EP0143956B1 - Pressure exchanger - Google Patents

Pressure exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0143956B1
EP0143956B1 EP84112407A EP84112407A EP0143956B1 EP 0143956 B1 EP0143956 B1 EP 0143956B1 EP 84112407 A EP84112407 A EP 84112407A EP 84112407 A EP84112407 A EP 84112407A EP 0143956 B1 EP0143956 B1 EP 0143956B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pressure wave
gas
cells
catalyst
rotor
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Expired
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EP84112407A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0143956A1 (en
Inventor
Ibrahim Dr. El Nashar
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BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
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BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
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Publication of EP0143956A1 publication Critical patent/EP0143956A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04F—PUMPING OF FLUID BY DIRECT CONTACT OF ANOTHER FLUID OR BY USING INERTIA OF FLUID TO BE PUMPED; SIPHONS
    • F04F13/00—Pressure exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B33/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps for charging or scavenging
    • F02B33/32—Engines with pumps other than of reciprocating-piston type
    • F02B33/42—Engines with pumps other than of reciprocating-piston type with driven apparatus for immediate conversion of combustion gas pressure into pressure of fresh charge, e.g. with cell-type pressure exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
    • F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2254/00—Heat inputs
    • F02G2254/10—Heat inputs by burners
    • F02G2254/11—Catalytic burners

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a gas dynamic pressure wave machine according to the preamble of the claim.
  • catalysts are used in both gasoline and diesel engines in the exhaust system.
  • gasoline engines these consist of ceramic filters coated with catalyst materials, for example platinum powder. This reduces the emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gases, such as carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
  • pollutants such as carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
  • the most common exhaust gas catalysts are so-called three-way catalysts, ie NO is reduced to N 2 , CO is oxidized to C0 2 , the oxygen from NO being converted into this compound, and the hydrocarbons are oxidized.
  • These catalysts work with lambda values, ie with excess air values of 1 ⁇ 0.02. A lambda probe is required to adjust the mixture accordingly.
  • Similar catalysts are used for diesel engines, with ceramic or metallic support materials also being used.
  • the task of the diesel engine is pure oxidation, because a reduction is not possible due to the excess air.
  • a catalytic converter therefore has the task of burning carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and soot.
  • soot particle filters are used in diesel engines to reduce the soot impact, and these can also be catalytically coated in order to lower the ignition temperature of the accumulated soot and thus burn the soot particles. Filter regeneration can then be achieved.
  • the exhaust gas emission is also influenced favorably.
  • the three-way catalytic converter When charging a gasoline engine with a gas-dynamic pressure wave charger, the three-way catalytic converter must be arranged on the high-pressure side, since the excess air in the low-pressure exhaust can reach very high values as a result of flushing the cellular wheel of the pressure wave charger, and thus the condition for the lambda value 1 ⁇ 0. 02 is not to be fulfilled. Furthermore, when the catalyst is arranged in the low-pressure exhaust, its back pressure rises sharply, so that adequate flushing of the cells of the cellular wheel would not be ensured.
  • CH-A-478 339 It is known from CH-A-478 339 to provide the cellular wheel with a coating in a gas-dynamic pressure wave machine for charging internal combustion engines.
  • This is a coating made of a poorly heat-conducting material, for example glass or ceramic, in particular enamel.
  • the purpose of this coating is to delay the heat absorption of the rotor in order to reduce the thermal expansion of the rotor, which generally heats up faster and more strongly than the housing. This is to minimize leakage losses at the front of the rotor.
  • the described nitrogen reduction due to the blade coating is not transferable to pressure wave machines, since there due to the alternating loading of the cells Air and exhaust gas the oxygen content of the cell content is much too high.
  • the supercharging unit can also perform the function of a catalyst for exhaust gas detoxification in supercharged internal combustion engines. It can take over the oxidation effect alone or in addition to a conventional catalyst.
  • the three-way catalytic effect in the cell rotor is not possible, the reduction from NO to N 2 is not possible due to the excess air.
  • the catalytic effect of the rotor satisfies the oxidation requirements of the diesel engine; in the gasoline engine, it only meets the pure oxidation requirements.
  • 1 denotes the hub of the cell wheel of a pressure wave machine, which is formed from individual cells 2 that conduct the air and gas flow and which are encased on the outside by a jacket 3.
  • the surfaces of the individual cells 2 surrounded by exhaust gas and air are coated with a catalyst material 4 known per se, for example platinum or rhodium.
  • a surface-enlarging ceramic underlayer is applied to the metal rotor in a conventional manner, to which the actual catalytic material is then applied.
  • the surface area can also be increased by increasing the number of cells and / or the number of floods of the rotor.
  • the cellular wheel 1 In an embodiment of the cellular wheel 1 according to FIG. 2, it consists of a ceramic material.
  • the Kataiysatormateriais 4 can be sprayed onto the ceramic cells 2 either before firing the cellular wheel 1 or only after the firing process in an additional operation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Supercharger (AREA)

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine gasdynamische Druckwellenmaschine gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches.The present invention relates to a gas dynamic pressure wave machine according to the preamble of the claim.

Zur Abgasentgiftung werden sowohl bei Otto-, als auch bei Dieselmotoren im Abgassystem Katalysatoren verwendet. Diese bestehen bei Ottomotoren aus mit Katalysatormaterialien, beispielsweise Platinpulver, beschichteten Keramikfiltern. Dadurch werden die Emissionen von Schadstoffen in den Abgasen, wie Kohlenmonoxyd, unverbrannte Kohlenwasserstoffe und Stickoxyde verringert. Die gebräuchlichsten Abgaskatalysatoren sind sogenannte Dreiwegkatalysatoren, d. h. NO wird zu N2 reduziert, CO wird zu C02 oxydiert, wobei der Sauerstoff aus NO in diese Verbindung überführt wird, und es werden die Kohlenwasserstoffe oxydiert. Diese Katalysatoren arbeiten bei Lambdawerten, d. h. bei Luftüberschusswerten von 1 ± 0.02. Zur entsprechenden Gemischeinstellung auf diesen Wert ist eine Lambda-Sonde erforderlich.For exhaust gas detoxification, catalysts are used in both gasoline and diesel engines in the exhaust system. In gasoline engines, these consist of ceramic filters coated with catalyst materials, for example platinum powder. This reduces the emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gases, such as carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The most common exhaust gas catalysts are so-called three-way catalysts, ie NO is reduced to N 2 , CO is oxidized to C0 2 , the oxygen from NO being converted into this compound, and the hydrocarbons are oxidized. These catalysts work with lambda values, ie with excess air values of 1 ± 0.02. A lambda probe is required to adjust the mixture accordingly.

Für Dieselmotoren werden ähnliche Katalysatoren verwendet, wobei ebenfalls keramische oder metallische Trägermaterialien angewendet werden. Jedoch ist beim Dieselmotor die Aufgabenstellung eine reine Oxydation, weil wegen des Luftüberschusses eine Reduktion nicht möglich ist. Beim Dieselmotor hat ein Katalysator also die Aufgabe, Kohlenmonoxyd, Kohlenwasserstoffe und Russ zu verbrennen. Daneben werden bei Dieselmotoren zwecks Reduzierung des Russ stosses Russpartikelfilter verwendet, wobei diese ebenfalls katalytisch beschichtet sein können, um die Zündtemperatur des angesammelten Russes herabzusetzen und damit die Russpartikel zu verbrennen. Damit kann dann eine Filterregenerierung erzielt werden. Gleichzeitig wird auch die Abgasemission damit günstig beeinflusst.Similar catalysts are used for diesel engines, with ceramic or metallic support materials also being used. However, the task of the diesel engine is pure oxidation, because a reduction is not possible due to the excess air. In the diesel engine, a catalytic converter therefore has the task of burning carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and soot. In addition, soot particle filters are used in diesel engines to reduce the soot impact, and these can also be catalytically coated in order to lower the ignition temperature of the accumulated soot and thus burn the soot particles. Filter regeneration can then be achieved. At the same time, the exhaust gas emission is also influenced favorably.

Bei der Aufladung eines Ottomotors durch einen gasdynamischen Druckwellenlader muss der Dreiweg-Katalysator auf der Hochdruckseite angeordnet sein, da infolge der Spülung des Zellenrades des Druckwellenladers der Luftüberschuss im Niederdruck-Auspuff sehr hohe Werte erreichen kann und somit die Bedingung für den Lambdawert 1 ± 0,02 nicht zu erfüllen ist. Weiterhin steigt bei der Anordnung des Katalysators im Niederdruck-Auspuff dessen Gegendruck stark an, so dass damit eine ausreichende Spülung der Zellen des Zellenrades nicht sichergestellt wäre.When charging a gasoline engine with a gas-dynamic pressure wave charger, the three-way catalytic converter must be arranged on the high-pressure side, since the excess air in the low-pressure exhaust can reach very high values as a result of flushing the cellular wheel of the pressure wave charger, and thus the condition for the lambda value 1 ± 0. 02 is not to be fulfilled. Furthermore, when the catalyst is arranged in the low-pressure exhaust, its back pressure rises sharply, so that adequate flushing of the cells of the cellular wheel would not be ensured.

Es ist Aufgabe der im Patentanspruch gekennzeichneten Erfindung, ein Zellenrad für einen Druckwellenlader zu schaffen, welcher auch bei erhöhten Kriterien betreffend Senkung der Abgasemissionen betrieben werden kann, indem er die Oxydationswirkung eines Katalysators ausübt.It is an object of the invention characterized in the claim to provide a cellular wheel for a pressure wave supercharger, which can also be operated with increased criteria for reducing exhaust gas emissions by exerting the oxidation effect of a catalytic converter.

Zwar ist es aus der CH-A-478 339 bekannt, bei einer gasdynamischen Druckwellenmaschine zur Aufladung von Verbrennungskraftmaschinen das Zellenrad mit einem Ueberzug zu versehen. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Beschichtung aus einem schlecht wärmeleitenden Material, beispielsweise Glas oder Keramik, insbesondere Email. Mit diesem Ueberzug wird eine verzögerte Wärmeaufnahme des Rotors bezweckt, um die Wärmedehnung des sich in der Regel schneller und stärker erwärmenden Rotors gegenüber dem Gehäuse zu reduzieren. Dadurch sollen die Leckageverluste an den Stirnseiten des Rotors auf ein Minimum beschränkt werden.It is known from CH-A-478 339 to provide the cellular wheel with a coating in a gas-dynamic pressure wave machine for charging internal combustion engines. This is a coating made of a poorly heat-conducting material, for example glass or ceramic, in particular enamel. The purpose of this coating is to delay the heat absorption of the rotor in order to reduce the thermal expansion of the rotor, which generally heats up faster and more strongly than the housing. This is to minimize leakage losses at the front of the rotor.

Bekannt ist ferner aus der US-A-4 122 673, die Turbinenschaufeln eines Abgasturboladers mit einem Katalyten zu beschichten. Hierzu wird auf das aus Edelstahl bestehende Turbinenrad eine Metallschicht, vorzugsweise Kupfer aufgalvanisiert, mit dem die Stickoxyde der Abgase reduziert werden sollen. Die brennbaren Anteile von Kohlenoxyd und Kohlenwasserstoffen werden hingegen durch Nachverbrennung entfernt, wozu stromaufwärts und stromabwärts der Turbine Monolithen als Katalysatoren vorgesehen sind. Abgesehen von der Tatsache, dass die verfügbare Oberfläche der Turbinenschaufeln und die vorherrschenden Turbulenzgrade bei der kurzen Verweilzeit in der Turbine für eine ausreichende Konversion unzureichend sind, ist die beschriebene Stickstoffreduktion aufgrund der Schaufelbeschichtung auf Druckwellenmaschinen nicht übertragbar, da dort infolge der abwechselnden Beaufschlagung der Zellen mit Luft und Abgas der Sauerstoffanteil des Zelleninhaltes viel zu hoch ist.It is also known from US-A-4 122 673 to coat the turbine blades of an exhaust gas turbocharger with a catalyzer. For this purpose, a metal layer, preferably copper, is electroplated onto the turbine wheel made of stainless steel, with which the nitrogen oxides of the exhaust gases are to be reduced. The combustible parts of carbon oxide and hydrocarbons, on the other hand, are removed by post-combustion, for which purpose monoliths are provided as catalysts upstream and downstream of the turbine. Apart from the fact that the available surface area of the turbine blades and the prevailing levels of turbulence are insufficient for a sufficient conversion due to the short dwell time in the turbine, the described nitrogen reduction due to the blade coating is not transferable to pressure wave machines, since there due to the alternating loading of the cells Air and exhaust gas the oxygen content of the cell content is much too high.

Durch das Beschichten der dem Gasstrom ausgesetzten Zellenoberflächen des Zellenrades mit einem Katalysatormaterial kann das Aufladeaggregat bei aufgeladenen Brennkraftmaschinen zusätzlich die Funktion eines Katalysators zur Abgasentgiftung erfüllen. Es kann die Oxydationswirkung alleine oder zusätzlich zu einem herkömmlichen Katalysator übernehmen.By coating the cell surfaces of the cellular wheel, which are exposed to the gas flow, with a catalyst material, the supercharging unit can also perform the function of a catalyst for exhaust gas detoxification in supercharged internal combustion engines. It can take over the oxidation effect alone or in addition to a conventional catalyst.

Die Dreiweg-Katalytwirkung im Zellenrotor ist nicht möglich, die Reduzierung von NO zu N2 ist wegen des Luftüberschusses nicht möglich. Die Katalytwirkung des Rotors genügt aber den Oxydationsforderungen des Dieselmotors ; beim Ottomotor genügt sie bloss den reinen Oxydationsforderungen.The three-way catalytic effect in the cell rotor is not possible, the reduction from NO to N 2 is not possible due to the excess air. The catalytic effect of the rotor satisfies the oxidation requirements of the diesel engine; in the gasoline engine, it only meets the pure oxidation requirements.

Gegenüber einem herkömmlichen statischen Katalysator hat dieser dynamische Zellenrotor-Katalysator die folgenden Vorteile :

  • - Die in der Druckwellenmaschine neben der Ladeluft geförderte Spülluft, welche auf die Gasseite des Zellenrades und von dort in den Auspuff überspült wird, weist einen hohen Sauerstoffgehalt auf, wodurch gegenüber dem herkömmlichen angebrachten Katalysator die Reaktion verstärkt wird.
  • - Weiterhin werden die Gasmassen im Zellenrad der Druckwellen einer starken Turbulenz und
  • - bedingt durch den Druckwellenprozess - einer langen Verweilzeit in den Zellen unterworfen, wodurch der Kontakt zwischen dem Katalysator und dem Gas verbessert und die Katalysator-Wirksamkeit erhöht wird. Dabei wird die strömungstechnische Funktion des Zellenrades nicht beeinträchtigt.
  • - In den Rotorzellen herrscht zudem ein starkes Fliehkraftfeld, so dass sich der Rotor der Druckwellenmaschine auch als Partikelfänger auszeichnet. Zusammen mit der katalytischen Beschichtung und der damit verbundenen Herabsetzung der Entzündungstemperatur für Russ kommt es bereits im Zellenrotor zum Abbrennen des angesammelten Russes.
This dynamic cell rotor catalyst has the following advantages over a conventional static catalyst:
  • - The purge air delivered in the pressure wave machine next to the charge air, which is flushed to the gas side of the cellular wheel and from there into the exhaust, has a high oxygen content, which increases the reaction compared to the conventional catalyst.
  • - Furthermore, the gas masses in the cell wheel of the pressure waves are subject to strong turbulence and
  • - Due to the pressure wave process - subjected to a long residence time in the cells, which improves the contact between the catalyst and the gas and increases the catalyst effectiveness. The strö The technical function of the cellular wheel is not impaired.
  • - There is also a strong centrifugal force field in the rotor cells, so that the rotor of the pressure wave machine also excels as a particle catcher. Together with the catalytic coating and the associated lowering of the ignition temperature for soot, the accumulated soot is burned off in the cell rotor.

In der Zeichnung sind Ausführungsbeispiele des Erfindungsgegenstandes vereinfacht dargestellt.Exemplary embodiments of the subject matter of the invention are shown in simplified form in the drawing.

Es zeigen :

  • Fig. 1 eine teilweise Frontansicht eines metallischen Zellenrades mit Katalysatormaterial-Beschichtung,
  • Fig. 2 eine perspektivische Teilansicht eines Keramikzellenrades mit Katalysatormaterial-Beschichtung.
Show it :
  • 1 is a partial front view of a metallic cellular wheel with a catalyst material coating,
  • Fig. 2 is a partial perspective view of a ceramic cell wheel with a catalyst material coating.

Was den Aufbau und die Funktionsweise einer Druckwellenmaschine betrifft, so wird auf die Druckschrift Nr. CH-T 123 143 D der Anmelderin verwiesen.With regard to the structure and mode of operation of a pressure wave machine, reference is made to the applicant's publication no. CH-T 123 143 D.

Gemäss Fig. 1 der Zeichnung ist mit 1 die Nabe des Zellenrades einer Druckwellenmaschine bezeichnet, das aus einzelnen, den Luft- und Gasstrom führenden Zellen 2 gebildet ist, die aussen von einem Mantel 3 umhüllt sind. Die von Abgas und Luft umstrichenen Oberflächen der einzelnen Zellen 2 sind mit einem an sich bekannten Katalysator-Material 4, beispielsweise Platin oder Rhodium beschichtet. In üblicher Weise wird auf dem Metallrotor eine Oberflächen-vergrössernde keramische Unterschicht aufgetragen, auf welche dann das eigentliche Katalyt-Material aufgebracht wird. Die Oberflächenvergrösserung kann zusätzlich durch Erhöhung der Zellenzahl und/oder der Flutenzahl des Rotors erfolgen.According to FIG. 1 of the drawing, 1 denotes the hub of the cell wheel of a pressure wave machine, which is formed from individual cells 2 that conduct the air and gas flow and which are encased on the outside by a jacket 3. The surfaces of the individual cells 2 surrounded by exhaust gas and air are coated with a catalyst material 4 known per se, for example platinum or rhodium. A surface-enlarging ceramic underlayer is applied to the metal rotor in a conventional manner, to which the actual catalytic material is then applied. The surface area can also be increased by increasing the number of cells and / or the number of floods of the rotor.

Bei einer Ausführung des Zellenrades 1 nach der Fig. 2 besteht dieses aus einem Keramikmaterial. Das Aufspritzen des Kataiysatormateriais 4 auf die Keramikzellen 2 kann entweder vor dem Brennen des Zellenrades 1 oder erst nach dem Brennvorgang in einem zusätzlichen Arbeitsgang erfolgen.In an embodiment of the cellular wheel 1 according to FIG. 2, it consists of a ceramic material. The Kataiysatormateriais 4 can be sprayed onto the ceramic cells 2 either before firing the cellular wheel 1 or only after the firing process in an additional operation.

Da die Eindringtiefe der Abgase in das Zellenrad 1 nur über einen Teil der axialen Länge derselben erfolgt, ist eine örtlich begrenzte Beschichtung der Zellen 2 bzw. Beimischung von Katalysator- Material 4 zum Material des Zellenrades 1 möglich. Bei einer derartigen Ausbildung können erhebliche Kostenreduktionen erzielt werden.Since the depth of penetration of the exhaust gases into the cellular wheel 1 occurs only over part of the axial length thereof, a locally limited coating of the cells 2 or admixing of catalyst material 4 with the material of the cellular wheel 1 is possible. With such training, considerable cost reductions can be achieved.

Claims (1)

  1. Gas dynamic pressure wave machine for supercharging internal combustion engines, consisting essentially of a stator casing with, located within it, a cell wheel formed of individual cells, the cells being surrounded by a casing (3) and alternatively subjected to air and exhaust gas, and the contact between the working media and the cell walls during the operation of the machine as a result of the centrifugal force and the strong turbulence caused by the pressure wave process, characterized in that at least the surfaces of the individual cells (2) of the cell wheel (1) subjected to the gas flow have a coating consisting of a catalyst material (4).
EP84112407A 1983-11-30 1984-10-15 Pressure exchanger Expired EP0143956B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH640283 1983-11-30
CH6402/83 1983-11-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0143956A1 EP0143956A1 (en) 1985-06-12
EP0143956B1 true EP0143956B1 (en) 1988-05-04

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EP84112407A Expired EP0143956B1 (en) 1983-11-30 1984-10-15 Pressure exchanger

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US (1) US4744213A (en)
EP (1) EP0143956B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS60135615A (en)
DE (1) DE3470904D1 (en)

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US4744213A (en) 1988-05-17
JPS60135615A (en) 1985-07-19
DE3470904D1 (en) 1988-06-09
EP0143956A1 (en) 1985-06-12

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