EP0102214B1 - Construction block - Google Patents

Construction block Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0102214B1
EP0102214B1 EP83304672A EP83304672A EP0102214B1 EP 0102214 B1 EP0102214 B1 EP 0102214B1 EP 83304672 A EP83304672 A EP 83304672A EP 83304672 A EP83304672 A EP 83304672A EP 0102214 B1 EP0102214 B1 EP 0102214B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blocks
block
square
height
paving
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83304672A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0102214A2 (en
EP0102214A3 (en
Inventor
Michael Neil Glickman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT83304672T priority Critical patent/ATE27835T1/de
Publication of EP0102214A2 publication Critical patent/EP0102214A2/en
Publication of EP0102214A3 publication Critical patent/EP0102214A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0102214B1 publication Critical patent/EP0102214B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C5/00—Pavings made of prefabricated single units
    • E01C5/003—Pavings made of prefabricated single units characterised by material or composition used for beds or joints; characterised by the way of laying
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C5/00—Pavings made of prefabricated single units
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/14—Preformed blocks or slabs for forming essentially continuous surfaces; Arrangements thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C2201/00—Paving elements
    • E01C2201/02—Paving elements having fixed spacing features
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C2201/00—Paving elements
    • E01C2201/12—Paving elements vertically interlocking

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a block for indoor or outdoor use and primarily for use in paving and making roads, but which may be of use in other applications such as floorinq.
  • a paving made of a single layer of blocks must desirably be able to resist point loads applied to one of its blocks. It is also advantageous that a paving be made from blocks of a single type, in order to simplify the laying procedure and reduce the stocks of different types of block which it would be otherwise necessary to keep.
  • a paving made up of one layer of similar blocks, each block having top and bottom surfaces one of which is a rectangle and the other of which is a square or a rectangle, characterised in that the block in the case where the other surface is a rectangle has the major axes of the rectangles mutually perpendicular and has a shape at mid-height in horizontal cross-section which is substantially a square and the length of the side of said square is within the range 150% to 300% of the height of the block, and in the case where the other surface is a square, the major axis of the rectangle is greater in length than the side of the mid-height square and the said square has a side of length within the range 150% to 300% of the height of the block; and further characterised in that the blocks are laid with the top surface rectangles of adjacent blocks having their longitudinal axes mutually at right angles, whereby the laid blocks interlock on three axes and provide mutual support in three dimensions.
  • the length of the side of the square is approximately twice the height of the block.
  • the top surface is square and the height of the block is from 40 to 100% of the length of the side of the square.
  • a block for paving in accordance with another preferred version of the invention has a rectangular top surface joined to a rectangular bottom surface by four surfaces of which one pair converge upwardly and one pair diverge, i.e. converge downwardly.
  • the respective angles of convergence and divergence are preferably equal.
  • each converging or diverging surface as the case may be should most preferably be at an angle of substantially 14° to the vertical. This angle may lie within the range of 9° to 19°, or, more preferably, in the range 11° to 17°.
  • the paving may be made using a block having a first or top rectangular surface from each of whose parallel shorter edges extends an end surface disposed at an angle of from about 71 to 81° to the first surface, and from each of whose parallel longer edges extends a side surface at an angle of from about 99 to 109°to the first surface, the side and the end surfaces terminating at the edges of a second or bottom rectangular surface of the block. All of the said surfaces are substantially planar. In a particular (but non-limiting) example, the end surfaces are located at substantially 76° to the top surface and the side surfaces are located at substantially 104° to the top surface.
  • Each block making up the paving is preferably (but of course not necessarily) of a size that may conveniently be held in one hand; this means that it can be laid extremely easily and rapidly.
  • the height of the block may be from about 2) to 4) inches (64 to 115mm).
  • the block may be of a size which can be conveniently held and lifted in two hands, that is to say its height may be about 7 to 11 inches (177 to 280mm).
  • the block (as another alternative within the invention) may be of a size and weight such that it has to be mechanically moved and mechanically manipulated.
  • the blocks may be held together in panels by a gripping and lifting mechanism, and may be laid as panals by providing such a mechanism with a manipulating and laying capability.
  • Such panels may be of any desired size and weight and in particular may be so large that they can only be lifted and laid by powered mechanical equipment. In this way, large areas can be rapidly covered with a surface having a good load-carrying capability.
  • the words 'top' and 'bottom' are used for brevity only, and without limiting effect; they are used on the assumption that a block according to the invention is at rest with one of its rectangular surfaces on a planar horizontal support. Blocks according to the invention could of course be used to pave an area to produce a sloping roadway or a cambered roadway.
  • top surface and side and end surfaces While reference has been made by way of example to particular angles between the top surface and side and end surfaces, the invention is not regarded as limited to the use of any particular angle except as required by the stated relationship between the block height and the length of a side of the mid-height square, or of the square forming a top or bottom surface.
  • the blocks interlock on three axes and provide mutual support; also they serve to spread a load applied to one such block over adjacent blocks. They are very quickly, easily and inexpensively laid to provide a paved surface without the need to employ skilled personnel and the resulting paving has an attractive appearance. no mortar, filler or grout or other compound is required between blocks, although such compounds or materials may be used between the blocks if desired in certain applications.
  • a substrate may be employed which is less elaborate and less expensive to lay than in the case of prior art non-interlocking paving blocks.
  • the length of the side of the said square at mid-height is from 70% to 250% of the height of the block; in a more preferred embodiment of the invention it is from 75% to 200% of the said height; and in a yet more preferred embodiment it is from 80% to 150% of the said height.
  • edges of the blocks may be rounded off or bevelled if desired, to avoid sharp edges which might be chipped in handling. Bevelling on the top surface edges of the blocks is often desirable as it minimises the effect of uneven laying of the blocks.
  • the block 10 for use in paving or construction shown in Figures 1-4 has first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth surfaces, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 respectively.
  • the block is usually solid and may be cast or moulded from any suitable material. For example it could be cast from concrete or formed from a ceramic material or a clay-based material. It could be moulded, extruded or formed from a synthetic plastics material or even from a soft metal. For certain applications, however, the block could be hollow.
  • the surface 12 will be called the top surface
  • the surfaces 16 and 18 will be called side
  • the end surfaces 20 and 22 are each at an angle less than 90° to the top surface 12 and at an angle greater than 90° to the bottom surface 14.
  • the edges 24, 26 each make the same angle with the edge 28 of the surface 22, and the surface 20 is of identical shape to the surface 22.
  • the side surfaces 16 and 18 each make the same angle greater than 90° with the top surface 12 and make its complement with the bottom surface 14.
  • the surfaces 16 and 18 are of identical shape to each other and (except for inversion) to the surfaces 20 and 22.
  • the side and/or end surfaces of the block may be domed or ribbed or beaded or made undulating in form; in other words, these sides may depart slightly from planar. Any or all of the surfaces of the block may be roughened or scored or covered with an anti- slip surfacing, for example made of grit or sand embedded in a spreadable or sprayable material such as a synthetic plastics resin.
  • the blocks may be coated, for example, with bitumen, resin polymers, or sand, in a suitable adhesive carrier.
  • a block may have a raised or depressed portion on its top surface, that is, the top surface may be mostly or partly planar but with a bump or upward projection or a depression therein.
  • a projection or depression may be smoothly rounded, or pointed, and may be conical, or pyramidal, or tetrahedral.
  • Blocks in accordance with the invention may be made in any desired size, according to the intended use, but a convenient practical size for general purpose paving use is for the rectangles 12 and 14 each to be about 5 inches by about 3 inches, i.e. about 125mm by about 80mm, and to be separated by a perpendicular distance of about 90mm (3) inches).
  • FIG. 5 shows a paved area made up from paving blocks according to the invention simply laid upon a substrate (not shown). It will be seen that each block is surrounded by four blocks whose rectangular top surfaces have their major axes all parallel and all at right angles to the major axis of the rectangular top surface of the block which they surround.
  • the inclined side and end surfaces both locate and interlock the blocks and allow transfer of load. For example if block E is heavily loaded its end surfaces transfer some load to the blocks D and F. Likewise if the block C is heavily loaded then its inclined end surfaces (one shown at C1) transfer load to the two adjacent blocks, part of this load being received by an end surface B1 of the block B. Recesses (e.g.
  • T1, T2, T3) each the shape of an inverted pyramid, are defined by an array of blocks according to the invention, and these recesses will normally be too small to be of any concern to a highway engineer. Alternatively, if desired, they may be deliberately filled with earth and grass-seeded or filled with hard or hardening filler.
  • the block 40 shown in Figures 6-9 has a geometrical shape which is substantially equivalent to the bottom half of the block shown in Figures 1-4.
  • the block 40 has a square top surface 42, a rectangular bottom surface 44 parallel to the surface 42, a pair of identical but oppositely sloping side surfaces 46, and a pair of oppositely sloping end surfaces 48 which are also identical with each other.
  • the side surfaces 46 may be at an angle in the range 9° to 19°, and preferably 14° or 15° to the vertical when the block is positioned with the surfaces 42 and 44 horizontal.
  • the end surfaces 48 are preferably at the same angle to the vertical when the block is similarly positioned.
  • the height of the block may be from 40 to 100%, for example from about 45 to about 60%, and more preferably about half of the length of a side of the square surface 42.
  • the length (major axis) of the rectangular surface 44 is preferably slightly more than, and the width (minor axis) thereof is preferably slightly less than the length of a side of the square surface 42.
  • This form of block has the advantage that the exposed surface of the paving is smooth and continuous, that is to say it does not have any of the recesses T1, T2 ( Figure 5) which occur when using a block according to the embodiment of the invention shown in Figures 1-4.
  • Figure 10 illustrates a further embodiment of construction block according to the invention.
  • the block illustrated in Figure 10 has a planar rectangular top surface 60, a rectangular planar bottom surface (not referenced) whose major axis is of substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the top surface 60, a pair of (inwardly) sloping side surfaces (one shown at 62) and a pair of (outwardly) sloping end surfaces, one shown at 64.
  • the surface 62 is located at an angle of substantially 76°, e.g. 75° to 77° to the plane of the surface 60.
  • the surface 64 is located at an angle of substantially 104°, e.g. 103° to 105° to the plane of the surface 60.
  • bevelled surfaces Around the periphery of the surface 60, there are four planar bevelled surfaces, two shown at 66 and 68, the bevel angle being substantially 45° to the plane of the surface 60. Alternatively the four edges of the surface 60 could be radiused. Other bevelled angles could be used. The purpose of such bevelling or radiusing is to avoid sharp edges which could be dangerous or which could be chipped or damaged in handling.
  • the surfaces 64 (and its counterpart outwardly sloping surface, not referenced) has a pair of ribs 70, 72 thereon. These ribs 70, 72 each extend downwardly from just below the junction of the bevel surface 68 and the sloping surface 64 to the lower edge of the surface 64.
  • Each rib is of rectangular shape in cross-section, this shape being chosen for ease of manufacture, but it is not essential that the ribs should have a rectangular cross-sectional shape.
  • a rib of part- circular, e.g. hemispherical, cross-sectional shape could alternatively be employed. While the surface 64 and its counterpart each have two ribs as shown, a different number of ribs could be employed if desired.
  • the ribs serve to space adjacent blocks from each other, permitting particulate material such as sand or dust to be placed in (or to accumulate in) the interstices, to constitute a cushioning spacer material.
  • the rib height (that is, the extent to which it stands proud of its supporting surface) may be from about 3 to 7mm, preferably 5mm. It is preferred that the width of each rib should be from about 5 to 10% of the length of the shorter of the top or bottom side of the surface upon which the rib is located, and each rib advantageously may be located a distance from the end of the said shorter side which is from about 8 to 14% of the length of the said shorter side. That is to say, the dimensions a, b, c, d, e, x and h are preferably related to each other as follows:-
  • the ribs 70 and 72 are preferably parallel to each other and perpendicular to the edge 74 but alternatively they could be inclined at a small angle to the said perpendicular.
  • Ribs are only required on two opposite sides of the block because each block when laid is at right angles to its four neighbours, as most clearly seen from Figure 5. Consequently if the array shown in Figure 5 was made up from blocks in accordance with Figure 10, the ribs on the surface B1 of block B would engage block C and ribs on the side surface of block E which is partly visible in the recesses T1 and T2 would engage the non-visible end of block B. A similar relative arrangement of ribbed and non-ribbed side surfaces exists throughout the array. In the laying of a paved area, the ribs on the block being laid are brought into contact with the adjacent block, leading to the result that the blocks are necessarily correctly and evenly spaced from one another.
  • paving or other structures made up of interlocking blocks can be constructed from blocks all of substantially identical shape.
  • such blocks can be used either way up, since the rectangular surface 12 on each block is identical in shape to the rectangular surface 14 thereon and the blocks have the same shape each way up.
  • a wedge-shaped block may be provided for use at the edge of a paved area so as to provide a vertical surface which can be butted up against a substantially flat vertical or retaining member.
  • edge blocks can be cut to fit in a conventional manner.
  • Blocks according to the invention are particularly useful in making temporary paving e.g. on muddy building sites, and can be taken up and re-used elsewhere, providing the blocks at the edge of a paved area are taken up first.
  • the blocks interlock with each other with surface-to-surface contact and the shape of the blocks is such that individual blocks or a group of adjacent blocks cannot be pushed down relative to surrounding blocks, nor can blocks be taken up starting from the centre. This increases the durability of the paved area and tends to reduce maintenance costs and the cost of the substrate upon which the blocks are laid.
  • the juxtaposition of two already-laid adjacent blocks provides a location shoulder at the junction of the square matrix grid which is notionally defined in the mid-height plane of the blocks. These location shoulders serve to accurately locate a subsequently-laid block, without the need to set up any guiding or marker arrangements.
  • the invention as particularly described herein permits roads to be laid without expensive plant on site and with relatively unskilled labour, and so is useful in underdeveloped or developing areas of the world.
  • the invention also extends to paving and other structures, in particular sloping surfaces and retaining surfaces, made up from blocks according to the present invention, as well as to the indivdu- al blocks, no matter how they are made or constructed.
  • blocks according to the invention may be formed in situ, e.g. by pouring concrete into a mould of suitable shape defined by formwork which can be later removed, if desired.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)
EP83304672A 1982-08-19 1983-08-12 Construction block Expired EP0102214B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83304672T ATE27835T1 (de) 1982-08-19 1983-08-12 Baublock.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8223934 1982-08-19
GB8223934 1982-08-19

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0102214A2 EP0102214A2 (en) 1984-03-07
EP0102214A3 EP0102214A3 (en) 1984-07-04
EP0102214B1 true EP0102214B1 (en) 1987-06-16

Family

ID=10532410

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83304672A Expired EP0102214B1 (en) 1982-08-19 1983-08-12 Construction block

Country Status (21)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0102214B1 (enrdf_load_html_response)
JP (1) JPS5955901A (enrdf_load_html_response)
AT (1) ATE27835T1 (enrdf_load_html_response)
AU (1) AU573178B2 (enrdf_load_html_response)
BR (1) BR8304443A (enrdf_load_html_response)
CA (1) CA1210265A (enrdf_load_html_response)
DE (2) DE3372112D1 (enrdf_load_html_response)
DK (1) DK377483A (enrdf_load_html_response)
ES (1) ES282927Y (enrdf_load_html_response)
GB (1) GB2125848B (enrdf_load_html_response)
GR (1) GR77442B (enrdf_load_html_response)
IE (1) IE54420B1 (enrdf_load_html_response)
IL (1) IL69418A0 (enrdf_load_html_response)
IN (1) IN160823B (enrdf_load_html_response)
MA (1) MA19874A1 (enrdf_load_html_response)
MX (1) MX156347A (enrdf_load_html_response)
NL (1) NL8302805A (enrdf_load_html_response)
NZ (1) NZ205134A (enrdf_load_html_response)
PH (1) PH21808A (enrdf_load_html_response)
PT (1) PT77181B (enrdf_load_html_response)
ZA (1) ZA835720B (enrdf_load_html_response)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2596784B1 (fr) * 1986-04-04 1988-05-20 France Labo Central Hydrauliqu Bloc artificiel, notamment pour carapace de protection d'ouvrages maritimes ou fluviaux
FR2775304B1 (fr) * 1998-02-26 2002-11-29 Alsthom Cge Alkatel Bloc a coincement mutuel et procede pour la realisation d'un pavage artificiel auto-bloquant
DE10016680B4 (de) * 2000-04-04 2009-04-30 Scholta, Winfried E. Formstein
NL2014566B1 (nl) * 2015-04-01 2017-01-06 Hill Innovations B V Dempingselement met verbeterd voetdeel.
EP3277888B1 (en) * 2015-04-01 2021-02-17 Hill Innovations B.V. Damping element with improved foot part
CN106592366A (zh) * 2017-02-07 2017-04-26 陈益民 Abc楔形预制块重载道路地面

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1422193A (en) * 1920-05-08 1922-07-11 Charles L Sullivan Paving block
US1417010A (en) * 1921-08-06 1922-05-23 George S Wright Paving block
GB233626A (en) * 1924-10-07 1925-05-14 Albert Randall Wells Interlocking, self-jointing, non-slipping paving blocks
GB431605A (en) * 1934-05-12 1935-07-11 Henry Jensen Improvements in or relating to flooring and like boards or blocks
FR1178186A (fr) * 1957-07-04 1959-05-05 éléments de construction, en particulier pour dallages ou carrelages
GB1142805A (en) * 1966-02-23 1969-02-12 Meij Antonius J Van Der Method for surfacing a road
GB1189159A (en) * 1967-08-10 1970-04-22 Pietro Marazzi Improvements in or relating to Tiles
FR2486567A1 (fr) * 1980-07-08 1982-01-15 Cassous Rene Blocs artificiels complementaires en beton

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU1767483A (en) 1984-05-17
IL69418A0 (en) 1983-11-30
GB8321711D0 (en) 1983-09-14
DK377483A (da) 1984-02-20
DK377483D0 (da) 1983-08-18
EP0102214A2 (en) 1984-03-07
PT77181B (en) 1986-03-11
CA1210265A (en) 1986-08-26
EP0102214A3 (en) 1984-07-04
BR8304443A (pt) 1984-03-27
ES282927Y (es) 1985-12-16
DE3329486A1 (de) 1984-02-23
DE3372112D1 (en) 1987-07-23
GR77442B (enrdf_load_html_response) 1984-09-14
IN160823B (enrdf_load_html_response) 1987-08-08
ZA835720B (en) 1984-04-25
GB2125848A (en) 1984-03-14
NL8302805A (nl) 1984-03-16
JPS5955901A (ja) 1984-03-31
ES282927U (es) 1985-05-01
GB2125848B (en) 1986-03-12
IE54420B1 (en) 1989-09-27
ATE27835T1 (de) 1987-07-15
MA19874A1 (fr) 1984-04-01
IE831788L (en) 1984-02-19
MX156347A (es) 1988-08-09
PH21808A (en) 1988-02-29
PT77181A (en) 1983-09-01
AU573178B2 (en) 1988-06-02
NZ205134A (en) 1987-05-29

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