple lateral passage 34 and is connected directly to the pump, not shown in Figure 6. The end of the tube 33 is flush with the end of the tip 6 of the frame; the tube 33 can be held co-axially to the frame 1 by sleeves 35, in particular of flexible material, engaged with clamping in the duct 7. A nozzle 8a, the characteristics of which, in particular the diameter, are similar to those of the nozzle 8 described above, is mounted at the end of the tube 33 near the tip 6. Such a variant has the advantage of making it more economical the armature 1 remaining in the ground and considerably simplify the device 12 forming the threshing head. Ie nozzle 8a is, moreover, recovered at the end of vibro-driving, simply by pulling on the flexible tube 33 and maintaining the pressure of the fluid inside.

Ceci étant, pour enfoncer et sceller une armature 1 dans le sol S , on procède comme suit.That said, to drive and seal a frame 1 in the ground S, we proceed as follows.

On monte à l'extrémité 9 de cette armature le dispositif de jonction 12 qui est relié à la canalisation 20 (figures 1, 3 et 4) , formée par une tuyauterie flexible haute pression. On met en place l'armature 1 ainsi équipée dans les guides 4 et 5 portés par la glissière 3.The joining device 12 which is connected to the pipe 20 (FIGS. 1, 3 and 4), formed by a high pressure flexible pipe, is mounted at the end 9 of this frame. The armature 1 thus fitted is put in place in the guides 4 and 5 carried by the slide 3.

L'ensemble de la glissière 3, du marteau 2 et de l'armature 1 est ensuite orienté convenablement par rapport au terrain, selon la direction souhaitée d'enfoncement.The assembly of the slide 3, the hammer 2 and the armature 1 is then oriented suitably relative to the ground, in the desired direction of penetration.

La pompe 21 est ensuite mise en marche pour injecter le liquide de scellement dans la chambre 17 ou 17a et le marteau vibro-percutant 2 est lui-même mis en marche de manière à frapper sur le cylindre 13 ou sur le piston 27 et le cylindre 13a.The pump 21 is then started to inject the sealing liquid into the chamber 17 or 17a and the vibro-percussive hammer 2 is itself started so as to strike on the cylinder 13 or on the piston 27 and the cylinder 13a.

La pression d'injection du coulis de scellement, qui résulte de la combinaison de la pression statique du liquide injecté dans la chambre et de la pression dynamique engendrée par les variations ΔP commandées de la presion et/ou par le choc sur le piston est suffisante pour provoquer la fragmentation du sol par le liquide injecté sous pression.The injection pressure of the grout, which results from the combination of the static pressure of the liquid injected into the chamber and the dynamic pressure generated by the controlled variations ΔP of the pressure and / or by the impact on the piston is sufficient to cause fragmentation of the soil by the liquid injected under pressure.

Lorsque la pression de refoulement de la pompe 21 est modulée comme schématisée sur la figure 5, on règle la fréquence et la phase du marteau 2 pour obtenir les performances optimales.When the discharge pressure of the pump 21 is modulated as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5, the frequency and the phase of the hammer 2 are adjusted to obtain optimum performance.

Dans le cas de la figure 6, le tube 33 est relié directement à la pompe 21 (non montrée). La pression de refoulement de la pompe peut être modulée comme schématisé sur la figure 5 et le phasage du marteau 2 est réalisé comme expliqué ci dessus.In the case of Figure 6, the tube 33 is connected directly to the pump 21 (not shown). The discharge pressure of the pump can be modulated as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5 and the phasing of the hammer 2 is carried out as explained above.

Le jet de fluide à très hautf. pression réalisé au niveau de l'ouverture 8 ou 8a à 1a pointe de l'armature 6 sert a la fois à perforer le sol ou les roches par un fluide à grande vitesse, et au scellement de l'armature.The fluid jet at very high. pressure produced at the opening 8 or 8a at the point of the frame 6 serves both to perforate the ground or the rocks with a fluid at high speed, and to seal the frame.

Le fluide injecté a la propriété d'être très fluide à l'origine pour permettre ce phénomène de perforation du sol ou de la roche, et de faire prise par la suite après un certain délai, pour assurer le scellement de l'armature 1 et la consolidation du terrain à la fin du vibro-fonçage.The injected fluid has the property of being very fluid at the outset to allow this phenomenon of perforation of the ground or of the rock, and to set afterwards after a certain delay, to ensure the sealing of the reinforcement 1 and consolidation of the ground at the end of vibro-sinking.

Le dispositif de jonction 12 placé en tête de l'armature 1 assure une triple fonction :

  • a) il transmet l'énergie mécanique de vibro-fonçage du marteau 2 à l'armature 1 ;
  • b) il transmet la pression statique de la pompe 21 pour le fluide de vibro-fonçage et de scellement;
  • c) il transforme une partie de l'énergie mécanique de vibro-fonçage en une surpression dynamique améliorant le vibro-fonçage. Cette surpression dynamique s'ajoute à la pression statique de la pompe et contribue ainsi à permettre la fragmentation du terrain et à réduire les contraintes effectives intergranulaires. Ce double effet facilite considérablement la pénétration de la tige à vibro-foncer ainsi que l'imprégnation et la diffusion du fluide dans le terrain en vue de sa consolidation ultérieure et du scellement de la tige lors de la prise et du durcissement dudit fluide.
The joining device 12 placed at the head of the frame 1 performs a triple function:
  • a) it transmits the mechanical vibro-sinking energy from the hammer 2 to the armature 1;
  • b) it transmits the static pressure of the pump 21 for the vibro-driving and sealing fluid;
  • c) it transforms part of the mechanical vibro-driving energy into a dynamic overpressure improving the vibro-driving. This dynamic overpressure is added to the static pressure of the pump and thus contributes to allowing the fragmentation of the ground and to reducing the effective intergranular stresses. This double effect considerably facilitates the penetration of the rod to vibro-darken as well as the impregnation and the diffusion of the fluid in the ground with a view to its subsequent consolidation and the sealing of the rod during the setting and hardening of said fluid.

Le phénomène produit par le jet de fluide à très haute pression est une sorte de découpage du matériau du sol sous l'effet percutant de ce jet de fluide à très haute vitesse.The phenomenon produced by the jet of fluid at very high pressure is a sort of cutting of the soil material under the impact of this jet of fluid at very high speed.

L'injection du coulis de scellement sous baute- pression permet d'obtenir une diffusion radiale importante du coulis. On assure une bonne consolidation latérale grâce à un bulbe de scellement dont le diamètre peut atteindre ou dépasser 40 cm.The injection of the sealing grout under high pressure allows a significant radial diffusion of the grout to be obtained. Good lateral consolidation is ensured thanks to a sealing bulb whose diameter can reach or exceed 40 cm.

Les armatures 1 peuvent avoir une section transversale variable, augmentant de la pointe vers l'extrémité 9 Fai ememple, cette section transveisale pourrait augmenter de 10 % à 30 % par tronçon de longueur déterminée, de 4 m par exemple.The reinforcements 1 can have a variable cross section, increasing from the point towards the end 9 As an example, this transveisal section could increase by 10% to 30% per section of determined length, of 4 m for example.

Claims (11)

1, Procédé, pour enfoncer et sceller une aimature dans le sol, selon lequel on utilise une armature munie d'un conduit longitudinal s'ouvrant à son extrémité destinée à se trouver dans le sol ; on monte sur cette armature , à l'autre extrémité, un dispositif de jonction comprenant un cylindre formant enclume et définissant une chambre communiquant avec le conduit longitudinal de l'armature, on envoie un produit de scellement sous pression à l'extrémité du conduit dans le sol, et on frappe, à l'aide d'un marteau ou analogue, sur le cylindre qui transmet mécaniquement le choc à l'armature, caractérisé par le fait que le produit de scellement injecté est un coulis de scellement liquide; qu'on envoie sous pression le coulis de scellement liquide à l'aide d'une pompe (21) de telle sorte que la pression statique du liquide soit supérieure à 20 MPa(200 bars) et que l'énergie cinétique du coulis à la sortie (8) du conduit (7) de l'armature soit suffisamment haute pour provoquer un coupage hydraulique du sol, et que l'on frappe sur le cylindre (13) avec un marteau de vibro-fonçage (2) à une fréquence suffisante pour éviter la reconstitution du sol entre deux chocs, cette fréquence étant supérieure à 10 Hz.1, Method, for driving in and sealing a frame in the ground, according to which a frame is used provided with a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be in the ground; we mount on this frame, at the other end, a joining device comprising a cylinder forming an anvil and defining a chamber communicating with the longitudinal duct of the frame, we send a sealant under pressure to the end of the duct in the ground, and one strikes, using a hammer or the like, on the cylinder which mechanically transmits the shock to the reinforcement, characterized in that the sealant injected is a liquid sealant grout; that the liquid sealing grout is sent under pressure using a pump (21) so that the static pressure of the liquid is greater than 20 MPa (200 bars) and the kinetic energy of the grout at the outlet (8) of the conduit (7) of the frame is high enough to cause hydraulic cutting of the ground, and that is struck on the cylinder (13) with a vibro-jacking hammer (2) at a sufficient frequency to avoid reconstitution of the ground between two shocks, this frequency being greater than 10 Hz. 2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 caractérisé par le fait que la viscosité du coulis de scellement liquide est inférieure à 100 centipoises et, avantageusement, inférieure à 20 centipoises.2. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the viscosity of the liquid sealing grout is less than 100 centipoise and, advantageously, less than 20 centipoise. 3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2 caractérisé par le fait que la fréquence des chocs est de l'ordre de 50 Hz et notamment d'environ 70 Hz.3. Method according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the shock frequency is of the order of 50 Hz and in particular about 70 Hz. 4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3 caractérisé par le fait que la pression d'arrivée du liquide dans la chambre du cylindre est de l'ordre de 80 MPa (800 bars), notamment de l'ordre de 100 MPa (1000 bars).4. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 3 characterized in that the liquid inlet pressure in the cylinder chamber is of the order of 80 MPa (800 bars), in particular of the order of 100 MPa (1000 bars). 5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé par le fait que le coulis de scellement est à base de ciment et correspond à un rapport c/e voisin de ou égal à 1, avec ce poids de ciment dans le coulis et e = poids d'eau5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the grout of sealing is cement-based and corresponds to a c / e ratio close to or equal to 1, with this weight of cement in the grout and e = weight of water 6. Procédé selon l'unr quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé par le fait que l'on commande des augmentations momentanées (ΔP) de la pression de refoulement de la pompe (21) et que l'on synchronise les chocs sur l'armature avec ces augmentations de pression.6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that momentary increases (ΔP) of the discharge pressure of the pump (21) are controlled and that the shocks on the armature are synchronized with these pressure increases. 7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé par le fait que l'on introduit dans le conduit longitudinal (7) de l'armature (1) un tube (33), notamment semi-rigide, indépendant de ladite armature et traversant le cylindre (13b) formant enclume par un passage latéral (34), ledit tube étant relié directement à la pompe et débouchant à la pointe (6) de l'armature par un gicleur (8a).7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a tube (33), in particular semi-rigid, independent of said frame, is introduced into the longitudinal duct (7) of the frame. passing through the cylinder (13b) forming an anvil by a lateral passage (34), said tube being connected directly to the pump and emerging at the point (6) of the frame by a nozzle (8a). 8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes dans lequel on produit une onde de choc hydraulique caractérisé par le fait que les paramètres du système sont choisis de telle sorte que l'onde de choc hydraulique arrive à la pointe (6) de l'armature se trouvant dans le sol, pratiquement en même temps, mais légèrement avant (c'est-à-dire avec un écart de temps inférieur à un dixième, et de préférence inférieur à un centième de la période des chocs) l'onde de choc mécanique.8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which a hydraulic shock wave is produced, characterized in that the parameters of the system are chosen so that the hydraulic shock wave arrives at the tip (6) of the reinforcement lying in the ground, practically at the same time, but slightly before (i.e. with a time difference of less than one tenth, and preferably less than one hundredth of the shock period) mechanical shock. 9. Dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre d'un procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes comprenant une armature munie d'un conduit longitudinal s'ouvrant à son extrémité destinée à se trouver dans le sol, un dispositif de jonction comprenant un cylindre formant enclume définissant une chambre communiquant avec le conduit longitudinal de l'armature, ledit cylindre étant relié rigidement à la tête de l'armature, des moyens étant prévus pour injecter à l'extrémité du conduit dans le sol, un produit de scellement sous pression, et des moyens étant prévus pour frapper sur le cylindre qui transmet mécaniquement le choc à l'armature, caractérisé par le fait que les moyens pour injecter le produit de scellement dans la chambre (17) comprennent des moyens de pompage (21) tels que la pression statique du liquide soit supérieure à 20MF'a (200 bars), tandis que les moyens pour frapper comprennent un marteau vibro-percutant (2), monté sur une glissière support (3), propre à fonctionner à une fréquence suffisante pour éviter la reconstitution du sol entre deux chocs, notamment une fréquence supérieure à 10 Hz, le produit de scellement étant formé par un coulis de scellement liquide.9. Device for implementing a method according to any one of the preceding claims comprising a frame provided with a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be in the ground, a joining device comprising a cylinder forming an anvil defining a chamber communicating with the longitudinal duct of the armature, said cylinder being rigidly connected to the head of the armature, means being provided for injecting a pressure sealant at the end of the conduit , and means being provided for striking the cylinder which mechanically transmits the shock to the reinforcement, characterized in that the means for injecting the sealant into the chamber (17) comprise pumping means (21) such that the static pressure of the liquid is greater than 20MF'a (200 bars) , while the means for striking comprise a vibro-percussive hammer (2), mounted on a support slide (3), capable of operating at a frequency sufficient to avoid reconstitution of the ground between two shocks, in particular a frequency greater than 10 Hz , the sealant being formed by a liquid sealant grout. 10. Dispositif selon la revendication 9 caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend des moyens de commande (25) pour provoquer des augmentations momentanées (6P) de la pression de refoulement de la pompe (21), la fréquence et la phase des chocs étant ajustées sur ces augmentations momentanées de la pression de refoulement.10. Device according to claim 9 characterized in that it comprises control means (25) for causing momentary increases (6P) in the discharge pressure of the pump (21), the frequency and phase of the shocks being adjusted for these momentary increases in discharge pressure. 11. Elément d'ancrage pour la mise en oeuvre d'un procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 formé par une armature, comportant un conduit longitudinal s'ouvrant à son extrémité destinée à se trouver dans le sol caractérisé par le fait que le diamètre du trou de sortie (8, 8a) du conduit (7) ou d'un tube (33) introduit dans ce conduit (7), est relativement faible de manière que le trou (8, 8a) constitue une sorte de gicleur, ce diamètre pouvant être de l'ordre de quelques millimètres, notamment de l'ordre de 2 mm.11. Anchoring element for the implementation of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 formed by a frame, comprising a longitudinal duct opening at its end intended to be located in the ground characterized by the fact that the diameter of the outlet hole (8, 8a) of the conduit (7) or of a tube (33) introduced into this conduit (7), is relatively small so that the hole (8, 8a) constitutes a kind nozzle, this diameter may be of the order of a few millimeters, in particular of the order of 2 mm.
EP85400288A 1984-02-23 1985-02-19 Earth anchor driving and fastening method, device and anchor therefor Expired EP0156673B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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AT85400288T ATE38404T1 (en) 1984-02-23 1985-02-19 METHOD FOR DRIVING AND LOCKING A ROCK ANCHORS, DEVICE AND ANCHORS THEREOF.

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FR8402742A FR2560285B1 (en) 1984-02-23 1984-02-23 METHOD FOR PUSHING AND SEALING A REINFORCEMENT INTO THE GROUND, DEVICE AND REINFORCEMENT FOR CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD
FR8402742 1984-02-23

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EP0156673A1 true EP0156673A1 (en) 1985-10-02
EP0156673B1 EP0156673B1 (en) 1988-11-02

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EP (1) EP0156673B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS60184124A (en)
AT (1) ATE38404T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3566008D1 (en)
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FR2560285A1 (en) 1985-08-30
DE3566008D1 (en) 1988-12-08
ATE38404T1 (en) 1988-11-15
ES541130A0 (en) 1987-05-01
JPS60184124A (en) 1985-09-19
EP0156673B1 (en) 1988-11-02
US4732510A (en) 1988-03-22
ES8705563A1 (en) 1987-05-01
FR2560285B1 (en) 1987-12-04

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