EP0093414B1 - Vacuum switch - Google Patents
Vacuum switch Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0093414B1 EP0093414B1 EP83104183A EP83104183A EP0093414B1 EP 0093414 B1 EP0093414 B1 EP 0093414B1 EP 83104183 A EP83104183 A EP 83104183A EP 83104183 A EP83104183 A EP 83104183A EP 0093414 B1 EP0093414 B1 EP 0093414B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cylindrical
- wall
- region
- housing
- tube switch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
- H01H2033/66215—Details relating to the soldering or brazing of vacuum switch housings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
- H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
- H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
- H01H33/662—Housings or protective screens
- H01H33/66207—Specific housing details, e.g. sealing, soldering or brazing
- H01H2033/66223—Details relating to the sealing of vacuum switch housings
Definitions
- the invention relates to a vacuum interrupter according to the preamble of claim 1.
- a vacuum interrupter is known from US-A-3,231,704.
- this document does not contain any information about the devices for fastening the tube.
- an end plate is connected to the ceramic tube of the housing via a deformable ring.
- the deformable ring has a solder flange and an adjacent cylinder jacket.
- the cylinder jacket absorbs different shape changes due to heat fluctuations, while the solder flange follows the changes in the dimensions of the ceramic tube due to its small wall thickness.
- the US-A-3 082 307 shows corrugated connection flanges for fastening ceramic tubes to a stud of a vacuum interrupter. This patent, however, contains no reference to an elastic connection between the stud and the housing.
- rings the cross sections of which have curved profiles.
- the rings are at least soldered onto the ceramic parts.
- a holding device should at least optionally be attached to the side of the movable contact.
- the rings are to be made so stable that they can absorb the entire switching pressure without the solder joints between the rings and the ceramic parts being torn open. For this reason alone, the design is not suitable for high inrush currents and the resulting high switching pressures (e.g. 5000N).
- the object on which the present invention is based is to prevent the housing from being destroyed by the mechanical forces acting on the switch contacts during the switch-on process and caused by the switch-on current, even at very high switch-on current values.
- the vacuum interrupter according to the invention is insensitive to longitudinal vibrations and bending vibrations which can occur as a result of a switching operation. It therefore requires considerably less effort to dampen the switch pole vibrations when installed in a circuit breaker. It can also be operated at higher inrush currents without being destroyed by the mechanical forces occurring at the switch poles.
- the elastically deformable annular region is advantageously designed to be flat, it lying in a plane extending radially to the switching tube axis if the greatest possible mobility in both directions is desired. It can also enclose an angle of less than 90 ° with the second cylindrical region if the forces exerted on the flange by the vacuum are to be absorbed by the flange in the form of tensile stresses.
- Figures 2 to 4 show two embodiments of an intermediate piece according to the invention in a sectional view.
- a switching tube has contacts 10 ′ and 11 that are aligned with one another, of which the fixed contact 10 is fastened to a stud 9.
- An intermediate piece 8 which carries a ceramic ring 7 and thus the entire housing of the vacuum interrupter, is fastened to the stud bolt via a housing ring 12.
- the intermediate piece 8 is composed of a soldering flange 1, a cylindrical wall-shaped area 2, an elastically easily deformable annular area 3 and one cylindrical wall-shaped area 4 together.
- the solder flange 1 is brazed to the metal end face 6 of the ceramic tube 7.
- An AgCu eutectic advantageously serves as the solder.
- the cylindrical wall-shaped area 2 is stiff due to its shape when the housing vibrates in or perpendicular to the direction of the housing axis, it does not take part in these vibrations noticeably, a disturbance of its lattice structure by the solder does not affect the life of the tube, even if this means at least in the Area adjacent to the solder flange where the material becomes brittle.
- the elastic, easily deformable annular region 3 is free from such a disturbance of the lattice structure.
- the adjoining cylindrical wall-shaped area 4 is welded to the housing ring 12. This means that there is no disruption to the lattice structure since, unlike soldering, no foreign metals are added during welding.
- the welding is advantageously carried out only in the end region, the remaining, not welded part of the cylindrical wall-shaped region 4 results in a distance from the weld seam to the elastically deformable ring 3.
- the movable contact 11 is connected to the housing in a vacuum-tight manner via a bolt 13 and a bellows 14.
- the elastically easily deformable annular region 3 is flat as shown in FIG. 2 and lies in a plane extending radially to the axis of the switching tube. It therefore ensures particularly high mobility in the axial direction.
- the elastically easily deformable annular region 5 forms an angle with the cylindrical region 4 at less than 90 °.
- This embodiment partially absorbs the compressive force exerted on the housing as a result of the vacuum inside the tube as tensile stress. This embodiment enables a particularly thin wall thickness of the intermediate piece 8.
- the curved region 6 has an arcuate cross section. This embodiment has proven to be particularly stable and advantageous with the vibrations that occur.
Landscapes
- High-Tension Arc-Extinguishing Switches Without Spraying Means (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vakuumschaltröhre nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1. Eine derartige Vakuumschaltröhre ist aus der US-A-3,231,704 bekannt. Diese Druckschrift enthält allerdings keine Angaben über die Einrichtungen zur Befestigung der Röhre. Dort ist eine Endplatte über einen verformbaren Ring mit dem Keramikrohr des Gehäuses verbunden. Der verformbare Ring weist einen Lötflansch und einen daran angrenzenden Zylindermantel auf. Der Zylindermantel fängt unterschiedliche Formveränderungen infolge Wärmeschwankungen auf, während der Lötflansch infolge seiner geringen Wandstärke den Änderungen der Abmessungen des Keramikrohres folgt.The invention relates to a vacuum interrupter according to the preamble of claim 1. Such a vacuum interrupter is known from US-A-3,231,704. However, this document does not contain any information about the devices for fastening the tube. There, an end plate is connected to the ceramic tube of the housing via a deformable ring. The deformable ring has a solder flange and an adjacent cylinder jacket. The cylinder jacket absorbs different shape changes due to heat fluctuations, while the solder flange follows the changes in the dimensions of the ceramic tube due to its small wall thickness.
Der US-A-3 082 307 sind gewellte Anschlußflansche zur Befestigung von Keramikrohren an einem Stehbolzen einer Vakuumschaltröhre zu entnehmen. Diese Patentschrift enthält jedoch keinen Hinweis auf eine elastische Verbindung zwischen dem Stehbolzen und dem Gehäuse.The US-A-3 082 307 shows corrugated connection flanges for fastening ceramic tubes to a stud of a vacuum interrupter. This patent, however, contains no reference to an elastic connection between the stud and the housing.
Gemäß der DE-A-2 158 037 werden unterschiedliche Wärmedehnungen zwischen keramischen und metallischen Gehäuseteilen durch Ringe, deren Querschnitte gebogene Profile aufweisen, aufgenommen. Die Ringe sind zumindest auf die Keramikteile aufgelötet. Eine Haltevorichtung soll zumindest wahlweise auf der Seite des beweglichen Kontaktes angebracht sein. Dafür sind die Ringe so stabil zu gestalten, daß sie den gesamten Schaltdruck aufnehmen können, ohne daß die Lötstellen zwischen den Ringen und den Keramikteilen aufgerissen werden. Der Aufbau ist schon aus diesem Grunde für hohe Einschaltströme und die dadurch bedingten hohen Schaltdrücke (z. B. 5000N) nicht geeignet.According to DE-A-2 158 037, different thermal expansions between ceramic and metallic housing parts are absorbed by rings, the cross sections of which have curved profiles. The rings are at least soldered onto the ceramic parts. A holding device should at least optionally be attached to the side of the movable contact. For this purpose, the rings are to be made so stable that they can absorb the entire switching pressure without the solder joints between the rings and the ceramic parts being torn open. For this reason alone, the design is not suitable for high inrush currents and the resulting high switching pressures (e.g. 5000N).
Die Aufgabe, die der vorliegenden Erfindung zugrundeliegt, besteht in der Verhinderung der Zerstörung des Gehäuses durch die an den Schaltkontakten beim Einschaltvorgang angreifenden, durch den Einschaltstrom hervorgerufenen mechanischen Kräfte auch bei sehr hohen Einschaltstromwerten.The object on which the present invention is based is to prevent the housing from being destroyed by the mechanical forces acting on the switch contacts during the switch-on process and caused by the switch-on current, even at very high switch-on current values.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Kennzeichens von Patentanspruch 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by the features of the characterizing part of patent claim 1.
Sehr hohe Einschaltströme führten in der Praxis zur Zerstörung des Gehäuses von Röhren nach dem Stand der Technik. Die Erkenntnis, die unserer Erfindung zugrundeliegt, besteht darin, daß diese Zerstörung des Gehäuses durch eine gegenseitige seitliche Bewegung der beiden Kontakte und durch den damit verbundenen Druck auf das Gehäuse hervorgerufen wird. Versuche, die auftretenden Kräfte durch eine starre Halterung der Kontakte in den entsprechenden Polschuhen abzufangen, führten zu sehr aufwendigen Konstruktionen des Schalters. Demgegenüber ermöglicht die vorliegende Erfindung eine erhebliche Vereinfachung der Konstruktion, ohne die langfristige Aufrechterhaltung des Vakuums in der Vakuumschaltröhre zu gefährden. Hierzu mußten die Einflüsse des Lotmetalls auf die Eigenschaft des federnden Materials ausgeschaltet werden. Dies wurde durch einen zylinderförmigen Teil erreicht, welcher an den Lötflansch angrenzt und aufgrund seiner Zylinderform und der damit verbundenen hohen Steifigkeit bei Biegebeanspruchungen oder bei Beanspruchung in axialer Richtung der Schaltröhre nicht nennenswert verformt wird. In diesem Bereich ist eine Störung des Metallgitters und insbesondere eine Versprödung des Materials unkritisch. Verformt wird praktisch ausschließlich der elastisch leicht verformbare ringförmige Bereich. Bei einer Schweißverbindung entsteht keine schädliche Beeinflussung des Metallgitters, da hierbei kein unterschiedliches Metall in das Metallgitter eingebaut wird. Dementsprechend kann der erste zylinderförmige Bereich des Zwischenstückes relativ klein ausgebildet sein, wenn er mit weiteren Gehäuseteilen verschweißt ist.In practice, very high inrush currents destroyed the housing of tubes according to the prior art. The finding on which our invention is based is that this destruction of the housing is caused by a mutual lateral movement of the two contacts and by the pressure on the housing associated therewith. Attempts to absorb the occurring forces by means of a rigid mounting of the contacts in the corresponding pole pieces led to very complex designs of the switch. In contrast, the present invention enables a considerable simplification of the construction without endangering the long-term maintenance of the vacuum in the vacuum interrupter. For this purpose, the influences of the solder metal on the property of the resilient material had to be eliminated. This was achieved by means of a cylindrical part which adjoins the soldering flange and, due to its cylindrical shape and the associated high rigidity, is not significantly deformed in the event of bending stresses or stresses in the axial direction of the switching tube. In this area, a disturbance of the metal grid and in particular embrittlement of the material is not critical. Only the elastically easily deformable annular area is practically deformed. With a welded connection, there is no harmful influence on the metal grid, since no different metal is built into the metal grid. Accordingly, the first cylindrical region of the intermediate piece can be made relatively small if it is welded to further housing parts.
Die erfindungsgemäße Vakuumschaltröhre ist unempfindlich gegenüber Längsschwingungen und Biegeschwingungen, die infolge eines Schaltvorganges auftreten können. Sie erfordert daher beim Einbau in einen Leistungsschalter einen wesentlich kleineren Aufwand zur Bedämpfung der Schalterpolschwingungen. Sie kann auch bei höheren Einschaltstromstärken betrieben werden, ohne daß sie durch die dabei an den Schalterpolen auftretenden mechanischen Kräfte zerstört wird.The vacuum interrupter according to the invention is insensitive to longitudinal vibrations and bending vibrations which can occur as a result of a switching operation. It therefore requires considerably less effort to dampen the switch pole vibrations when installed in a circuit breaker. It can also be operated at higher inrush currents without being destroyed by the mechanical forces occurring at the switch poles.
Der elastisch verformbare ringförmige Bereich ist vorteilhaft eben ausgestaltet, wobei er in einer sich radial zur Schaltröhrenachse erstreckenden Ebene liegt, wenn eine möglichst große Beweglichkeit in beiden Richtungen gewünscht wird. Er kann auch mit dem zweiten zylinderförmigen Bereich einen Winkel unter 90° einschließen, wenn die durch das Vakuum auf den Flansch ausgeübten Kräfte in Form von Zugspannungen durch den Flansch aufgenommen werden sollen.The elastically deformable annular region is advantageously designed to be flat, it lying in a plane extending radially to the switching tube axis if the greatest possible mobility in both directions is desired. It can also enclose an angle of less than 90 ° with the second cylindrical region if the forces exerted on the flange by the vacuum are to be absorbed by the flange in the form of tensile stresses.
Die Erfindung wird nun anhand von vier Figuren näher erläutert.
- Fig. 1 zeigt eine erfindungsgemäße Schaltröhre in teilweise geschnittener und gebrochener Ansicht.
- Fig. 1 shows a switching tube according to the invention in a partially cut and broken view.
Die Figuren 2 bis 4 zeigen zwei Ausführungsformen eines erfindungsgemäßen Zwischenstückes in geschnittener Ansicht.Figures 2 to 4 show two embodiments of an intermediate piece according to the invention in a sectional view.
Eine Schaltröhre weist zueinander fluchtende Kontakte 10'und 11 auf, von denen der feststehende Kontakt 10 an einem Stehbolzen 9 befestigt ist. An dem Stehbolzen ist über einen Gehäusering 12 ein Zwischenstück 8 befestigt, welches einen Keramikring 7 und damit das gesamte Gehäuse der Vakuumschaltröhre trägt.A switching tube has
Das Zwischenstück 8 setzt sich aus einem Lötflansch 1, einem zylinderwandförmigen Bereich 2, einem elastisch leicht verformbaren ringförmigen Bereich 3 und einem zylinderwandförmigen Bereich 4 zusammen. Der Lötflansch 1 ist mit der metallischen Stirnfläche 6 des Keramikrohres 7 hart verlötet. Als Lot dient hierbei vorteilhaft ein AgCu-Eutektikum. Der zylinderwandförmige Bereich 2 ist infolge seiner Form bei Schwingungen des Gehäuses in oder senkrecht zur Richtung der Gehäuseachse steif, er nimmt an diesen Schwingungen nicht merklich teil, eine Störung seines Gittergefüges durch das Lot beeinträchtigt die Lebensdauer der Röhre nicht, auch wenn dadurch zumindest in dem Bereich, der an den Lötflansch angrenzt, eine Versprödung des Materials eintritt. Der elastische, leicht verformbare ringförmige Bereich 3 ist frei von einer derartigen Störung des Gittergefüges. Der daran anschließende zylinderwandförmige Bereich 4 ist mit dem Gehäusering 12 verschweißt. Dadurch ergibt sich keine Störung des Gittergefüges, da beim Schweißen im Gegensatz zum Löten keine fremden Metalle zugeführt werden. Außerdem erfolgt die Schweißung vorteilhaft nur im Stirnbereich, der verbleibende, nicht verschweißte Teil des zylinderwandförmigen Bereiches 4 ergibt einen Abstand von der Schweißnaht zum elastisch verformbaren Ring 3.The intermediate piece 8 is composed of a soldering flange 1, a cylindrical wall-shaped area 2, an elastically easily deformable annular area 3 and one cylindrical wall-shaped area 4 together. The solder flange 1 is brazed to the
Der bewegliche Kontakt 11 ist über einen Bolzen 13 und einen Balgen 14 mit dem Gehäuse vakuumdicht verbunden.The movable contact 11 is connected to the housing in a vacuum-tight manner via a bolt 13 and a
Der elastisch leicht verformbare ringförmige Bereich 3 ist gemäß Fig. 2 eben ausgebildet und liegt in einer sich radial zur Schaltröhrenachse erstreckenden Ebene. Er gewährleistet daher besonders große Beweglichkeit in axialer Richtung. Gemäß Fig. 3 bildet der elastisch leicht verformbare ringförmige Bereich 5 mit dem zylinderförmigen Bereich 4 einen Winkel unter 90°. Diese Ausführungsform nimmt die infolge des im Inneren der Röhre herrschenden Vakuums auf das Gehäuse ausgeübte Druckkraft teilweise als Zugspannung auf. Diese Ausführungsform ermöglicht eine besonders dünne Wandstärke des Zwischenstücks 8.The elastically easily deformable annular region 3 is flat as shown in FIG. 2 and lies in a plane extending radially to the axis of the switching tube. It therefore ensures particularly high mobility in the axial direction. According to FIG. 3, the elastically easily deformable annular region 5 forms an angle with the cylindrical region 4 at less than 90 °. This embodiment partially absorbs the compressive force exerted on the housing as a result of the vacuum inside the tube as tensile stress. This embodiment enables a particularly thin wall thickness of the intermediate piece 8.
Der Übergang vom elastisch leicht verformbaren ringförmigen Bereich 3 zum zylinderwandförmigen Bereich 4, der sich an die innere Begrenzung des elastisch leicht verformbaren ringförmigen Bereiches 3 anschließt, bildet gemäß Fig. 4 einen stetig gekrümmten Bereich 6, welcher etwa die Hälfte des Abstandes zwischen dem zylinderwandförmigen Bereich 2 und dem zylinderwandförmigen Bereich 4 erfaßt. Der gekrümmte Bereich 6 hat hierbei einen kreisbogenförmigen Querschnitt. Diese Ausführungsform hat sich als besonders stabil und vorteilhaft bei den auftretenden Schwingungen erwiesen.The transition from the elastically easily deformable annular region 3 to the cylindrical wall-shaped region 4, which adjoins the inner boundary of the elastically easily deformable annular region 3, forms a continuously
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19828212546 DE8212546U1 (en) | 1982-04-30 | 1982-04-30 | Vacuum interrupter |
DE3216251 | 1982-04-30 | ||
DE19823216251 DE3216251A1 (en) | 1982-04-30 | 1982-04-30 | VACUUM SWITCH TUBES |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0093414A2 EP0093414A2 (en) | 1983-11-09 |
EP0093414A3 EP0093414A3 (en) | 1985-05-15 |
EP0093414B1 true EP0093414B1 (en) | 1987-09-23 |
Family
ID=25801479
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP83104183A Expired EP0093414B1 (en) | 1982-04-30 | 1983-04-28 | Vacuum switch |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4497990A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0093414B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS58198811A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3216251A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE8320343U1 (en) * | 1983-07-14 | 1986-01-23 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Housing of a vacuum interrupter |
US4831327A (en) * | 1987-05-01 | 1989-05-16 | Hydro-Quebec | Self-powered electrical measuring system isolated from electrical perturbances |
DE3803778A1 (en) * | 1988-02-09 | 1989-08-17 | Licentia Gmbh | Vacuum switch with flat or corrugated elastic disc. - used as intermediate piece between fixed-contacts bolt and casings ceramic tube |
DE3825407A1 (en) * | 1988-07-27 | 1990-02-01 | Sachsenwerk Ag | SWITCH CHAMBER OF A VACUUM SWITCH |
GB2308497A (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 1997-06-25 | Gec Alsthom Ltd | Vacuum switching device |
US6867385B2 (en) * | 2003-02-21 | 2005-03-15 | Mcgraw-Edison Company | Self-fixturing system for a vacuum interrupter |
DE102015216911B4 (en) | 2015-09-03 | 2018-10-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vacuum interrupter with a holding element holder and / or a holding element and method for producing such |
DE102015217403A1 (en) | 2015-09-11 | 2017-03-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Switchgear with a vacuum tube |
DE202017104184U1 (en) | 2017-07-13 | 2018-10-16 | Conductix-Wampfler Gmbh | Device for detecting a state of wear of a sliding contact |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL292339A (en) * | ||||
US3082307A (en) * | 1959-04-30 | 1963-03-19 | Gen Electric | Vacuum type circuit interrupter |
NL275722A (en) * | 1961-03-10 | |||
GB1026054A (en) * | 1962-05-04 | 1966-04-14 | Ass Elect Ind | Improvements relating to vacuum electric devices |
US3189715A (en) * | 1962-05-21 | 1965-06-15 | Jennings Radio Mfg Corp | Internal shield and seal structure for vacuum sealed switch envelope |
US3166658A (en) * | 1962-07-05 | 1965-01-19 | Jennings Radio Mfg Corp | Vacuum switch and envelope construction therefor |
US3196236A (en) * | 1962-07-16 | 1965-07-20 | Jennings Radio Mfg Corp | High power vacuum circuit breaker contacts and arc-extinguishing means therefor |
CH436421A (en) * | 1963-04-09 | 1967-11-15 | Jennings Radio Manufacturing C | Circuit breaker |
US3261953A (en) * | 1963-10-10 | 1966-07-19 | Jennings Radio Mfg Corp | High power rf relay incorporating heatsink and fluid cooling |
US3355564A (en) * | 1966-06-03 | 1967-11-28 | John W Ranheim | Vacuum-type circuit interrupter |
DE2058020A1 (en) * | 1970-11-25 | 1972-05-31 | Siemens Ag | Vacuum switch housing |
DE2717562A1 (en) * | 1977-04-20 | 1978-10-26 | Siemens Ag | CONNECTING FLANGE RING FOR VACUUM SWITCHING TUBES |
JPS5636011Y2 (en) * | 1979-08-30 | 1981-08-25 | ||
JPS56156626A (en) * | 1980-05-06 | 1981-12-03 | Meidensha Electric Mfg Co Ltd | Vacuum breaker |
-
1982
- 1982-04-30 DE DE19823216251 patent/DE3216251A1/en not_active Ceased
-
1983
- 1983-04-25 US US06/488,187 patent/US4497990A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1983-04-28 JP JP58076041A patent/JPS58198811A/en active Pending
- 1983-04-28 EP EP83104183A patent/EP0093414B1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0093414A3 (en) | 1985-05-15 |
EP0093414A2 (en) | 1983-11-09 |
US4497990A (en) | 1985-02-05 |
JPS58198811A (en) | 1983-11-18 |
DE3216251A1 (en) | 1983-11-03 |
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