EP0127692B1 - Elément d'actionnement électromagnétique - Google Patents

Elément d'actionnement électromagnétique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0127692B1
EP0127692B1 EP83105444A EP83105444A EP0127692B1 EP 0127692 B1 EP0127692 B1 EP 0127692B1 EP 83105444 A EP83105444 A EP 83105444A EP 83105444 A EP83105444 A EP 83105444A EP 0127692 B1 EP0127692 B1 EP 0127692B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stator
ram
yoke
legs
yoke legs
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83105444A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0127692A1 (fr
Inventor
Armin Dipl.-Phys. Bohg
Kurt Hartmann
Horst Dipl.-Ing. Matthaei
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IBM Deutschland GmbH
International Business Machines Corp
Original Assignee
IBM Deutschland GmbH
International Business Machines Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by IBM Deutschland GmbH, International Business Machines Corp filed Critical IBM Deutschland GmbH
Priority to EP83105444A priority Critical patent/EP0127692B1/fr
Priority to DE8383105444T priority patent/DE3376912D1/de
Priority to JP59075913A priority patent/JPS6037107A/ja
Priority to CA000454198A priority patent/CA1200831A/fr
Priority to US06/615,498 priority patent/US4527139A/en
Publication of EP0127692A1 publication Critical patent/EP0127692A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0127692B1 publication Critical patent/EP0127692B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J9/00—Hammer-impression mechanisms
    • B41J9/02—Hammers; Arrangements thereof
    • B41J9/133—Construction of hammer body or tip
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F7/00—Magnets
    • H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
    • H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F7/00—Magnets
    • H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
    • H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
    • H01F7/121—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position
    • H01F7/122—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position by permanent magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F7/00—Magnets
    • H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
    • H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
    • H01F7/16—Rectilinearly-movable armatures
    • H01F7/1638—Armatures not entering the winding
    • H01F7/1646—Armatures or stationary parts of magnetic circuit having permanent magnet

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electromagnetic tappet drive, as specified in the first part of claim 1.
  • Such a tappet drive has been described in DE-A 3114834 (EP-A 0 063 233).
  • the embodiment of the electromagnetic tappet drive described in DE-A 3114834 is characterized by stator halves having an E-shaped cross section, the turns of the coils exciting the stator halves running essentially between the E legs.
  • the coils are designed as flat coils, which are each attached to the middle E-leg of one stator half.
  • pole ends of the yoke legs and the matching tie bars on the broad side of the plunger transverse to its drive direction between the pole ends had to have a certain dimension (e.g. 10 mm) so that the energy required for printing could be provided for impact printers.
  • FIG. 3 shows a perspective, simplified illustration of the principle of the pressure ram drive according to DE-A 2 926 276.
  • the symmetrical electromagnet (consisting of the stator halves 24 and 27 with the coils 23 and 26) forms 2 working gaps between opposite pole ends of the stator halves.
  • a plunger 29 with armature webs 21 and 30 runs through the working gap.
  • Each armature web is assigned to a working gap and is drawn into the electromagnet when the electromagnet is excited and thereby accelerated in the direction of arrow D.
  • the plunger 5 contains three anchor webs 60, 61, 62, which are assigned to the working gaps formed by opposite E-shaped stator halves 41, 51.
  • the middle pole legs of the stator halves are each surrounded by a coil 55, 45.
  • FIG. 1 shows a sectional illustration through the web structure along the section line A-A in FIG. 4.
  • the anchor bars 60, 61 and 62 are through thin bridges 63, 64 of the same material as the anchor bars are connected, which does not significantly affect the operation of the arrangement.
  • FIG. 1 shows a tongue-shaped tappet with a different embodiment of the anchor webs than in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the anchor webs 73, 74 and 75 are connected by narrower frame parts 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , which does not significantly affect the operation of the arrangement.
  • the invention represents a significant improvement of the electromagnetic tappet drive described in DE-A 3114834.
  • a tappet drive When using such a tappet drive in a pressure core, it is particularly important to achieve a high pressure output using the pressure tappet 28 (FIG. 3) or 5 (FIG. 4) to make it as easy as possible.
  • the weight of this plunger is essentially determined by the weight of the anchor webs 21, 30 (FIG. 3) or 60, 61, 62 (FIG. 4) and the base body in which these anchor webs are embedded.
  • a reduction in the overall height of this tappet would lead to a lower mass of the entire pressure tappet, which would meet the demand for an increase in the pressure output.
  • reducing the overall height also means shortening the anchor bars. This would reduce the magnetic force effect on the anchor bars, which in turn would result in a reduction in the pressure output.
  • stator halves In the latter case, it would also be possible to provide two pairs of adjacent U-shaped parts of stator halves according to FIG. 1.
  • the parts of the stator halves are labeled 100, 101 and 102, 103.
  • the yoke legs of the partial half 100 are marked with 100-1 and 100-2; The same applies to the yoke legs 101-1 and 101-2 of the partial half 101, for the yoke legs 102-1 and 102-2 of the partial half 102 and for the yoke legs 103-1 and 103-2 of the partial half 103.
  • the partial halves 100 and 102 are adjacent to each other, as are the partial halves 101 and 103.
  • a common excitation coil 104 and 105 is assigned to both adjacent partial halves 100 and 102 or 101 and 103.
  • This excitation coil 104 designed as a flat coil, is plugged onto the two adjacent partial halves 100 and 102 in such a way that the yoke legs 100-2 and 102-1 run through its interior.
  • the turns of the excitation coil 104 run between the two yoke legs 100-1 and 100-2 of the partial half 100 and the yoke legs 102-1 and 102-2 of the partial half 102.
  • stator half can be produced as a single sintered part with the 4 legs 100-1, ..., 100-4.
  • the magnetic working gaps lie between the pole ends of opposing yoke legs.
  • FIG. 1 In the arrangement shown in Fig. 1, four magnetic working gaps are formed, which between the pole ends of the yoke legs 100-1, 101-1; 100-2, 101-2; 102-1, 103-1 and 102-2 and 103-2.
  • An anchor bar is assigned to each of these magnetic working gaps in the pressure ram 110.
  • the anchor bars are designated 106, 107, 108 and 109.
  • the opposing stator halves 202 and 203 are each comb-shaped with a plurality of yoke legs.
  • Each stator half consists of a common base 202-0 with, for example, eight yoke legs 202-1 to 202-8. The same applies to the yoke legs 203-1 to 203-8.
  • An excitation coil 218, 219 designed as a flat coil is attached to each stator half. The turns of the excitation coil 218 run between the yoke legs 202-2 / 202-3, and 202-6 / 202-7 for the stator half 202.
  • the yoke legs 202-3 to 202-6 protrude through the interior of the coil.
  • the magnetic working gaps are formed between the pole ends of the opposing yoke legs of both stator halves.
  • One of the magnetic anchor webs 210 to 218 of the plunger 220 is in turn assigned to each working gap.
  • FIG. 2 also allows a significant reduction in the overall height of the pressure tappet compared to the arrangement according to FIG. 4, since the total force effect on the pressure tappet is increased by increasing the number of magnetic working gaps while the number of ampere turns of the coil remains the same.
  • the outer legs 54 and 52 (FIG. 4) of the E-shaped yoke half 50 each have two legs 202-1, 202-2 and 202 -7 and 202-8 of the yoke half 202 (FIG. 2) can be divided, while the middle leg 53 of the E-shaped yoke half 50 (FIG. 4) into a total of four adjacent legs 202-3 to 202-6 (FIG. 2) is split.
  • a coil height reduced to% also means reduced heat losses (proportional ohmic resistance x current 2 ). Furthermore, as already mentioned, it is possible to produce the stator halves from two simple sheets onto which the coil former is to be attached accordingly. This enables very simple and inexpensive production.
  • the comb-like embodiment of the stator halves according to FIG. 2 allows the overall height of the pressure tappet (and the associated electromagnet unit) to be reduced to approximately half in comparison to the embodiment according to FIG. 4 (with E-shaped stator halves).
  • FIG. 8 The course of the magnetic flux lines in such an arrangement is shown in FIG. 8.
  • the course of the magnetic flux lines in the sectional area BB of FIG. 7 is shown, only the parts that are important for the magnetic flux, such as the yoke legs and the anchor webs, being shown.
  • the contour line of the entire plunger 700 has been omitted from the figure for reasons of simplification.
  • the middle leg Y12 or Y22 of a stator half is twice as strong as the outer legs Y11, Y13 or Y21, Y23.
  • the mean magnetic working gap G2 is also twice as wide as the working gaps G1 and G3 formed between the outer legs.
  • the anchor bars on the other hand, each have the same dimensions.
  • the middle yoke legs are therefore made stronger than the outer yoke legs in order to avoid that the middle yoke leg is driven into magnetic saturation faster than the outer yoke legs.
  • the force of the tappet is essentially determined by the acceleration force which is exerted when the anchor web is pulled into the working gap assigned to it. This acceleration force with respect to the central anchor web A2 is almost as great as it would be if the anchor web A2 were dop peltes volume to almost fill the magnetic working gap G2.
  • FIG. 10 shows a simplified schematic illustration of a pair of four-leg stator halves with a tappet comprising four anchor bars.
  • the plunger is identified by 900, the direction of action of the plunger is again identified by an arrow D, the individual anchor bars are designated A1, A2, A3 and A4.
  • the upper half of the stator has the yoke legs Y101, Y102, Y103 and Y104, the lower half has the yoke legs Y201, Y202, Y203 and Y204.
  • the working gap G10 is formed between the pole ends of the yoke legs Y101 and Y201; the working gap G11 between the pole ends of the yoke legs Y102 and Y202; the working gap G12 between the pole ends of the yoke legs Y103 and Y203; the working gap G14 between the yoke legs Y104 and Y204.
  • the yoke legs Y102 and Y103 or Y202 and Y203 can be thought to have arisen from splitting the yoke leg Y12 or Y22 (FIG. 7). For reasons of clarity, the excitation coil is not shown in FIG. 10.
  • the excitation coil would be plugged onto one stator half each so that the yoke legs Y102 and Y103 are inside and the windings run between the yoke legs Y101 and Y102 or Y103 and Y104. The same applies to the excitation coil of the lower stator half.
  • FIG. 11 shows the course of the magnetic flux lines in the sectional area CC (FIG. 10).
  • the representation of the entire contour of the plunger 900 (Fig. 10) has again been omitted for reasons of clarity, since only the parts essential for guiding the magnetic flux (yoke legs and anchor webs) are shown.
  • FIG. 12 shows in simplified form a schematic representation of a pair of four-leg stator halves with a shortened plunger comprising only three tie bars and with a magnetic working gap bridged by soft iron.
  • the representation in FIG. 12 can be derived from that in FIG. 10 by thinking that the plunger 900 (FIG. 10) is shortened by the fact that it only comprises the three anchor bars A102, A103 and A104.
  • Each of these anchor webs is assigned to one of the working gaps G11, G12 and G13, which are formed by the pole faces of the corresponding yoke legs - as also described in connection with FIG. 10.
  • the resulting difference between the two arrangements lies in the fact that the working gap G10 in FIG. 10 in FIG. 12 is now not assigned an anchor web connected to the plunger 901, but that this working gap is bridged by a soft iron piece S which conducts the magnetic flux well.
  • the shortening of the ram is associated with a significant weight reduction.
  • tappet drives When such tappet drives are used in high-speed printers, such a reduction in weight enables a higher printing speed to be achieved.
  • FIG. 13 shows the course of the magnetic flux lines through the stator halves and the armature webs in the sectional area DD of FIG. 12. Again, the outline of the plunger 901 (FIG. 2) has been omitted for reasons of simplification. From FIG. 13 it can be seen in comparison with FIG. 11 that the reduction in the magnetic resistance by inserting the piece of soft iron S in the magnetic circuit designated C13 (which contains the following parts: Y101, Y102, A102 / G11, Y202, Y210 and the respective yoke legs connecting base parts of the stator halves) results in a higher magnetic flux density than in C11 in FIG. 11. However, this also results in an increase in the acceleration force acting on the armature web A102 at the working gap G11.
  • FIG. 8 shows the course of the magnetic flux lines through the yoke legs and the armature webs for different stator shapes. Common to all these shapes, however, are the same ampere-turn number of the excitation coil (not shown) and the same outer dimensions of the stator halves. The representations relate to a position of the anchor bars immediately before they enter the working gap assigned to them. In the illustrations, the upper half of the stator is shown in full in section, the lower half of the stator only partially (without the base connecting the yoke legs). The magnetic flux lines and the border lines of the stator halves and the armature webs are represented by thin solid lines. The magnetic flux in the left part L of the stator half (FIG. 8) is higher than that in the right part R.
  • the magnetic flux for the right part R finds a higher magnetic resistance at the working gap of the right part of the central yoke leg Y12 than the magnetic resistance for the left-hand part L, since the magnetic flux in the working gap G2 of the left-hand part of the central yoke leg Y12 is conducted essentially over the highly conductive armature web A2.
  • FIG. 11 The representation of the course of the magnetic flux lines in FIG. 11 (four-leg stator halves) shows, compared to that in FIG. 8 (three-leg stator halves), that the three-leg stator structure has an undesirable asymmetry for the magnetic flux density in the left part L and right part R, while one such asymmetry no longer occurs in the four-legged structure according to FIG. 11.
  • the imaginary division of the middle leg Y12 (FIG. 8) into two middle legs Y102 and Y103 in FIG. 11 significantly increases the acceleration force acting on the anchor bars.
  • FIG. 14 shows the schematic illustration of a pressure hammer 800 which can be pivoted about a pivot point and has three anchor webs 801, 802, 803 for cooperation with an electromagnet according to FIG. 12.
  • a leaf spring 804 is connected to a base 805.
  • the leaf spring enables a movement of the print hammer in and against the direction of the arrow P. (Just as well, solutions are also conceivable in which the pivoting movement of the print hammer is not achieved by means of a leaf spring, but by means of a pin bearing).
  • the print hammer head 806 moves in the direction of arrow P as a result of the electromagnet, a stop occurs in the direction of pressure.
  • the anchor webs 801, 802, 803 are arranged in the middle part of the print hammer, which is somewhat widened counter to the printing direction P. (They correspond to the anchor bars A102, A103 and A104 in Fig. 12). These anchor webs are each assigned to a working gap which is formed by the yoke legs of the corresponding pole ends. For reasons of clarity, the electromagnetic unit 810 is shown offset to the left. The working gap assigned to the armature web 801 is formed by the pole ends of the yoke legs 810-1 and 810-2.
  • the working gap assigned to the anchor web 802 is formed by the pole ends of the yoke legs 810-3 and 810-4; the working gap associated with the armature web 803 from the pole ends of the yoke legs 810-5 and 810-6.
  • the yoke legs 810-01 and 810-02 are connected by a soft iron bridge S.
  • the yoke legs of the rear stator half have the common base 811, that of the front stator half is indicated at 813, that for the front at 814.
  • the turns of the excitation coil 813 are between the yoke legs 810-1 and 810-1 and between the yoke legs 810-3 and 810-5. The same applies to the excitation coil 814 of the front stator half.
  • the tappet drive according to the invention can not only be used in stop printers, but also applications are conceivable in which the tappet drive for fast valve actuations (e.g. in internal combustion engines, rotary hammers or pumps) etc. is used.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)
  • Reciprocating, Oscillating Or Vibrating Motors (AREA)
  • Impact Printers (AREA)

Claims (6)

1. Dispositif d'entraînement électromagnétique d'un poussoir, dans lequel
- l'électroaimant comporte au moins un couple de moitiés de stator (202, 203) comportant des branches de culasse (202-1,203-1 ) possédant une constitution sensiblement symétrique et pouvant être aimantées, et dont les faces, tournées l'une vers l'autre, forment des fentes de travail alignées entre elles, entre les extrémités polaires, situées en vis-à-vis, des branches de culasse (202-1,203-1 à 202-8, 203-8),
- dans les fentes de travail se trouve disposé un poussoir (220) en forme de languette, qui est déplaçable dans la direction d'alignement des fentes de travail et qui contient pour chaque fente de travail une barre d'induit (210, 211,... 217) réalisée en un matériau pouvant être aimanté,
- lorsque le poussoir est dans la position initiale, c'est-à-dire lorsque l'électroaimant est dans l'état non excité, les barres d'induit sont situées devant les fentes respectives de travail et lorsque l'électroaimant est excité, ces barres d'induit sont attirées à l'intérieur de ces fentes de travail, et
- la bobine d'excitation de l'électroaimant est emmanchée sur au moins une branche de culasse de telle sorte que deux éléments partiels de longueur importante de la bobine s'étendent respectivement entre deux couples de branches de culasse voisines,

caractérisé en ce qu'une moitié de stator comporte au moins 4 branches de culasse, que plusieurs branches de culasse respectives voisines (202-3, 202-4, 202-5, 202-6, 100-2, 102-1) de la même moitié de stator (202) ou de moitiés de stator voisines (100, 102) s'étendent à l'intérieur de la bobine d'excitation (218; 104), et que le volume de chaque barre d'induit est de l'ordre de grandeur du volume de la fente de travail associée.
2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les moitiés de stator possèdent, perpendiculairement au plan du poussoir, une section transversale en forme de peigne.
3. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, dans le cas de moitiés de stator, (100, 102) disposées de manière à être voisines, ces moitiés de stator possèdent respectivement une section transversale en forme de U.
4. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1-3, caractérisé en ce que le poussoir fait partie d'un levier (800) pouvant pivoter autour d'un centre de rotation.
5. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le levier (800) comporte une tête de marteau (806).
6. Utilisation d'un dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1-5 dans des imprimantes à impact ou bien pour l'actionnement de soupapes.
EP83105444A 1983-06-01 1983-06-01 Elément d'actionnement électromagnétique Expired EP0127692B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP83105444A EP0127692B1 (fr) 1983-06-01 1983-06-01 Elément d'actionnement électromagnétique
DE8383105444T DE3376912D1 (en) 1983-06-01 1983-06-01 Electromagnetic driving element
JP59075913A JPS6037107A (ja) 1983-06-01 1984-04-17 電磁ピストン・アクチユエータ
CA000454198A CA1200831A (fr) 1983-06-01 1984-05-11 Commande electronique de piston
US06/615,498 US4527139A (en) 1983-06-01 1984-05-30 Electromagnetic ram actuator

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP83105444A EP0127692B1 (fr) 1983-06-01 1983-06-01 Elément d'actionnement électromagnétique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0127692A1 EP0127692A1 (fr) 1984-12-12
EP0127692B1 true EP0127692B1 (fr) 1988-06-01

Family

ID=8190508

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83105444A Expired EP0127692B1 (fr) 1983-06-01 1983-06-01 Elément d'actionnement électromagnétique

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4527139A (fr)
EP (1) EP0127692B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS6037107A (fr)
CA (1) CA1200831A (fr)
DE (1) DE3376912D1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3346133A1 (de) * 1983-12-21 1985-07-04 Ibm Deutschland Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Automatische flugzeitmessung in anschlagdruckern
US4768892A (en) * 1985-07-29 1988-09-06 International Business Machines Corporation Electromagnetic hammer actuator for impact printer
CH669064A5 (fr) * 1986-06-02 1989-02-15 Portescap Dispositif d'actionnement electromagnetique.
US4867059A (en) * 1988-08-05 1989-09-19 International Business Machines Corporation Impact printer print mechanism and method of manufacture
DE29706491U1 (de) * 1997-04-11 1998-08-06 FEV Motorentechnik GmbH & Co. KG, 52078 Aachen Elektromagnetischer Aktuator mit wirbelstromarmem Anker
DE19929572A1 (de) 1999-06-22 2001-01-04 Siemens Ag Magnetischer Linearantrieb
JP3492288B2 (ja) * 2000-06-16 2004-02-03 キヤノン株式会社 電磁アクチュエータ、該電磁アクチュエータの作製方法、該電磁アクチュエータを用いた光偏向器
US20080061105A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2008-03-13 Jonas Zachrisson Electrically Powered Tool

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE837276C (de) * 1948-10-06 1952-04-21 Westfaelische Metall Ind Ag Lamellierter Magnet fuer elektromagnetische Geraete, insbesondere fuer elektromagnetische Signalhoerner
US3275964A (en) * 1964-01-06 1966-09-27 Koontz Wagner Electric Company Multiple position solenoid device
FR1397007A (fr) * 1964-06-02 1965-04-23 Ultra Electronics Ltd Dispositif d'actionnement générateur de force, notamment pour instruments de mesure ou dispositifs de commande de position
DE1489691A1 (de) * 1965-07-02 1969-05-14 Binder Magnete Mit Gleichstrom,Wechselstrom oder Drehstrom speisbarer Elektromagnet
GB1196418A (en) * 1966-09-26 1970-06-24 English Electric Co Ltd Improvements relating to Electro-Magnetic Devices
FR1542785A (fr) * 1967-09-15 1968-10-18 English Electric Co Ltd Dispositifs d'actionnement électromagnétiques
JPS4968624A (fr) * 1972-11-03 1974-07-03
DE3018407A1 (de) * 1980-05-14 1981-11-19 Ibm Deutschland Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Elektromagnetisch betaetigbarer stoesselantrieb, insbesondere fuer anschlagdrucker
DE3114834A1 (de) * 1981-04-11 1982-11-04 Ibm Deutschland Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Elektromagnetischer stoesselantrieb

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3376912D1 (en) 1988-07-07
CA1200831A (fr) 1986-02-18
JPS6037107A (ja) 1985-02-26
US4527139A (en) 1985-07-02
EP0127692A1 (fr) 1984-12-12

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