EP0063868B1 - Verpackungsgegenstand - Google Patents

Verpackungsgegenstand Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0063868B1
EP0063868B1 EP82301587A EP82301587A EP0063868B1 EP 0063868 B1 EP0063868 B1 EP 0063868B1 EP 82301587 A EP82301587 A EP 82301587A EP 82301587 A EP82301587 A EP 82301587A EP 0063868 B1 EP0063868 B1 EP 0063868B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
web
edge
folded
zone
joint
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82301587A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0063868A1 (de
Inventor
Sven Olof Sören Stark
Pär Magnus Andersson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tetra Pak AB
Original Assignee
Tetra Pak AB
Tetra Pak International AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tetra Pak AB, Tetra Pak International AB filed Critical Tetra Pak AB
Priority to AT82301587T priority Critical patent/ATE13993T1/de
Publication of EP0063868A1 publication Critical patent/EP0063868A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0063868B1 publication Critical patent/EP0063868B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D65/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
    • B31F1/0003—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening, flattening or rim-rolling; Shaping by bending, folding or rim-rolling combined with joining; Apparatus therefor
    • B31F1/0006—Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof
    • B31F1/0009—Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof of plates, sheets or webs
    • B31F1/0019—Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof of plates, sheets or webs the plates, sheets or webs moving continuously
    • B31F1/0022—Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof of plates, sheets or webs the plates, sheets or webs moving continuously combined with making folding lines
    • B31F1/0025—Making the folding lines using rotary tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
    • B31F1/0003—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening, flattening or rim-rolling; Shaping by bending, folding or rim-rolling combined with joining; Apparatus therefor
    • B31F1/0006—Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof
    • B31F1/0009—Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof of plates, sheets or webs
    • B31F1/0019—Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof of plates, sheets or webs the plates, sheets or webs moving continuously
    • B31F1/0029—Folding edges; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof, e.g. by introducing a thread; Folding the edges of a sheathing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H45/00—Folding thin material
    • B65H45/12—Folding articles or webs with application of pressure to define or form crease lines
    • B65H45/22—Longitudinal folders, i.e. for folding moving sheet material parallel to the direction of movement

Definitions

  • This invention relates to packages of the kind in which an open end of the container body is closed by an end panel sealed by an L-joint or T-joint to the edge of the body wall.
  • a form of package to which the present invention may be applied is known from Patent Specification G.B. 1 487 693, showing a package in which each end of the container body is closed by an end panel sealed by an L-joint or T-joint to the edges of the body wall.
  • the aforesaid known form of packaging is produced by bonding together two webs of material one of which is shaped by an endless chain of moulds into a series of deep channels extending transversely of the web and partitioned from one another by upstanding folded walls of the web, while the other web has edge zones divided into flaps.
  • the undivided middle portion of the second-mentioned web is applied, and bonded, to the upper edges of the partitioning walls of the first-mentioned web, and the said side flaps folded down and sealed to the edges of the channels of the first-mentioned web, forming a chain of interconnected closed containers which can be separated from one another.
  • the aforesaid known containers have been made from webs of foamed plastics materials provided with surface coatings of homogenous plastics suitable for heat-sealing.
  • the use of such materials renders these containers too expensive for some intended uses, and the main purpose of this invention is to provide a packaging laminate of cheaper materials suitable for forming into a cheaper variety of the aforesaid known containers, and for packages having like end closures.
  • the invention consists in a first aspect of a packaging container comprising two components (1, and 3, 4) formed from comparatively thin packaging material having a heat-sealable surface, the two components being bonded together with part of the edge of one component (1, 2) butt-welded by its edge as an L-joint or T-joint to the surface of the other component, (4), characterised in that this said edge of the component which is to be bonded in an L-joint or T-joint to the surface of the other component is thickened (14) by folding-over a narrow edge-zone of the material and bonding it to the inner area of the material, in order to obtain a folded edge-surface, widened to a thickness more than double the thickness of the packaging material and thus providing a strong L-joint or T-joint with the other component.
  • the line of folding may be defined by an impressed crease-line. After such folding the ridge of the crease-line upstanding from one face of the material should project inwards between the areas folded together.
  • the invention further consists in a method of, and an apparatus for the production of packages such as specified in the 'next preceding paragraph, as identified respectively in Claims 5-8 and Claim 9 below.
  • a lower web 1 of packaging material is formed by moulds into double- fold, spaced, upstanding walls 2 defining between them valleys or channels extending transversely of the web.
  • a second, upper web has a middle longitudinal zone 3 of substantially the same width as the top edges of the walls 2 of the lower web, and flaps 4 extending from the edges of the zone 3, dimensioned to correspond substantially to the end sections of the channels between the walls 2 of the lower web.
  • FIG. 1 An example of means for moulding web 1, shown in Figure 1, is illustrated in Figure 2.
  • a series of mould units 5 articulated to form an endless chain provide successive mould channels between adjacent units, and a rotatable roller array 6 presses down the flat web 1 into these channels where it conforms with the mould chain and is provided with upstanding transverse double fold walls with channels between them, substantially as illustrated in Figure 1, noting, however, that in Figure 2 the lower part of each channel is substantially semi-cylindrical rather than rectangular.
  • a machine incorporating such a mould chain is disclosed in British Patent Specification No. 1487693 from which Figure 2 is taken.
  • webs 1 and 3 4 shown in Figures 1 and 2 have heretofore been formed of foamed plastics material (e.g. polyethylene or polystyrene) with a homogeneous plastics coating layer on each face (e.g. of similar plastics materials), but such materials render the product undesirably expensive for some purposes.
  • foamed plastics material e.g. polyethylene or polystyrene
  • a homogeneous plastics coating layer on each face e.g. of similar plastics materials
  • a problem arising from such a replacement lies in the difficulty of firmly sealing the folded-down flaps 4 of the upper web to the edges of the channel-formed lower web 1 of plastics-coated paper.
  • the edges of the thinner web 1 are thickened and provided with a heat-sealable plastics-surface, and a preferred procedure for achieving that result is illustrated in Figures 3-14 of the drawings herewith.
  • the web 1, here formed of paper provided with plastics coating on each face is fed to the apparatus over a guide roller 7.
  • the paper may be of the kind known as "Duplex" paper with the fibres of one face (intended for the outer surface of a carton formed from the web) being bleached, and the fibres of the opposite face unbleached.
  • Each face of the paper web is coated with an affixed plastics film (e.g. of polyethylene).
  • the roller 7 is provided with flanges 8 to prevent lateral displacement of the advancing web, as it proceeds over the upper roller 9 of a pair of rollers 9, 10 urged together by adjustable pressure-spring means 11. Passing round part of the roller 9 the web passes through the nip between the rollers 9, 10, which, also are flanged to locate the web.
  • roller 9 Adjacent to, but slightly spaced from, each flange the roller 9 is provided with a peripheral groove 12 (exposed by the partially broken away flange in Figure 5), and in like position the roller 10 is provided with cooperating upstanding ribs or ridges 13.
  • the narrow edge zone outside the groove 14 is folded towards, and sealed to, the middle zone of the web, and for this purpose the web proceeds past heating means 15 which soften the plastics coating of the web in readiness for bonding, and.folding means 15a by which the edge zones are folded inwards.
  • a convenient form of heating means is illustrated in Figures 8, 9 and 10.
  • a U-shaped tube 15 is provided at its mid-point with a hot-air inlet duct 16.
  • the side limbs of the tube are substantially parallel, and the width of the heater corresponds substantially to the width of the web.
  • the heater is positioned so that the side limbs are located over the edges of the web which advances beneath the heater in a direction parallel to the axes of the side limbs.
  • the undersides of the side limbs are apertured or slotted as at 17, and hot air is directed through these openings onto the edge zones of the passing web, to soften the plastics coating thereon for sealing.
  • the heater shown in perspective in Figure 8, is illustrated in section in Figure 9, and a side-section of a side limb shown in Figure 10.
  • a rigid plate 18, e.g. of metal, is substantially flat at the end first approached by the web, but one half 19 of the plate on one side of the longitudinal centre-line of the plate is twisted in relation to the other half 20 of the plate, so that proceeding along the plate from the flat end to the other end, the twisted half 19 of the plate becomes increasingly inclined to the other half 20, until it is perpendicular thereto, and thereafter continues to an increasingly acute angle in relation to the other half 20, until it is folded into a position parallel to, and only slightly spaced from the other half 20.
  • the outer edge of the web is adjacent to the outer edge of the portion 19 of the plate, and as it advances the edge zone of the web is gradually folded up and over by the twisted length 19 of the plate until, at the remote end of the plate it is folded flat against the inner web surface. Successive stages of this folding operation are illustrated in Figure 11 by cross-sections of the plate at different points along its length.
  • the plate may be fitted with rollers or replaced by a frame or race of rollers.
  • a folder-device is provided at each edge of the web.
  • the surface of the web which is heated is the surface intended to be the outer surface of a container made from the web, and it follows that as a result of the folding the plastics coating of the web surface intended to be the inner surface of a container extends round the folded web edge and appears as a narrow edge zone of the other web face.
  • each edge groove 14 in the web provided by the rollers 9, 10 runs on to a folder-plate substantially in line with the centre line of the plate and with the crease ( Figure 7) upstanding therefrom.
  • the crease is directed inwardly between the web and its folded-over edge zone, as illustrated in Figure 12.
  • the width of the edge surface of the folded web which is to be bonded to a flap 4 is more than twice the thickness of the web.
  • the folded heated edge zones are pressed into sealing contact with the web by roller means. Since the web may be curved when being moulded in the course of forming containers ( Figure 2), the web may be formed with a curl or curvature in the face of the web which is to be the interior surface of a container. This effect may be achieved by pressing the web against a rotating cylindrical surface when sealing the folded edge zones.
  • a pressure roller 21 running beneath each folded web edge presses the edge against a cylinder 22 provided with flanges 23 to prevent lateral displacement of the web.
  • the diameter of the cylinder 22 is selected according to the degree of curl or curvature desired in the finished web.
  • the roller 21 with appropriate pressure seals the folded edge zone to the body of the web.
  • the edge of the roller 21 immediately adjacent to the portion of the folded edge which is thickened by the folding and by the inwardly directed crease ( Figure 12) is rounded or chamfered as at 24 in order to avoid flattening of this thickened, plastics-faced edge.
  • the finished web is drawn off and formed into a roll for subsequent presentation to a package-forming machine.
  • a web of packaging material as described above may conveniently be used for the lower web 1 in the procedure referred to with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings herewith, when it is moulded into transverse channel shape in moulds such as illustrated in Figure 2. It will be noted that the curl or curvature imposed upon the web by the counter-pressure rotating cylinder 22, is in the sense which assists in the shaping of the web in the moulds shown in Figure 2.
  • the upper web 3, 4 ( Figure 1) when used with such a web of material may be of the kind heretofore used (e.g. of foamed plastics material with plastics-coated surfaces) or it may also be formed of thinner material.
  • the thickened edge of the lower web 1 is attached to the flaps of the upper web by butt-welding, or L- or T-joint welds.
  • the heat-sealable plastics surface at the thickened edge of the lower web should be of the same plastics-coating material as that of the upper web to which it is to be bonded.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Wrappers (AREA)
  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)
  • Containers And Plastic Fillers For Packaging (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
  • Machines For Manufacturing Corrugated Board In Mechanical Paper-Making Processes (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)

Claims (10)

1. Verpackungsbehälter, bestehend aus zwei Komponenten (1, 2 und 3, 4), die aus verhältnismäßig dünnem biegsamen Packstoff mit einer heißsiegelbaren Oberfläche geformt sind, wobei die beiden Komponenten so miteinander verschweißt sind, daß eine Teil des Rands einer Komponente (1, 2) mittels des Rands als L-oderT-Stoßverbindung mit der Oberfläche der anderen Komponente (4) stoßverschweißt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Rand der Komponente, der als L- oder T-Stoßverbindung mit der Oberfläche der anderen Komponente zu verschweißen ist, durch Umfalten einer schmalen Randzone des Packstoffs und Verschweißen derselben mit der Innenfläche des Packstoffs verdickt ist unter Bildung einer Faltrandoberfläche, die auf eine Dicke verbreitert ist, die mehr als die doppelte Dicke des Packstoffs beträgt, so daß eine mechanisch feste L- oder T-Stoßverbindung mit der anderen Komponente gebildet ist.
2. Verpackungsbehälter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Randzone durch eine aufrechte Rippe (12) im Packstoff, die parallel zu der rohen Kante des Packstoffs und im Abstand davon verläuft, gebildet ist, und daß die Randzone umgefaltet und mit der angrenzenden Innenfläche des Packstoffs verschweißt ist derart, daß die Rippe zwischen den miteinander verschweißten Flächen liegt.
3. Verpackungsbehälter nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Packstoff, der einen durch das Umfalten und Verschweißen verdickten Rand aufweist, mit einer Wölbung oder Welligkeit um eine Achse, die parallel zu einer zu dem verdickten Rand (Fig. 3) senkrechten Linie verläuft, versehen wird, bevor der umgefaltete Rand mit der Packstofffläche verschweißt wird.
4. Verpackungsbehälter, der als einer einer Serie von aus zwei Packstoffbahnen erzeugten Behältern geformt ist (Fig. 1 und 2), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeder Rand der einen Packstoffbahn durch Umfalten und Verschweißen einer Randzone der Packstoffbahn verdickt ist (Fig. 4), entsprechend einem der Ansprüche 1, 2 oder 3.
5. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verpackungsbehälters nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2, 3 oder 4, wobei eine erste Bahn (2) unter Bildung aufeinanderfolgender, quer zur Bahn verlaufender Kanäle geformt und eine zweite Bahn (3) mit seitlichen Klappen (4) mit den Kanälen der ersten Bahn heißversiegeltwird und die seitlichen Klappen nach unten umgefaltet und an den Rändern der Kanäle befestigt werden unter Bildung einer Serie von untereinander verbundenen geschlossenen (Fig. 1 und 2) Behältern, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß vor dem Formen der esten Bahn zu Kanälen die Ränder der ersten Bahn durch Umfalten einer schmalen Randzone auf jeder Bahnseite in Kontakt mit der angrenzenden Innenfläche der Bahn und Verschweißen dieser Flächen miteinander verdickt werden derart, daß die Dicke der umgefalteten Randfläche mehr als die doppelte Dicke der Bahn beträgt (Fig. 13, 14), und daß anschließend die verdickte Randfläche als L- oder T-Stoßverbindung mit der Oberfläche der zweiten Bahn verschweißt wird.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede umfaltbare Randzone durch eine in die Bahn eingeprägte Rille (14) definiert ist, die auf der entgegengesetzten Faltungsseite eine aufrechte Rippe parallel zum Rand der Bahn und davon beabstandet bildet, und daß die Randzone umgefaltet und mit der angrenzenden Bahnfläche unter Umfassung der Rippe verschweißt wird (Fig. 13, 14).
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß während des Verschweißens mit der inneren Bahnfläche die umgefaltete Randzone einem Heißsiegeldruck durch Rollen (21, 22, 23) ausgesetzt wird, die so profiliert sind, daß sie die durch das Umfalten bewirkte Verbreiterung des umgefalteten Rands aufrechferhalten (Fig. 13, 14).
8. Verfahren nach einen der Ansprüche 5, 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß nach dem Verdicken der Bahnränder durch Umfalten die Bahn von Rollen (21, 22, Fig. 3) um eine Achse gewölbt wird, die parallel zu einer quer zur Bahn verlaufenden Linie und senkrecht zu den Flaträndern der Bahn verläuft.
9. Einrichtung zur Duchführung eines Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 5, 6, 7 oder 8, gekennzeichnet durch Rollen (9, 10), die in eine Fläche der Bahn eine Rille (14) unter Bildung einer entsprechenden Rippe auf der entgegengesetzten Bahnseite einprägen, und zwar entlang zwei Linien, die jeweils parallel zu und im Abstand von den entgegengesetzten Bahnrändern verlaufen, eine Einheit (15a), die die durch die Rillen definierten Randzonen der Bahn während des Bahnvorschubs automatisch umfaltet, so daß jede Rippe zwischen den umgefalteten Bahnbereichen liegt, und eine Vorrichtung (15, 21, 22), die die umgefalteten Randzonen mit der angrenzenden Bahnoberfläche, auf die sie umgefaltet sind, durch Heißsiegeln verschweißt, wobei eine Dicke des umgefalteten Bahnrands von mehr als der doppelten Bahndicke verbleibt.
10. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 9, umfassend Rollen (21, 22) die der Bahn eine Wölbung oder Welligkeit um eine Achse, die parallel zu der Bahn und in Querrichtung derselben verläuft, erteilen.
EP82301587A 1981-04-16 1982-03-25 Verpackungsgegenstand Expired EP0063868B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82301587T ATE13993T1 (de) 1981-04-16 1982-03-25 Verpackungsgegenstand.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8112214 1981-04-16
GB8112214A GB2098921B (en) 1981-04-16 1981-04-16 Packaging material and packages formed therefrom

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0063868A1 EP0063868A1 (de) 1982-11-03
EP0063868B1 true EP0063868B1 (de) 1985-06-26

Family

ID=10521241

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82301587A Expired EP0063868B1 (de) 1981-04-16 1982-03-25 Verpackungsgegenstand

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0063868B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS57181849A (de)
AT (1) ATE13993T1 (de)
AU (1) AU556239B2 (de)
DE (1) DE3264391D1 (de)
GB (1) GB2098921B (de)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4572752A (en) * 1982-11-12 1986-02-25 Adolph Coors Company Control stretch laminating device
FR2540847A1 (fr) * 1983-02-15 1984-08-17 Jabouley Cie Manufacture Jh Procede et dispositif de reliage de rubans ou bandes de tissu decoupe
DE3921713C1 (de) * 1989-06-06 1990-03-08 Pfaff Industriemaschinen Gmbh, 6750 Kaiserslautern, De
EP0557789B1 (de) * 1992-02-28 1996-06-12 RXS Kabelgarnituren Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Verfahren zur Anformung von Profilen pilzförmigen Querschnittes als Verschlusselemente an wärmeschrumpffähigen Kunststoffbahnen
US6592699B1 (en) * 1999-10-28 2003-07-15 Illinois Tool Works, Inc. Process for making stretch film having heat-sealed edges
SE525741C2 (sv) * 2003-09-04 2005-04-19 Sesam Plastics Ab Sätt och anordning för bildande av kantförtjockning på bana av termoplastmaterial
SE529946C2 (sv) * 2006-05-26 2008-01-15 Pronova Ab Bär- eller transportremsa

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1411779A (en) * 1919-07-25 1922-04-04 Plastoid Products Inc Paper-folding machine
GB224237A (de) * 1923-10-29 1925-02-26 Burkhard Bernhard Schweitzer
US2219174A (en) * 1939-04-11 1940-10-22 Terkelsen Machine Company Folder
US2477355A (en) * 1946-05-07 1949-07-26 Henry T Bacon Inc Flange bender
US2540844A (en) * 1947-11-28 1951-02-06 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Web folding machine
US2844078A (en) * 1953-07-13 1958-07-22 Continental Can Co Folding machine for the manufacture of paperboard boxes and the like
FR1402125A (fr) * 1964-04-30 1965-06-11 Procédé et appareillage de jonction étanche de matières en feuilles et leurs applications
DE1461907A1 (de) * 1964-08-20 1969-02-06 Holstein & Kappert Maschf Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von rechteckfoermigen Schlaeuchen und zur Durchfuehrung dieser Verfahren geeignete Vorrichtungen
US3897943A (en) * 1973-12-05 1975-08-05 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Tire breaker belt stock

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE13993T1 (de) 1985-07-15
AU556239B2 (en) 1986-10-30
GB2098921A (en) 1982-12-01
JPS57181849A (en) 1982-11-09
EP0063868A1 (de) 1982-11-03
GB2098921B (en) 1984-12-05
DE3264391D1 (en) 1985-08-01
JPH05215B2 (de) 1993-01-05
AU8231282A (en) 1982-10-21

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