EP0041059B1 - Two-sheet brickwork - Google Patents
Two-sheet brickwork Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0041059B1 EP0041059B1 EP81890065A EP81890065A EP0041059B1 EP 0041059 B1 EP0041059 B1 EP 0041059B1 EP 81890065 A EP81890065 A EP 81890065A EP 81890065 A EP81890065 A EP 81890065A EP 0041059 B1 EP0041059 B1 EP 0041059B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ribs
- masonry
- gaps
- width
- insulation layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
- E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
- E04C1/41—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts composed of insulating material and load-bearing concrete, stone or stone-like material
Definitions
- the invention relates to a double-layer masonry with an inner insulating layer of mineral wool or the like. And a space between the insulating layer and the outer shell for masonry rear ventilation.
- Double-layer masonry with a central insulation layer is characterized by its good heat storage capacity and, above all, by its excellent insulation properties, whereby mineral wool or steam-permeable polystyrene or other insulation materials with a lower vapor diffusion resistance factor than the load-bearing masonry part, i.e. the inner shell, have proven themselves as insulation materials Allow materials to breathe in the masonry.
- the insulating effect of the mineral wool or the like deteriorates significantly with increasing moisture, care must also be taken to ensure that, through adequate ventilation of the masonry, neither water vapor diffusing through the inner shell nor driving rain penetrating through the outer shell wet the insulation layer to a permissible extent can.
- a multi-layer masonry emerges, which consists of complicated building blocks and cavities and is used primarily for sound insulation.
- an insulating layer laminated on both sides with foils, which is supported on horizontal ribs opposite the inner shell and leaves an air gap towards the outer shell.
- the outer shell is the load-bearing shell, and there is absolutely no security between the outer shell and the insulation layer to keep the air gap clear.
- the masonry is designed for internal sound insulation, and there is no provision for ventilation of the facade or outer shell.
- EP-A-0 032 519 which falls under Article 54 (3) of the EPC, shows brick units for the production of facade curtains for hanging facades, the surface-ground or cut, bonded brick units having inwardly projecting ribs for support on insulating plates.
- these brick units must be aligned precisely with one another because of the assembly fitting required for their construction, so that ribs and joints of the units lying one above the other are aligned, which makes the construction cumbersome and time-consuming.
- the invention is therefore based on the object to eliminate these deficiencies and to provide masonry of the type described which can be constructed in a simple, rational manner and always ensures the desired rear ventilation.
- the outer shell consists of building blocks which have inwardly projecting, perpendicular ribs and are bricked up in such a way that the joints of a row are offset from the joints of the row arranged above, the width of the ribs and the The width of the gaps remaining between them are chosen such that the ribs of one stone cannot close the gaps of the other stone arranged above them.
- These ribs always keep the insulation layer at a suitable distance by themselves, which ensures the formation of the space required for rear ventilation alone with the usual masonry masonry without the need for additional battens, mounting fittings or the like.
- the corresponding width ratios of ribs and gaps create continuous air channels from bottom to top, regardless of the type or size of the displacement of rows of stones, which have a chimney-like effect and provide the desired ventilation.
- the ribs can be formed directly from the building block or from strips connected to the building block by gluing, foaming or the like. Their cross-sectional shape is variable and, moreover, they do not need over the entire stone height to run continuously, it is sufficient to have them in sections.
- the contact area between the ribs and the insulation layer must be kept as small as possible.
- the ribs must also be correspondingly high in order to reliably prevent the gaps from being closed by the soft insulating material, the rib height being decisive for the width of the gaps, so that there is a certain relationship between shape and with regard to the existing strength properties Size of the ribs and their mutual distance results. Quite favorable conditions occur when the average rib width is approximately half the maximum rib height and the average gap width is approximately two to five times the maximum rib height.
- the average width or maximum height of the ribs should be at least 1 or 2 cm and the average gap width 5 cm.
- a double-layer masonry 1 consists of the load-bearing inner shell 2, the outer shell 3 erected at a distance therefrom and a central insulating layer 4 made of mineral wool or the like would have to be provided for a rear ventilation of the masonry 1, which requires a space between the outer shell 3 and insulation layer 4 for the air flow.
- the outer shell 3 is built up from building blocks 5 with inwardly projecting, perpendicular ribs 6, which are narrower than the gaps 7 present between two adjacent ribs 6.
- the gaps 7 of the individual building blocks 5 form in the finished outer shell 3 through channels from bottom to top, through which air flows (arrows 8) and bring about the desired rear ventilation of the masonry 1.
- the ribs 6 of the building blocks 5 keep the insulation layer 4 at a distance and prevent the relatively soft insulating material of this insulation layer from penetrating into the gaps 7.
- the individual building blocks 5 of the outer shell 3 can be staggered in the usual way, without thereby affecting the channeling for the air flow 8, since no rib of one stone can close any gap of the neighboring stones.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein zweischaliges Mauerwerk mit einer inneren Dämmschicht aus Mineralwolle od. dgl. und einem Freiraum zwischen Dämmschicht und Außenschale zur Mauerwerkshinterlüftung.The invention relates to a double-layer masonry with an inner insulating layer of mineral wool or the like. And a space between the insulating layer and the outer shell for masonry rear ventilation.
Zweischalige Mauerwerke mit einer mittigen Isolierschicht zeichnen sich durch ihre gute Wärmespeicherfähigkeit und vor allem durch ihre hervorragende Dämmeigenschaften aus, wobei sich als Isoliermaterial besonders Mineralwolle oder dampfdurchlässiges Polystyrol oder andere Dämmstoffe mit gegenüber dem tragenden Mauerwerksteil, also der Innenschale, geringerem Dampfdiffusionswiderstandsfaktor bewährt haben, da diese Materialien ein Atmen des Mauerwerkes zulassen. Da sich aber die Dämmwirkung der Mineralwolle od. dgl. mit zunehmender Feuchtigkeit wesentlich verschlechtert, muß zusätzlich dafür gesorgt sein, daß durch eine ausreichende Hinterlüftung des Mauerwerkes weder durch die Innenschale eindiffundierender Wasserdampf noch durch die Außenschale eindringender Schlagregen die Dämmschicht über ein zulässiges Maß hinaus durchnässen können. Aus diesem Grund gibt es zwischen Dämmschicht und Außenschale einen im Bodenbereich mit der Außenluft in Verbindung stehenden und nach oben hin offenen Freiraum, der so eine Hinterlüftung und damit eine entsprechende Feuchtigkeitsabfuhr erlaubt. Um aber einen solchen Freiraum zu erreichen, ist es bisher notwendig, die Dämmschicht mittels eigener Haltevorrichtungen, wie einer Lattung, einer Schienenkonstruktion oder einer Vielzahl von speziellen großköpfigen Distanznägeln u. dgl., in ihrer Stärke auf das gewünschte Maß zu begrenzen, was einen enormen Arbeits- und Materialaufwand mit sich bringt und bei einem etwas sorgloseren Verlegen der Dämmschicht sofort unangenehmste und irreparable Folgen nach sich zieht.Double-layer masonry with a central insulation layer is characterized by its good heat storage capacity and, above all, by its excellent insulation properties, whereby mineral wool or steam-permeable polystyrene or other insulation materials with a lower vapor diffusion resistance factor than the load-bearing masonry part, i.e. the inner shell, have proven themselves as insulation materials Allow materials to breathe in the masonry. However, since the insulating effect of the mineral wool or the like deteriorates significantly with increasing moisture, care must also be taken to ensure that, through adequate ventilation of the masonry, neither water vapor diffusing through the inner shell nor driving rain penetrating through the outer shell wet the insulation layer to a permissible extent can. For this reason, between the insulation layer and the outer shell there is a free space in the floor area that is connected to the outside air and is open at the top, which allows ventilation and thus a corresponding moisture removal. However, in order to achieve such a free space, it has hitherto been necessary to use separate holding devices, such as battens, a rail construction or a large number of special large-headed spacer nails, and the like. Like. To limit in their strength to the desired level, which entails an enormous amount of work and materials and, if the insulation layer is laid more carelessly, immediately has the most unpleasant and irreparable consequences.
Gemäß der DE-A-2417 138 gibt es auch schon ein zweischaliges Mauerwerk mit einer zwischenliegenden Dämmschicht, die an ihrer der Außenschale zugewendeten Seite mit einer Deckplatte abgedeckt ist, wobei Abstandselemente die Deckplatte im Abstand zur Dämmplatte halten. Die Deckplatte kann lose oder mit der Dämmplatte zusammenhängend ausgebildet sein, und Dämmplatte, Abstandselemente und Deckplatte können auch zu einer Verbundplatte zusammengefaßt sein. Die zusätzlich erforderlichen Deckplatten und Abstandselemente führen zu einem entsprechenden Mehraufwand, und das Errichten dieses Mauerwerkes bleibt arbeitsintensiv und teuer, wozu noch kommt, daß lediglich fester Isolierstoff und nicht die günstigere Mineralwolle od. dgl. für die Dämmschicht verwendbar ist.According to DE-A-2417 138 there is already a double-layer masonry with an intermediate insulation layer which is covered on its side facing the outer shell with a cover plate, with spacer elements keeping the cover plate at a distance from the insulation plate. The cover plate can be made loose or connected to the insulation plate, and the insulation plate, spacer elements and cover plate can also be combined to form a composite plate. The additional required cover plates and spacers lead to a corresponding additional effort, and the construction of this masonry remains labor-intensive and expensive, to which is added that only solid insulating material and not the cheaper mineral wool or the like can be used for the insulation layer.
Aus der FR-A-2 247 588 geht ein mehrschaliges Mauerwerk hervor, das aus komplizierten, Hohlräume und Rippen bildenden Bausteinen besteht und vor allem zur Schalldämmung dient. Innerhalb eines Freiraumes zwischen den Schalen befindet sich eine beiderseits mit Folien kaschierte lsolierschicht, die sich gegenüber der Innenschale an Horizontalrippen abstützt und zur Außenschale hin einen Luftspalt freiläßt. Hier ist die Außenschale die tragende Schale, und zwischen Außenschale und Dämmschicht gibt es überhaupt keinerlei Sicherung zur Freihaltung des Luftspaltes. Das Mauerwerk ist auf eine innenliegende Schalldämmung ausgerichtet, und eine Hinterlüftung der Fassade oder Außenschale ist nicht vorgesehen.From FR-A-2 247 588 a multi-layer masonry emerges, which consists of complicated building blocks and cavities and is used primarily for sound insulation. Within a space between the shells there is an insulating layer laminated on both sides with foils, which is supported on horizontal ribs opposite the inner shell and leaves an air gap towards the outer shell. Here the outer shell is the load-bearing shell, and there is absolutely no security between the outer shell and the insulation layer to keep the air gap clear. The masonry is designed for internal sound insulation, and there is no provision for ventilation of the facade or outer shell.
Die unter Artikel 54 (3) des EPÜ fallende EP-A-0 032 519 zeigt Ziegelsteineinheiten zur Herstellung von Fassadenvorhängen für Hängefassaden, wobei die in Flächen geschliffenen oder geschnittenen, verklebten Ziegelsteineinheiten nach innen vorspringende Rippen zur Abstützung an Isolierplatten aufweisen. Diese Ziegelsteineinheiten müssen aber wegen der für ihren Aufbau erforderlichen Montagearmatur exakt aufeinander ausgerichtet sein, so daß jeweils Rippen und Fugen der übereinanderliegenden Einheiten fluchten, wodurch der Aufbau umständlich und zeitraubend wird.EP-A-0 032 519, which falls under Article 54 (3) of the EPC, shows brick units for the production of facade curtains for hanging facades, the surface-ground or cut, bonded brick units having inwardly projecting ribs for support on insulating plates. However, these brick units must be aligned precisely with one another because of the assembly fitting required for their construction, so that ribs and joints of the units lying one above the other are aligned, which makes the construction cumbersome and time-consuming.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, diese Mängel zu beseitigen und ein Mauerwerk der eingangs geschilderten Art zu schaffen, das auf einfache, rationelle Weise aufgebaut werden kann und stets die gewünschte Hinterlüftung gewährleistet.The invention is therefore based on the object to eliminate these deficiencies and to provide masonry of the type described which can be constructed in a simple, rational manner and always ensures the desired rear ventilation.
Die Erfindung löst diese Aufgabe dadurch, daß die Außenschale aus Bausteinen besteht, die nach innen vorragende, lotrecht verlaufende Rippen aufweisen und derart aufgemauert sind, daß die Fugen einer Reihe versetzt zu den Fugen der darüber angeordneten Reihe liegen, wobei die Breite der Rippen und die Weite der zwischen ihnen verbleibenden Lücken derart gewählt sind, daß die Rippen des einen Steines nicht die Lücken des anderen, darüber angeordneten Steines verschließen können. Diese Rippen halten die Dämmschicht von selbst stets auf entsprechende Distanz, wodurch alleine mit einem üblichen Aufmauern des Mauerwerkes ohne die Notwendigkeit einer zusätzlichen Lattung, Montagearmatur od. dgl. die Ausbildung des für die Hinterlüftung notwendigen Freiraumes sichergestellt ist. Durch die entsprechenden Breitenverhältnisse von Rippen und Lücken entstehen beim Aufbau der Außenschale unabhängig von der Art bzw. Größe der Versetzung übereinanderliegender Steinreihen von unten nach oben durchgehende Luftkanäle, die kaminartig wirken und eine gewünschte Hinterlüftung mit sich bringen. Dabei können die Rippen direkt vom Baustein oder von mit dem Baustein durch Kleben, Schäumen od. dgl. verbundenen Leisten ausgebildet sein, ihre Querschnittsform ist variabel, und sie brauchen außerdem nicht über die gesamte Steinhöhe durchgehend zu verlaufen, es genügt ihr abschnittsweises Vorhandensein.The invention solves this problem in that the outer shell consists of building blocks which have inwardly projecting, perpendicular ribs and are bricked up in such a way that the joints of a row are offset from the joints of the row arranged above, the width of the ribs and the The width of the gaps remaining between them are chosen such that the ribs of one stone cannot close the gaps of the other stone arranged above them. These ribs always keep the insulation layer at a suitable distance by themselves, which ensures the formation of the space required for rear ventilation alone with the usual masonry masonry without the need for additional battens, mounting fittings or the like. The corresponding width ratios of ribs and gaps create continuous air channels from bottom to top, regardless of the type or size of the displacement of rows of stones, which have a chimney-like effect and provide the desired ventilation. The ribs can be formed directly from the building block or from strips connected to the building block by gluing, foaming or the like. Their cross-sectional shape is variable and, moreover, they do not need over the entire stone height to run continuously, it is sufficient to have them in sections.
Um zu verhindern, daß es durch die zeitweise unterkühlte Außenschate zu einer Kondensation der in die Dämmschicht eindiffundierenden Feuchtigkeit kommt, ist die Berührungsfläche zwischen den Rippen und der Dämmschicht möglichst klein zu halten. Die Rippen müssen darüber hinaus aber auch entsprechend hoch sein, um ein Verschließen der Lücken durch das weiche Dämmaterial sicher zu verhindern, wobei die Rippenhöhe für die Weite der Lücken maßgebend ist, so daß sich im Hinblick auf die vorhandenen Festigkeitseigenschaften ein bestimmter Zusammenhang zwischen Form und Größe der Rippen und ihres gegenseitigen Abstandes ergibt. Durchaus günstige Verhältnisse treten auf, wenn die mittlere Rippenbreite etwa halb so groß wie die maximale Rippenhöhe ist und die mittlere Lückenweite etwa dem Zweibis Fünffachen der maximalen Rippenhöhe entspricht. Dabei sollten die mittlere Breite bzw. die maximale Höhe der Rippen mindestens 1 bzw. 2 cm und die mittlere Lückenweite 5 cm betragen. Diese Maßangaben sind selbstverständlich nur ungefähre Richtwerte, die stark vom Material des Bausteines und der Dämmschicht und auch von der Querschnittsform der Rippen beeinflußt werden. Die geradlinig verlaufenden Rippen sind ja nicht auf eine bestimmte Ausführungsform beschränkt, sie können an und für sich beliebigen, z. B. rechteckigen, trapezförmigen oder runden Querschnitt aufweisen, wobei diese Maßangaben dann Mittelwerte darstellen. Im Endeffekt kommt es ja nur darauf an, daß die zwischen den Rippen verbleibenden Lücken groß genug sind, um eine Kaminwirkung zu erzeugen, und die Rippen bei kleinster Berührungsfläche mit der Dämmschicht ein Eindringen dieser Dämmschicht in die lichte Weite der Lücken weitgehend ausschließen.In order to prevent condensation of the moisture diffusing into the insulation layer due to the temporarily supercooled outer chute, the contact area between the ribs and the insulation layer must be kept as small as possible. The ribs must also be correspondingly high in order to reliably prevent the gaps from being closed by the soft insulating material, the rib height being decisive for the width of the gaps, so that there is a certain relationship between shape and with regard to the existing strength properties Size of the ribs and their mutual distance results. Quite favorable conditions occur when the average rib width is approximately half the maximum rib height and the average gap width is approximately two to five times the maximum rib height. The average width or maximum height of the ribs should be at least 1 or 2 cm and the
In der Zeichnung ist der Erfindungsgegenstand in einem Ausführungsbeispiel rein schematisch dargestellt, und zwar zeigenIn the drawing, the subject matter of the invention is shown purely schematically in one embodiment, namely show
Fig. 1 und 2 ein erfindungsgemäßes Mauerwerk im Horizontalschnitt und im Vertikalschnitt nach der Linie 11-11 der Fig. 1.1 and 2, a masonry according to the invention in horizontal section and in vertical section along the line 11-11 of FIG. 1st
Ein zweischaliges Mauerwerk 1 besteht aus der tragenden Innenschale 2, der mit Abstand davon aufgerichteten Außenschale 3 und einer mittigen Dämmschicht 4 aus Mineralwolle od. dgl. Um ein Durchnässen der Dämmschicht 4 zu verhindern, was ein starkes Absinken der Isoliereigenschaften und eine wesentliche Verschlechterung des Wohnklimas zur Folge hätte, muß für eine Hinterlüftung des Mauerwerkes 1 gesorgt sein, die einen Freiraum zwischen Außenschale 3 und Dämmschicht 4 für die Luftführung erfordert. Um auf einfache Weise diesen Freiraum gleichzeitig mit dem üblichen Aufmauern des Mauerwerkes entstehen zu lassen, wird die Außenschale 3 aus Bausteinen 5 mit nach innen vorragenden, lotrecht verlaufenden Rippen 6, die schmäler sind als die zwischen zwei benachbarten Rippen 6 vorhandenen Lücken 7, aufgebaut. Die Lücken 7 der einzelnen Bausteine 5 bilden in der fertigen Außenschale 3 von unten nach oben durchgehende Kanäle, die von Luft durchströmt werden (Pfeile 8) und die gewünschte Hinterlüftung des Mauerwerkes 1 mit sich bringen. Die Rippen 6 der Bausteine 5 halten dabei die Dämmschicht 4 auf Distanz und verhindern das Eindringen des relativ weichen Isoliermaterials dieser Dämmschicht in die Lücken 7. Wie in Fig. 2 angedeutet, können die einzelnen Bausteine 5 der Außenschale 3 in gewohnter Weise versetzt aufgemauert sein, ohne daß dadurch die Kanalbildung für die Luftströmung 8 beeinträchtigt würde, da keine Rippe des einen Steines irgendeine Lücke der benachbarten Steine verschließen kann.A double-layer masonry 1 consists of the load-bearing
Claims (2)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT0222880A AT363655B (en) | 1980-04-25 | 1980-04-25 | DOUBLE-WALLED MASONRY |
| AT2228/80 | 1980-04-25 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0041059A2 EP0041059A2 (en) | 1981-12-02 |
| EP0041059A3 EP0041059A3 (en) | 1982-01-06 |
| EP0041059B1 true EP0041059B1 (en) | 1983-11-30 |
Family
ID=3530413
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP81890065A Expired EP0041059B1 (en) | 1980-04-25 | 1981-04-14 | Two-sheet brickwork |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4422271A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0041059B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT363655B (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1153862A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3161533D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK149929C (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2578280A1 (en) * | 1985-01-11 | 1986-09-05 | Turrillot Manuel | Block for building using formwork for constructions such as industrial buildings, detached houses and the like |
| GR1000174B (en) * | 1989-10-20 | 1991-12-10 | Minas Iosifidis | Surfaces for the stucco application |
| AT403599B (en) * | 1991-11-07 | 1998-03-25 | Lehner Wolfgang | FINISHED ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION ON SITE |
| FR2691191A1 (en) * | 1992-05-14 | 1993-11-19 | Arnaud Guy | Drained and insulated double wall - has superposed fibrous cloths fastening insulation core to adjoining walls of building block |
| US5598673A (en) * | 1994-01-18 | 1997-02-04 | Atkins; Mark R. | Masonry cavity wall air space and weeps obstruction prevention system |
| US5702627A (en) * | 1995-03-27 | 1997-12-30 | Brasken; Walter | Uninsulated and insulated concrete building structure production in situ |
| US5826388A (en) * | 1996-05-07 | 1998-10-27 | K2, Inc. | Composite insulating drainage wall system |
| US7730685B1 (en) | 2003-12-11 | 2010-06-08 | Keene Building Products Co., Inc. | Mortar and debris collection system for masonry cavity walls |
| US7181888B1 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2007-02-27 | George Facaros | Interconnected double hull construction for basements |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US616652A (en) * | 1898-12-27 | John francis booraem | ||
| US732102A (en) * | 1903-04-24 | 1903-06-30 | George M Moulton | Grain-bin. |
| US793645A (en) * | 1904-02-19 | 1905-07-04 | Lewis D Ewing | Foundation-wall. |
| US2213355A (en) * | 1939-12-21 | 1940-09-03 | Roy D Woodworth | Wall construction |
| US2634601A (en) * | 1949-09-09 | 1953-04-14 | Tillery Cloyd | Building wall construction |
| US3619961A (en) * | 1970-03-24 | 1971-11-16 | Lois M Chamberlain | Venting roof insulation product |
| FR2247588A1 (en) * | 1973-10-11 | 1975-05-09 | Deloupy Guy | Thermal acoustic insulating building construction - has hollow blocks spaced from hollow blocks with insulating layer |
| US4328652A (en) * | 1979-01-19 | 1982-05-11 | Parsec, Inc. | Insulated structure and method for insulating a structure |
| EP0032519A3 (en) * | 1980-01-21 | 1981-08-05 | Mladen Kezele | Building structures made from glued brick lamellae |
-
1980
- 1980-04-25 AT AT0222880A patent/AT363655B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1981
- 1981-04-14 EP EP81890065A patent/EP0041059B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-04-14 DE DE8181890065T patent/DE3161533D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-04-23 US US06/256,789 patent/US4422271A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1981-04-24 DK DK183381A patent/DK149929C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-04-24 CA CA000376204A patent/CA1153862A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DK149929B (en) | 1986-10-27 |
| CA1153862A (en) | 1983-09-20 |
| DE3161533D1 (en) | 1984-01-05 |
| US4422271A (en) | 1983-12-27 |
| DK183381A (en) | 1981-10-26 |
| EP0041059A2 (en) | 1981-12-02 |
| AT363655B (en) | 1981-08-25 |
| EP0041059A3 (en) | 1982-01-06 |
| DK149929C (en) | 1987-12-07 |
| ATA222880A (en) | 1981-01-15 |
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