EP0129679A1 - Proximity fuze arrangement for missiles - Google Patents

Proximity fuze arrangement for missiles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0129679A1
EP0129679A1 EP84105153A EP84105153A EP0129679A1 EP 0129679 A1 EP0129679 A1 EP 0129679A1 EP 84105153 A EP84105153 A EP 84105153A EP 84105153 A EP84105153 A EP 84105153A EP 0129679 A1 EP0129679 A1 EP 0129679A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuse
distance
ignition device
housing
projectile
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP84105153A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0129679B1 (en
Inventor
Robert Apothéloz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rheinmetall Air Defence AG
Original Assignee
Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon Buhrle AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon Buhrle AG filed Critical Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon Buhrle AG
Publication of EP0129679A1 publication Critical patent/EP0129679A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0129679B1 publication Critical patent/EP0129679B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C15/00—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges
    • F42C15/28—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges operated by flow of fluent material, e.g. shot, fluids
    • F42C15/31—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges operated by flow of fluent material, e.g. shot, fluids generated by the combustion of a pyrotechnic or explosive charge within the fuze
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C1/00—Impact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated only by ammunition impact
    • F42C1/14—Impact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated only by ammunition impact operating at a predetermined distance from ground or target by means of a protruding member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C13/00—Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C9/00—Time fuzes; Combined time and percussion or pressure-actuated fuzes; Fuzes for timed self-destruction of ammunition
    • F42C9/14—Double fuzes; Multiple fuzes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a distance ignition device for a projectile, which contains a head fuse with essential igniter parts.
  • Projectile detonators with an electronic or optronic distance function, as well as other essential functions, in particular safety functions, are known in practice. They are built as integrated igniter units and are e.g. offered as a mine launcher, artillery missile or rocket missile fuse at a high purchase price, due to the expensive electronic part. Much cheaper detonators, e.g. mechanical igniters, but do not have a distance function. An economical alternative product for use with or without a spacing function is therefore missing, in particular for the field of application with blasting distances between 2 to 12 m.
  • the invention solves the problem of providing head igniters, which have essential igniter functions, with a spacing function in a simple and inexpensive manner.
  • a head igniter having impact and delay functions is inserted into a distance igniter by plugging in an adapter, e.g. can be converted in the field, which means that it can be used economically, in that the expensive electronics are only used when required, or saved when used without a distance function.
  • the adapter can be kept short and light, so that the ballistics of the projectile are practically unchanged.
  • an adapter 20 which is provided as a distance ignition device, is placed on and attached to the head igniter 11.
  • An adapter housing 21 contains, from top to bottom, a distance sensor 22 with associated electronic circuit board 23, an electrolyte battery with contact pin 24, electrode stack 25 and electrolyte housing 26 as an electrical current source for supplying the distance ignition device with the required electrical energy, an electrical primer, or here an electrical one Gas pressure capsule 27, and means for attaching the adapter housing 21 to the igniter 11.
  • the functions of handling, transport and a certain safety against falling for the adapter 20 as an individual part are ensured by the electrode housing 26 being held stationary only by being placed on the head igniter. But even in this position, a predetermined breaking point 36 must first penetrate through the action of force to activate the battery, which also ensures load security.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
  • Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

1. Proximity fuse arrangement for a projectile, which contains a mechanical nose fuse (11) with essential fuse parts (12, 13, 14) and with a proximity fuse (20) which is formed as attachable adaptor (20), with a housing (21) containing the functional parts of the proximity fuse (20) and with means (29, 30) for securing the housing on the nose fuse (11) of the projectile, characterised by the proximity fuse (20) being an electronic fuse and comprising : - a proximity sensor (22) with its electronic control circuit board (23), - a source of electrical power (25, 26), - an electrical fuse capsule (27) for actuating a firing pin (14) of the nose fuse (11).

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Abstandszündeinrichtung für ein Geschoss, das einen Kopfzünder mit wesentlichen Zünderteilen enthält.The invention relates to a distance ignition device for a projectile, which contains a head fuse with essential igniter parts.

Aus der Praxis sind Geschosszünder mit elektronischer oder optronischer Abstandsfunktion, sowie anderen wesentlichen Funktionen, insbesondere Sicherheitsfunktionen, bekannt. Sie sind als integrierte Zündereinheiten aufgebaut und werden z.B. als Minenwerfer-, Artillerlegeschoss- oder Raketengeschosszünder zu einem hohen Kaufpreis angeboten, bedingt durch den teuren elektronischen Teil. Wesentlich preisgünstigere Zünder, z.B. mechanische Kopfzünder, weisen jedoch keine Abstandsfunktion auf. Insbesondere für das Anwendungsgebiet mit Sprengabständen zwischen 2 bis 12m fehlt daher ein wirtschaftliches Alternativprodukt für den Einsatz mit oder ohne Abstandsfunktion.Projectile detonators with an electronic or optronic distance function, as well as other essential functions, in particular safety functions, are known in practice. They are built as integrated igniter units and are e.g. offered as a mine launcher, artillery missile or rocket missile fuse at a high purchase price, due to the expensive electronic part. Much cheaper detonators, e.g. mechanical igniters, but do not have a distance function. An economical alternative product for use with or without a spacing function is therefore missing, in particular for the field of application with blasting distances between 2 to 12 m.

Die Erfindung, wie sie in den Ansprüchen gekennzeichnet ist, löst die Aufgabe, auf einfache und preisgünstige Weise Kopfzünder, welche wesentliche Zünderfunktionen aufweisen, mit Abstandsfunktion zu versehen.The invention, as characterized in the claims, solves the problem of providing head igniters, which have essential igniter functions, with a spacing function in a simple and inexpensive manner.

Die durch die Erfindung erreichten Vorteile sind im wesentlichen darin zu sehen, dass ein Aufschlags- und Verzögerungsfunktionen aufweisender Kopfzünder in einen Abstandszünder durch Aufstecken eines Adapters z.B. im Felde umgewandelt werden kann, wodurch ein wirtschaftlicher Einsatz gegeben ist, indem die teure Elektronik nur bei Bedarf verwertet, bzw. beim Einsatz ohne Abstandsfunktion eingespart wird. Ferner kann der Adapter kurz und leicht gehalten werden, sodass die Ballistik des Geschosses praktisch nicht verändert wird.The advantages achieved by the invention are essentially to be seen in the fact that a head igniter having impact and delay functions is inserted into a distance igniter by plugging in an adapter, e.g. can be converted in the field, which means that it can be used economically, in that the expensive electronics are only used when required, or saved when used without a distance function. Furthermore, the adapter can be kept short and light, so that the ballistics of the projectile are practically unchanged.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand einer Zeichnung, welche ein Ausführungsbeispiel darstellt, erläutert:

  • In einem Geschosskörper 10 ist ein Kopfzünder 11 mit Momentan- (Aufschlag) und Verzögerungsfunktionen, umstellbar durch die Schaltvorrichtung 12, eingeschraubt.In der Spitze des Kopfzünders 11 Ist ein Betätigungsknopf 13 angeordnet, der zum Verschieben eines Zündstiftes 14 dient. Solche Kopfzünder sind bekannt und werden hier deshalb nicht näher erläutert.
The invention is explained below with reference to a drawing which represents an exemplary embodiment:
  • A detonator 11 with momentary (impact) and delay functions, which can be changed by the switching device 12, is screwed into a projectile body 10. An actuation button 13 is arranged in the tip of the detonator 11 and is used to move an ignition pin 14. Such igniters are known and are therefore not explained in detail here.

Erfindungsgemäss auf den Kopfzünder 11 aufgesetzt und daran befestigt ist ein Adapter 20, der als Abstandszündeinrichtung vorgesehen ist. Ein Adaptergehäuse 21 enthält von oben nach unten einen Abstandssensor 22 mit zugehöriger elektronischer Schaltungsplatte 23, eine Elektrolytbatterie mit Kontaktstift 24, Elektrodenstapel 25 und Elektrolytgehäuse 26 als elektrische Stromquelle zur Versorgung der Abstandszündeinrichtung mit der benötigten elektrischen Energie, eine elektrische Zündkapsel, bzw. hier eine elektrische Gasdruckkapsel 27, und Mittel zur Befestigung des Adaptergehäuses 21 auf dem Kopfzünder 11. Diese Mittel bestehen hier in der Verwendung von drei gleichmässig am Umfang des Kopfzünders 11 angeordneten Stiften 28, welche mit entsprechendenAusnehmungeπ 29 im Adaptergehäuse 21 einen Bajonettverschluss bilden, derart, dass eine ringförmige Tragfläche 30 des Adaptergehäuses 21 satt an der Ogive des Kopfzünders 11 anliegt. Ein Teil 31, der das Elektrolytgehäuse 26 und die Gasdruckkapsel 27 enthält, ist im Adaptergehäuse 21, durch eine nutförmige Ausnehmung 32, in welche ein im Adaptergehäuse 21 befestigter Stift 33 hineinragt, axial verschiebbar angeordnet. Eine weitere ringförmige Tragfläche 35 am Teil 31 unterstützt den festen Sitz zwischen Adapter 20 und Kopfzünder 11.According to the invention, an adapter 20, which is provided as a distance ignition device, is placed on and attached to the head igniter 11. An adapter housing 21 contains, from top to bottom, a distance sensor 22 with associated electronic circuit board 23, an electrolyte battery with contact pin 24, electrode stack 25 and electrolyte housing 26 as an electrical current source for supplying the distance ignition device with the required electrical energy, an electrical primer, or here an electrical one Gas pressure capsule 27, and means for attaching the adapter housing 21 to the igniter 11. These means consist here in the use of three pins 28 arranged uniformly on the circumference of the igniter 11, which form a bayonet catch with corresponding recesses 29 in the adapter housing 21 in such a way that an annular Wing 30 of the adapter housing 21 abuts the ogive of the igniter 11. A part 31, which contains the electrolyte housing 26 and the gas pressure capsule 27, is axially displaceably arranged in the adapter housing 21 through a groove-shaped recess 32 into which a pin 33 fastened in the adapter housing 21 projects. Another annular wing 35 on part 31 supports the tight fit between adapter 20 and igniter 11.

Die Wirkungsweise der beschriebenen Abstandszündeinrichtung ist folgende:

  • Ist ein Bedarf für einen Abstandszünder z.B. im Feld gegeben, so wird ein Adapter 20 auf einen in einem Geschoss 10 befestigten Kopfzünder 11 mittels Bajonettverschluss aufgesetzt. Durch den Abschussschock, beim Abschuss des Geschosses, durchbricht der Elektrodenstapel 25 eine am Deckel des Elektrolytgehäuses 26 angebrachte Sollbruchstelle 36 und bildet nun, zusammen mit dem ortsfesten Elektrolytgehäuse 26, eine aktivierbare Elektrolytbatterie. Ein Dichtring 34 sorgt dafür, dass die Elektrolytflüssigkeit nicht in den nun leeren Raum abfliessen kann. Nach einer bestimmten Aktivierzeit steht an den Batteriepolen eine Spannung für die Abstands- und Zündelektronik bereit. Die elektrische Verbindung kann beispielsweise über den Kontaktstift und einen daran isoliert angebrachten Kontaktring mit entsprechenden Kontaktstellen der Schaltungsplatte erfolgen. Ein Abstandssensor bekannter Art, z.B. gemäss DE 2608066 C2, DE 2456162 C2 oder DE 2949521 C2 misst nun laufend die Entfernung zu einem Ziel und zündet innerhalb eines vorgegebenen Abstandes vom Ziel das Zündmittel, in diesem Fall die elektrische Gasdruckkapsel 27 über elektrische Kontaktbahnen 41 und 42 sowie Kontakstellen 43 und 44. Die Gasdruckkapsel 27 ihrerseits drückt simultan den Betätigungsknopf 13 des Kopfzünders und löst dadurch über den Zündstift 14 die Geschosszündung aus.
The operation of the distance ignition device described is as follows:
  • If there is a need for a detonator, for example in the field, an adapter 20 is placed on a detonator 11 fastened in a storey 10 by means of a bayonet catch. Due to the firing shock, when the projectile is fired, the electrode stack 25 breaks through a predetermined breaking point 36 attached to the cover of the electrolyte housing 26 and now forms, together with the stationary electrolyte housing 26, an activatable electrolyte battery. A sealing ring 34 ensures that the electrolyte liquid cannot flow into the now empty space. After a certain activation time, a voltage is available at the battery poles for the distance and ignition electronics. The electrical connection can be made, for example, via the contact pin and an insulated attached contact ring with corresponding contact points on the circuit board. A distance sensor of a known type, for example in accordance with DE 2608066 C2, DE 2456162 C2 or DE 2949521 C2, now continuously measures the distance to a target and ignites the ignition means within a predetermined distance from the target, in this case the electrical gas pressure capsule 27 via electrical contact tracks 41 and 42 and contact points 43 and 44. The gas pressure capsule 27 in turn presses the actuating button 13 of the head igniter and thereby triggers the projectile ignition via the ignition pin 14.

Durch die Verschiebbarkeit des Teiles 31 im Adaptergehäuse 21 werden die Funktionen Handhabungs-, Transport- und eine bestimmte Fallsicherheit für den Adapter 20 als Einzelteil gewährleistet, indem erst durch das Aufsetzen auf den Kopfzünder das Elektrodengehäuse 26 ortsfest gehalten wird. Aber auch in dieser Stellung muss durch Krafteinwirkung zuerst eine Sollbruchstelle 36 durchschlagen werden, um die Batterie zu aktivieren, womit auch Ladungssicherheit gegeben ist.Due to the displaceability of the part 31 in the adapter housing 21, the functions of handling, transport and a certain safety against falling for the adapter 20 as an individual part are ensured by the electrode housing 26 being held stationary only by being placed on the head igniter. But even in this position, a predetermined breaking point 36 must first penetrate through the action of force to activate the battery, which also ensures load security.

BezugsziffernlisteReference number list

  • 10 Geschosskörper10 bullet bodies
  • 11 Kopfzünder11 igniter
  • 12 Schaltvorrichtung12 switching device
  • 13 Betätigungsknopf13 operating button
  • 14 Zündstift14 firing pin
  • 20 Adapter20 adapters
  • 21 Adaptergehäuse21 adapter housing
  • 22 Abstandssensor22 distance sensor
  • 23 Schaltungsplatte23 circuit board
  • 24 Kontaktstift24 contact pin
  • 25 Elektrodenstapel25 electrode stacks
  • 26 Elektrolytgehäuse26 electrolyte housing
  • 27 Gasdruckkapsel27 gas pressure capsule
  • 28 Stifte28 pens
  • 29 Ausnehmungen29 recesses
  • 30 Tragfläche30 wing
  • 31 Teil31 part
  • 32 Ausnehmung32 recess
  • 33 Stift33 pin
  • 34 Dichtungsring34 sealing ring
  • 35 Tragfläche35 wing
  • 36 Sollbruchstelle36 predetermined breaking point
  • 41 Kontaktbahnen41 contact tracks
  • 42 Kontaktbahnen42 contact tracks
  • 43 Kontakstellen43 contacts
  • 44 Kontaktstellen.44 contact points.

Claims (4)

1. Abstandszündeinrichtung für ein Geschoss, das einen Kopfzünder (11) mit wesentlichen Zünderteilen enthält, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Abstandszündeinrichtung als aufsetzbarer Adapter (20) zum Kopfzünder vorgesehen ist und folgende Teile aufweist: - einen Abstandssensor (22) mit zugehöriger Auswerte-und Zündkreisschaltung (23), - eine elektrische Stromquelle (25,26) - eine elektrische Zündkapsel (27) zur Betätigung eines Zündstiftes (14) des Kopfzünders (11) und - ein Adaptergehäuse (21), ausgebildet als Träger der Funktionsteile des Abstandszündeinrichtung und mit Mitteln (29,30) zum Aufsetzen auf den Kopfzünder (11) des Geschosses. 1. Distance ignition device for a projectile which contains a head detonator (11) with essential detonator parts, characterized in that the distance ignition device is provided as an attachable adapter (20) to the head detonator and has the following parts: - a distance sensor (22) with associated evaluation and ignition circuit (23), - an electrical power source (25, 26) - An electrical primer (27) for actuating a firing pin (14) of the head igniter (11) and - An adapter housing (21), designed as a carrier of the functional parts of the distance ignition device and with means (29,30) for placing on the head igniter (11) of the projectile. 2. Abstandszündeinrichtung gemäss Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als elektrische Zündkapsel eine elektrische Gasdruckkapsel vorgesehen ist.2. Distance ignition device according to claim 1, characterized in that an electrical gas pressure capsule is provided as the electrical primer. 3. Abstandszündeinrichtung gemäss Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als elektrische Stromquelle eine beim Abschuss des Geschosses aktivierbare Elektrolytbatterie , enthaltend Elektrolytgehäuse (26) und Elektrodenstapel (25), vorgesehen ist.3. Distance ignition device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that an electrolyte battery which can be activated when the projectile is fired and contains the electrolyte housing (26) and electrode stack (25) is provided as the electrical current source. 4. Abstandszündeinrichtung gemäss Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein das Elektrolytgehäuse (26) und die Zündkapsel (27) enthaltender Teil (31) axial verschiebbar im Adaptergehäuse (21) angeordnet ist.4. Distance ignition device according to claim 3, characterized in that a part (31) containing the electrolyte housing (26) and the primer (27) is arranged axially displaceably in the adapter housing (21).
EP84105153A 1983-06-24 1984-05-07 Proximity fuze arrangement for missiles Expired EP0129679B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH3448/83 1983-06-24
CH344883 1983-06-24

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0129679A1 true EP0129679A1 (en) 1985-01-02
EP0129679B1 EP0129679B1 (en) 1987-04-22

Family

ID=4256165

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84105153A Expired EP0129679B1 (en) 1983-06-24 1984-05-07 Proximity fuze arrangement for missiles

Country Status (4)

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EP (1) EP0129679B1 (en)
CA (1) CA1262321A (en)
DE (2) DE3463295D1 (en)
NO (1) NO158196C (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4831932A (en) * 1987-08-17 1989-05-23 Honeywell Inc. Detonator
DE102021123375A1 (en) 2021-09-09 2023-03-09 Rwm Schweiz Ag Ignition device for ammunition, in particular medium-caliber ammunition, and associated method for detonating or self-destructing ammunition, in particular medium-caliber ammunition
WO2023180278A1 (en) 2022-03-23 2023-09-28 Rheinmetall Air Defence Ag Safety device for an igniter, use of the safety device and method of activating an igniter with this safety device

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105352376B (en) * 2015-09-24 2017-07-28 北京航天长征飞行器研究所 A kind of small-sized anti high overload butt switch

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB218586A (en) * 1923-08-16 1924-07-10 Leon Emile Remondy Improvements in or relating to fuses for projectiles
US3124073A (en) * 1964-03-10 Proximity fuse
DE1935392A1 (en) * 1969-07-11 1971-01-14 Schaberger & Co Gmbh Josef Ground clearance fuse, especially for wing-stabilized projectiles
GB2011042A (en) * 1977-12-21 1979-07-04 Kongsberg Vapenfab As Combination fuze for missiles
DE2829001A1 (en) * 1978-07-01 1980-09-11 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Missile multiple warhead construction - has distance sensors firing main warhead via time delay after auxiliary warheads

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3877378A (en) * 1954-09-28 1975-04-15 Us Army Safety and arming mechanism

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3124073A (en) * 1964-03-10 Proximity fuse
GB218586A (en) * 1923-08-16 1924-07-10 Leon Emile Remondy Improvements in or relating to fuses for projectiles
DE1935392A1 (en) * 1969-07-11 1971-01-14 Schaberger & Co Gmbh Josef Ground clearance fuse, especially for wing-stabilized projectiles
GB2011042A (en) * 1977-12-21 1979-07-04 Kongsberg Vapenfab As Combination fuze for missiles
DE2829001A1 (en) * 1978-07-01 1980-09-11 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Missile multiple warhead construction - has distance sensors firing main warhead via time delay after auxiliary warheads

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4831932A (en) * 1987-08-17 1989-05-23 Honeywell Inc. Detonator
DE102021123375A1 (en) 2021-09-09 2023-03-09 Rwm Schweiz Ag Ignition device for ammunition, in particular medium-caliber ammunition, and associated method for detonating or self-destructing ammunition, in particular medium-caliber ammunition
WO2023036879A1 (en) 2021-09-09 2023-03-16 Rwm Schweiz Ag Ignition device for ammunition, in particular medium-caliber ammunition, and associated method for ignition or for self-destruction of ammunition, in particular medium-caliber ammunition
WO2023180278A1 (en) 2022-03-23 2023-09-28 Rheinmetall Air Defence Ag Safety device for an igniter, use of the safety device and method of activating an igniter with this safety device
DE102022106883A1 (en) 2022-03-23 2023-09-28 Rheinmetall Air Defence Ag Fuse unit for a detonator, use of the fuse unit and method for activating a detonator with this fuse unit

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE8414161U1 (en) 1984-08-30
NO842278L (en) 1984-12-27
DE3463295D1 (en) 1987-05-27
CA1262321A (en) 1989-10-17
NO158196B (en) 1988-04-18
NO158196C (en) 1988-07-27
EP0129679B1 (en) 1987-04-22

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