EP0148869A1 - Keramisches Material - Google Patents
Keramisches MaterialInfo
- Publication number
- EP0148869A1 EP0148869A1 EP84902431A EP84902431A EP0148869A1 EP 0148869 A1 EP0148869 A1 EP 0148869A1 EP 84902431 A EP84902431 A EP 84902431A EP 84902431 A EP84902431 A EP 84902431A EP 0148869 A1 EP0148869 A1 EP 0148869A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- component
- fine
- alkali metal
- coarse
- metal compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 2
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 150000001339 alkali metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006557 surface reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- KKEBXNMGHUCPEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenyl-1-(2-sulfanylethyl)imidazolidin-2-one Chemical compound N1C(=O)N(CCS)CC1C1=CC=CC=C1 KKEBXNMGHUCPEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007571 dilatometry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 206010000060 Abdominal distension Diseases 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 208000024330 bloating Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical group [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000503 Na-aluminosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000429 sodium aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012217 sodium aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004111 Potassium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 alkali metal aluminosilicate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010420 art technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010884 boiler slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010883 coal ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B30/00—Compositions for artificial stone, not containing binders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/001—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing unburned clay
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/24—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing alkyl, ammonium or metal silicates; containing silica sols
- C04B28/26—Silicates of the alkali metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- the fly ash and slag components are mixed, usually with a binder such as bentonite or sodium silicate which provides green strength, formed into shape and fired at elevated temperatures, generally in the region of 1100°C.
- a binder such as bentonite or sodium silicate which provides green strength
- the fly-ash or, in the case of Smith 4,120,735, the incinerator residue
- the particle size distribution of the coarse component will also effect the properties and composition of the green and fired product. For example, where the coarse component is relatively deficient in smaller particles, a greater proportion of fine component will be required to achieve a given bulk density.
- the alkali metal compound typically sodium silicate
- the alkali metal compound will normally be added in aqueous solution, and the quantity of additional water, which may also be required to achieve correct plasticity, will be determined by experiment.
- the total initial water content of the unfired mixture will depend on the process by which the article is to be formed, whether by extruding or pressing, for example.
- the green product is, of course, dried before firing, to minimize the quantity of free water.
- the blast furnace slag had a maximum particle size of 3 mm and the following approximate composition:
- the sodium silicate solution was that with a silica-soda weight ratio of the order of 2.25 and a density of the order of 1.56 with a solid content of approximately 46%.
- the proportion of fly-ash was determined by adding fly-ash to a sample of slag until maximum bulk density was achieved, so that the proportions employed represent the maximum packing of the two ingredients for the particle size range of the two components.
- the ingredients were mixed for three minutes in a planetary mixer and tiles were formed on pallets in a conventional concrete tile making machine. The tiles were then dried for two hours at approximately 90°C. Immediately after the tiles left the drier, a low temperature acid resistant ceramic glaze was applied by spray applicator.
- the glazed tiles were stripped from the pallets and fired over a period of three hours, the maximum temperature being approximately 820°C, and the tiles being gradually reduced from this temperature to a kiln exit temperature of approximately 130°C.
- Pieces of sample tile were tested for water absorption by being stood on end in approximately 1 cm of water for 24 hours, then totally immersed in water for a further 24 hours, and then boiled in water for 45 minutes.
- the following table shows the water absorption ( % ) measured after each of these treatments, respectively designated as A, B and C:
- the quality of glaze on the fired tile was excellent, with a strong bond and very little gas bubble formation.
- Sodium silicate solution 15 In order to examine the physical behaviour of the tile during a firing cycle, a bar of this material was taken through a cycle of heating to 1000°C in a dilatometer followed by cooling, and the same sample was subsequently subjected to a further heating and cooling cycle in the dilatometer.
- Fig. 1 illustrates the dilatometer curve produced in the first "firing" of the sample, while Fig. 2 shows the curve obtained in the second cycle.
- Figs. 1 and 2 the percent change in length is plotted against temperature in °C.
- the dilatometer was operated on a normal cycle with a rate of temperature change of 3°C per minute, the sample being in an air atmosphere.
- Fig. 1 The major effects revealed in Fig. 1 occur between 600°C and 850°C.
- the bar Prior to 620°C, the bar expands linearly with rising temperature. In the region of 620-630°C softening of the material commences, and the dilatometer records a sharp contraction through the temperature zone of 700- 800°C where the material is in a pyroplastic state, while beyond approximately 850°C linear expansion is resumed, although the expansion of the sample recorded in this region is assumed to be in fact bloating, as the slag particles soften sufficiently to release entrapped gases.
- the curve of Fig. 2 shows the material behaving quite linearly throughout the temperature range, with no contraction occurring in the region of 600-800°C.
- the linear behaviour of the sample in Fig. 2 indicates that the reaction occurring in the unfired sample in the 600- 800°C region is not repeated, and was completed in the course of the first dilatometer cycle.
- Fig. 3 shows the dilatometer curve of a tile sample previously fired over a 4-hour cycle to 860°C. In this curve the scale of the vertical axis is magnified for the purpose of clarity. The sample shows the characteristic form of Fig. 1, but the contraction which occurs in the pyroplastic zone is only of the order of 0.3%, compared with 2% in the unfired specimen of Fig. 1.
- the coefficient of thermal' expansion revealed by the dilatometer curves is of the order of 10 x 10 , and is comparable with those of terracotta tiles or common bricks.
- fly-ash and blast furnace slag are employed, it is believed that a reaction occurs at the surface of the fly-ash particles which essentially involves the dissolution of Al 2 0 3 to form a sodium aluminosilicate. At the interface with the slag particles, it is believed that a similar reaction takes place, accompanied by the formation of a lime soda alumina silica glass.
- tile composition employing a substitute for the fly-ash as the fine component material was prepared from a mixture of slag, manganese mud and sodium silicate solution in the following proportions:
- An attractive alternative to blast furnace slag for the purpose of the coarse component in products according to the present invention is fine-grained mafic rock such as basalt.
- Such a material contains no significant quantities of free silica, and therefore does not exhibit a quartz inversion. It has a low coefficient of thermal expansion and is capable of short firing times.
- Mafic rocks also contain no hydrated water, and the green product is therefore not subject to drying shrinkage, which cannot be tolerated in the production of tiles on pallets.
- Basalt furthermore contains suitable quantities of metal oxides to enable a surface reaction with the sodium silicate.
- Basalt-based tiles have been produced with strengths approximating those of the slag-based tiles (3000 Newtons) but with superior characteristics in greater acid insolubility, and in the shorter firing cycle which is possible due to the fact that the tiles can be raised to the maximum firing temperature and cooled from this temperature more quickly without the cracking which would occur when using blast furnace slag.
- Example V
- O PI raised to approximately 700°C, and the contraction of the material through the pyroplastic region is more gradual.
- the slag will no doubt contribute silica to the reaction with the caustic soda, and fly-ash may also act as a source of silica.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU9863/83 | 1983-06-17 | ||
| AUPF986383 | 1983-06-17 | ||
| AU1093/83 | 1983-08-29 | ||
| AUPG109383 | 1983-08-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0148869A1 true EP0148869A1 (de) | 1985-07-24 |
| EP0148869A4 EP0148869A4 (de) | 1985-11-07 |
Family
ID=25642669
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19840902431 Ceased EP0148869A4 (de) | 1983-06-17 | 1984-06-15 | Keramisches Material. |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0148869A4 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES8604044A1 (de) |
| IT (1) | IT1199142B (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1985000035A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0199941B2 (de) * | 1985-04-06 | 1995-05-03 | Ht Troplast Ag | Anorganische Formmasse mit Gehalten einer steinbildenden Komponente |
| EP0203899A1 (de) * | 1985-05-07 | 1986-12-03 | Lundström, Claes | Methode zur Herstellung einer wasserglashaltigen Formmasse |
| NL185916C (nl) * | 1988-02-11 | 1991-12-16 | Hendrikus Veldhoen | Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een gevormd, keramisch bouwmateriaal. |
| BE1005303A3 (nl) * | 1991-09-04 | 1993-06-22 | Isomo Nv | Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een isolerend element en aldus vervaardigd element. |
| WO2004085334A1 (en) * | 2003-03-26 | 2004-10-07 | Jajanya Datta Panda | A composition for the manufacture of silica insulating refractory brick |
| ITTV20070054A1 (it) * | 2007-03-28 | 2008-09-29 | Luca Toncelli | Procedimento per la fabbricazione di lastre in materiale ceramico |
| ES2385570B1 (es) * | 2010-12-31 | 2013-06-17 | María Lidón Bou Cortes | Método de fabricación de un producto cerámico a partir de cenizas volantes como materia prima. |
| RU2502701C1 (ru) * | 2012-04-17 | 2013-12-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Самарский государственный аэрокосмический университет имени академика С.П. Королева (национальный исследовательский университет)" (СГАУ) | Керамическая масса для изготовления керамического кирпича |
| RU2494992C1 (ru) * | 2012-04-20 | 2013-10-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения" | Керамическая масса для изготовления керамического кирпича |
| CN107922270A (zh) * | 2015-05-31 | 2018-04-17 | 贝西姆私人有限公司 | 绝热材料 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE703321A (de) * | 1966-09-01 | 1968-02-29 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3137657A (en) * | 1962-04-11 | 1964-06-16 | John F Quirk | Ceramic product comprising sintered beryllia and bentonite and method |
| JPS5118967B1 (de) * | 1970-10-27 | 1976-06-14 | ||
| GB1392227A (en) * | 1971-06-29 | 1975-04-30 | Carborundum Co | Refractory bodies and method of making same |
| GB1402757A (en) * | 1972-04-21 | 1975-08-13 | Kroyer K K K | Constructional material |
| GB1434737A (en) * | 1972-08-08 | 1976-05-05 | Magnesium Elektron Ltd | Bonding of inorganic particles |
| GB1496683A (en) * | 1974-05-03 | 1977-12-30 | Ici Ltd | Manufacture of calcium sulphate alphahemihydrate |
| AT349965B (de) * | 1975-10-03 | 1979-05-10 | Veitscher Magnesitwerke Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von gebrannten feuerfesten steinen |
-
1984
- 1984-06-15 EP EP19840902431 patent/EP0148869A4/de not_active Ceased
- 1984-06-15 WO PCT/AU1984/000105 patent/WO1985000035A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1984-06-15 ES ES84533902A patent/ES8604044A1/es not_active Expired
- 1984-06-18 IT IT4841384A patent/IT1199142B/it active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE703321A (de) * | 1966-09-01 | 1968-02-29 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of WO8500035A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1985000035A1 (en) | 1985-01-03 |
| IT8448413A0 (it) | 1984-06-18 |
| EP0148869A4 (de) | 1985-11-07 |
| ES8604044A1 (es) | 1986-01-16 |
| ES533902A0 (es) | 1986-01-16 |
| IT1199142B (it) | 1988-12-30 |
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