EP0026358B1 - Cassette pour films radiographiques - Google Patents

Cassette pour films radiographiques Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0026358B1
EP0026358B1 EP80105308A EP80105308A EP0026358B1 EP 0026358 B1 EP0026358 B1 EP 0026358B1 EP 80105308 A EP80105308 A EP 80105308A EP 80105308 A EP80105308 A EP 80105308A EP 0026358 B1 EP0026358 B1 EP 0026358B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cassette
panel
ray
grid member
ray film
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80105308A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0026358A1 (fr
Inventor
Tsuneo Tanaka
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toshiba Corp
Original Assignee
Toshiba Corp
Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=14639903&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0026358(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Toshiba Corp, Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd filed Critical Toshiba Corp
Publication of EP0026358A1 publication Critical patent/EP0026358A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0026358B1 publication Critical patent/EP0026358B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B42/00—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means
    • G03B42/02—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays
    • G03B42/04—Holders for X-ray films

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an X-ray film cassette removably set in an X-ray apparatus and holding a sheetlike film while an X-ray photograph is being taken.
  • US-A-3 683 182 discloses an X-ray film cassette comprising front cover means including a front panel and a side wall surrounding said front panel, bottom cover means including a bottom panel and a side wall surrounding said bottom panel, and hinge means swingably connecting said front and bottom cover means, wherein the front and bottom cover means are integrally formed in one piece.
  • a sheetlike film is interposed between two intensifying screens and put in a flat, boxlike X-ray film cassette, and the cassette is set in a given position in an X-ray apparatus. Then, the apparatus is actuated by an operator, and an X-ray image of a subject, such as a patient, is exposed on the film inside the cassette.
  • a front cover on the incident side may be composed of a solid outside frame of aluminium or cast steel and a thin panel of bakelike or steel stuck on the frame. Further, a bottom cover swingably hinge-coupled to the front cover may be formed of aluminium or steel.
  • an aluminium front panel is poor in X-ray permeability and heavy although it involves no problems as regards the mechanical strength.
  • a bakelike panel on the other hand, surpasses the aluminium panel in X-ray permeability and lightness, it is poorer in strength.
  • the outside frame is formed considerably thick in order to maintain due strength, and is made of aluminium or steel. Accordingly, X-rays are scattered at the frame section to cause deterioration of the picture-quality of X-ray photographs obtained. Since the front panel of bakelike or aluminium is screwed or bonded to the frame, undesirable stress may remain within the panel to cause a warp in the panel with the lapse of time. As for bakelite, it flaws easily.
  • the frame will probably be flawed and distorted.
  • the distortion of the frame will cause the front panel to warp.
  • the warp in the panel will break the contact between the film and intensifying screens inside the cassette, thereby deteriorating the picture-quality. Flaws in the frame or panel will appear directly in X-ray photograph images reducing the accuracy thereof and increasing the undesired effect of scattered X-rays.
  • CFRP carbon fiber reinforced plastics
  • the resins are formed into a substantially platelike, relatively large and simple structure; a small sized, sophisticated structure formed with a complicated process has not yet been used. Practically, these materials have so far been limited to applications in special fields because it is costly and hard for them to be formed into a suitable configuration.
  • an X-ray grid member called Lyshold Blende is used to prevent secondary scattered radiation of X-rays.
  • this grid member is formed by alternately arranging, in the shape of a grid, lead leaves to absorb secondary scattered X-rays and a number of spacers made of aluminium, plastic, bakelite, or fibrous material, such as wood, cardboard or the like, which absorb few X-rays.
  • this structure is covered with at least one sheet or sheets of aluminium, plastic or bakelite coating.
  • such a grid member of a size the same as that of the cassette is laid on the cassette at the incidence side or front side thereof when the cassette is set in an X-ray apparatus.
  • the grid member must be selected to conform to the cassette in size, and both must be installed in the apparatus for each exposure.
  • the X-ray apparatus need be provided with a space and support means for the setting of the grid member.
  • the use of the grid member causes considerable attenuation of X-rays when they are transmitted through front and back metal sheaths or sheets attached to the grid member.
  • the object of this invention is to provide an X-ray film cassette which obviates the trouble of grid member setting and which is improved in mechanical strength as compared with the conventional metal cassettes, hard to flaw, light and portable permeable to X-rays, and capable of minimizing scattered X-rays and having an intensifying screen and X-ray film uniformly pressed together.
  • the cassette comprises the features quoted in claim 1.
  • a 'bottom cover hinge-coupled to the front cover is also integrally formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics.
  • the front and bottom covers include not only a platelike panel section but also a side wall bent to surround the panel section. Structures of such configuration can be formed integrally by using an up-to-date forming technique. Practically, the use of such cassette integrally formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics can provide unexpectedly high mechanical stability, as well as convenience of easy handling and improvement of picture-quality.
  • a grid member free of any coating layer, as a sheath is bonded to the inside of the front cover, i.e. the inner face of the front panel, and the grid member covers substantially the whole area of the inner face of the front panel.
  • a coating layer formed for example of carbon fiber reinforced plastics to serve as a protective sheath.
  • the coating layer covers only one side of the grid member and is made of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, so that the problem of X-ray attenuation due to such sheathing of the grid member is eased to a great degree.
  • a flat, boxlike X-ray film cassette according to a first embodiment of the invention shown in Figs. 1 and 2 includes a rectangular front cover 10 on the incident side and a rectangular bottom cover 11 swingably coupled to the front cover 10 by means of hinges 12.
  • the cassette In the rear view of Fig. 1, the cassette is closed.
  • the hinges 12 are attached to edges of the front and bottom covers 10 and 11, and manual-release latches 13 to lock both these covers in a closed position are attached to the other edges.
  • These hinges 12 and latches 13 are of conventional types.
  • a side wall 14 surrounds the whole circumference of the front cover 10.
  • the wall 14 is bent at right angles to a platelike front panel 1 5.
  • a rib 17 is formed on the back or inside of the front panel 15 to cover the whole circumference thereof, extending in parallel with the side wall 14 to define a channel 16 therebetween.
  • the front panel 15, side wall 14 and rib 17 of the front cover 10 are integrally formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics.
  • the front panel 15 can enjoy desired mechanical strength in spite of its relatively thin thickness of, for example, 1.1 mm.
  • the bottom cover 11 is composed of a platelike bottom panel 18 and a side wall 19 bent at right angles to the bottom panel 18 and extending along. the whole circumference thereof. Like the front cover 10, the bottom panel 18 and side wall 19 are integrally formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. As shown in Fig. 2, the side wall 19 of the bottom cover 11 is fitted in the channel 16 of the front cover 10 when the cassette is closed. A platelike cushion member 20 of sponge rubber or felt is bonded on one side thereof to the back or inside of the bottom panel 18. The cushion member 20 has such width that it precisely fills the region surrounded by the rib 1 of the front cover 10 when the cassette is closed.
  • An arcuate recess 14a is formed in the outer peripheral surface of the side wall 14 of the front cover 10 to cover the whole circumference thereof.
  • This recess 14a serves as a guide groove for the setting of the cassette in an X-ray photographing apparatus (not shown).
  • Resins used for the aforesaid material i.e. the carbon fiber reinforced plastics, may include epoxy resins, polyester resins, etc.
  • Such carbon fiber reinforced plastics are too hard to flaw easily, light, hardly deformable, resistant to shock and chemicals, and high in X-ray permeability.
  • Table 1 shows the weight of the cassette of this invention compared with that of a prior art cassette of the same type made of metal.
  • the weight of the cassette can substantially be reduced, so that the heaviness of handling work, such as setting, removal and conveyance of the cassette, can be lightened to provide a boom for women operators, in particular.
  • An X-ray film 21 is set in the X-ray film cassette of the invention, as shown in Fig. 2.
  • Intensifying screens 22 and 23 are disposed on both sides of the film 21, severally.
  • the intensifying screen 22 is stuck on the inside of the panel 1 of the front cover 10, while the other intensifying screen 23 is stuck on the cushion member 20.
  • the film cassette is closed, the film 21 is brought closely in contact with the upper and lower intensifying screens 22 and 23 by the elasticity of the cushion member 20 and kept in a plane parallel to the panel 15 within the cassette.
  • the side wall 14 of the front cover 10 is also formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, as a unit with the front panel 15, so that there is no fear of such scattering of X-rays as is caused at the metal frame section of the prior art cassette.
  • the front cover 10 is an extremely rigid integral product, most of the problems 'of the prior art structure, such as warping and distortion of panels, deformation of frame section, flawed surfaces, etc., are eliminated.
  • the panels are made of metal as in the conventional case, the panel surface which directly touches the patient should be covered with leather or the like to improve the feel.
  • the panels need not be covered with leather or any other material, since they can be agreeable to the touch and the patient does not feel cold. Integrally formed of the same material, the panels require no screwing or bonding processes in manufacture that are essential to the formation of the conventional structure. Moreover, the disuse of the leather covering leads to simplification of manufacturing processes.
  • Figs. 3 and 4 show a second embodiment of this invention in which a grid member 30 is set in the cassette based on the structure of the first embodiment shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
  • members corresponding to their respective counterparts in the first embodiment are designated by like reference numerals.
  • a front cover 10 is composed of a front panel 15, a side wall 14 surrounding the front panel 15, and a rib 17 extending in parallel and in close vicinity to the side wall 14 to define a channel 16 therebetween, and is integrally formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics.
  • a bottom cover 11 includes a bottom panel 18 and side wall 19 surrounding the bottom panel 18, and is integrally formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. The two covers 10 and 11 are connected by means of hinges 12, and are kept in a closed state (Fig. 3) by latches 13.
  • a platelike cushion member 20 is bonded to the inside of the bottom panel 18.
  • the characteristic of this second embodiment lies in that one side 30a of the grid member 30 of a uniform thickness for reducing of scattered X-rays is bonded to the inside of the front panel 15, i.e. on the inside region of the front panel 15 surrounded by the rib 17, to cover substantially the whole area of such region.
  • the grid member 30 may be formed of any conventional material, such as, for example, a combination of lead leaf and wood laid on each other. In the cassette of this invention, however, the bonding surface 30a of the grid member 30 is not provided with a protective sheath, as the front panel 1 serves also as such protective sheath.
  • a coating layer 31 as a protective sheath is formed all over the other side 30b of the grid member 30, that is, the side exposed to the interior.
  • the layer 31 is also formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics.
  • the grid member 30 will hardly be distorted. Further, the grid member 30 extends closely along the inside of the front panel 15, so that it can be kept in parallel with a film 21 inside the cassette with improved accuracy. Since the grid member 30 is provided for each cassette, it is unnecessary to attach a separate grid member to an X-ray apparatus or to select the side of the grid member.
  • the film 21 set in the cassette is sandwiched betwen intensifying screens 22 and 23, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the intensifying screen 22 is stuck on the coating layer 31 of the grid member 30, while the other intensifying screen 23 is stuck on the cushion member 20.
  • the front and bottom covers are severally integrally formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, so that they are solid, hard to flaw, light, and produced by a simplified manufacturing processes.
  • the cassette of this invention absorbs much less X-rays than the prior art metallic cassette does, so that the dose of X-rays applied can substantially be decreased, and hence the X-rays exposure can be expected to be reduced. Since the irradiation time is shortened, photographs with high resolution can be obtained without substantially causing any blurs. According to this invention, moreover, X-ray absorption is reduced, so that a wide range of X-rays from soft X-rays to hard can be transmitted. Accordingly, there may be obtained information with high gradient and contrast properties due to a wide range of distributed energy of X-rays, and the value of diagnostic information by X-ray photographs is increased in the medical field, especially.
  • Fig. 5A shows a prior art cassette of a conventional construction
  • Fig. 5B fundamentally shows the cassette according to the second embodiment of the invention.
  • a panel 41 of a front cover 40 and a side wall 42 are both made of aluminium, for example.
  • a grid member 43 at the upper portion of the cassette is formed of layers of aluminium and lead leaf which are covered with an aluminium sheath 44.
  • X-rays applied in the direction of the arrow are transmitted through material portions corresponding to a total thickness of 2.85 mm including the thickness a of a front panel 48 of a front cover 47, formed of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, of 1.1 mm, the thickness c of a sheath 49 of the same material of 0.25 mm, and the thickness b of a grid member 50, formed of e.g. wood and lead leaf, of 1.5 mm.
  • the total thickness of 2.85 mm has the X-ray equivalent attenuation of only 0.3 mm of aluminium.
  • the thickness of the front panel 48 and sheath 49 can be made smaller than those of the counterparts in the prior art cassette because the mechanical strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastics is higher than that of aluminium.
  • the X-ray exposure requirements can be reduced by 30% on the average, and by 55% in many cases, as compared with the prior art cassette.
  • cassette of this invention is not limited to the X-ray irradiation, and may be also used as a cassette to store films for any other radiation than X-ray radiation.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radiography Using Non-Light Waves (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)

Claims (5)

1. Cassette pour films radiographiques comprenant:
un ensemble de couvercle antérieur (10) comportant un panneau antérieur (15) et une paroi latérale (14) entourant ledit panneau antérieur, un ensemble de couvercle postérieur (11) comportant un panneau postérieur (18) et une paroi latérale (19) entourant ledit panneau postérieur, et un moyen à charnière (12) articulant ensemble lesdits ensembles de couvercles antérieur et postérieur, où l'ensemble de couvercle antérieur (10) est solidairement formé d'une seule pièce, caractérisée en ce que:
a) un matelas (20) de type plaque, connu en soi, est lié au côté intérieur du panneau postérieur (18),
b) l'ensemble de couvercle antérieur (10) est formé de matière plastique renforcée de fibres de carbone, et
c) un élément de grille (30) de type plaque ayant une épaisseur uniforme et étant destiné à empêcher la diffusion des rayons X est lié par un de ses côtés au côté intérieur dudit panneau antérieur (15) de façon à couvrir sensiblement toute l'aire interne de celui-ci.
2. Cassette pour films radiographiques selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'une couche de revêtement (31) servant à la protection de l'élément de grille (30) couvre sensiblement toute l'aire de l'autre côté, nu (30b) de l'élément de grille (30).
3. Cassette pour films radiographiques selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que ladite couche de revêtement (31) est formée de matière plastique renforcée de fibres de carbone.
4. Cassette pour films radiographiques selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisée en ce que l'épaisseur dudit panneau antérieur (15) vaut approximativement 1,1 mm, et l'épaisseur de ladite couche de revêtement (31) vaut approximativement 0,25 mm.
5. Cassette pour films radiographiques selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que ledit ensemble de couvercle postérieur (11) est solidairement formé de matière plastique renforcée de fibres de carbone.
EP80105308A 1979-09-06 1980-09-04 Cassette pour films radiographiques Expired EP0026358B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11452479A JPS5639533A (en) 1979-09-06 1979-09-06 Photographic plateholder for x-ray
JP114524/79 1979-09-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0026358A1 EP0026358A1 (fr) 1981-04-08
EP0026358B1 true EP0026358B1 (fr) 1984-03-07

Family

ID=14639903

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80105308A Expired EP0026358B1 (fr) 1979-09-06 1980-09-04 Cassette pour films radiographiques

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4380087A (fr)
EP (1) EP0026358B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS5639533A (fr)
AU (1) AU531728B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA1153924A (fr)
DE (1) DE3066846D1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4613984A (en) * 1984-11-07 1986-09-23 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Quick film release x-ray cassette mechanism
US4706269A (en) * 1985-03-11 1987-11-10 Reina Leo J Anti-scatter grid structure
US4752948A (en) * 1986-12-01 1988-06-21 University Of Chicago Mobile radiography alignment device
JPS63208836A (ja) * 1987-02-25 1988-08-30 Sadao Uematsu 放射線用フイルム収納器
US5008920A (en) * 1989-11-27 1991-04-16 Liebel-Flarsheim Company X-ray film cassette with flexible grid bonded to prestressed cover
US5276333A (en) * 1991-11-27 1994-01-04 Eastman Kodak Company X-ray cassette having removable photographic element
US5241578A (en) * 1991-12-02 1993-08-31 Arch Development Corporation Optical grid alignment system for portable radiography and portable radiography apparatus incorporating same
US5388140A (en) * 1993-06-30 1995-02-07 Eastman Kodak Company Film cassette
US5388143A (en) * 1993-11-26 1995-02-07 Arch Development Corporation Alignment method for radiography and radiography apparatus incorporating same
US5475230A (en) * 1993-12-01 1995-12-12 Agfa-Gevaert Ag X-ray cassette
DE4340981C2 (de) * 1993-12-01 1997-01-23 Agfa Gevaert Ag Röntgenkassette
US5684853A (en) * 1994-05-24 1997-11-04 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Flexible radiographic cassette holder
EP0788024A1 (fr) * 1996-02-01 1997-08-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Cassette radiographique et procédé pour la charger/décharger
DE69625788T2 (de) 1996-02-01 2003-11-06 Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester Röntgenfilmkassette und Vorrichtung und Verfahren, um eine solche zu be-/entladen
US5652781A (en) * 1996-04-24 1997-07-29 Eastman Kodak Company Intensifying x-ray film cassette
JP2005258370A (ja) * 2003-09-05 2005-09-22 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd 放射線カセッテ
US20060256927A1 (en) * 2005-05-12 2006-11-16 Meittunen Eric J Portable x-ray film cassette safety device and placement process with or without inflation device
US7896546B2 (en) * 2009-05-12 2011-03-01 Reina Imaging X-Ray Cassette Co., Inc. Method of incorporating an X-ray grid into a CR cassette
JP5711567B2 (ja) * 2011-02-28 2015-05-07 キヤノン株式会社 放射線画像撮影装置および放射線画像撮影のための装置
CN107685495A (zh) * 2016-08-03 2018-02-13 上海奕瑞光电子科技股份有限公司 具备防散射线能力的碳纤维制品及平板探测器

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1950035A (en) * 1931-06-30 1934-03-06 Westinghouse X Ray Co Inc Bucky grid for secondary radiation
DE931921C (de) * 1953-10-03 1955-08-18 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Kassette fuer Roentgenfilme
DE1908461U (de) * 1962-12-12 1965-01-14 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Roentgenstreustrahlenraster.
DE6917933U (de) * 1968-11-21 1970-09-17 Konstharts Ab Filmkassette fuer roentgenstrahlenfotografie
DE2002176A1 (de) * 1970-01-19 1971-07-29 Steigerwald Strahltech Verfahren zur Herstellung von Rasterfilterplatten fuer die Roentgen- und Radiographie
DE2031203A1 (de) * 1970-06-24 1972-01-05 Cawo Photochem Fab Röntgen-Streustrahlenraster
US4167674A (en) * 1977-06-16 1979-09-11 Hipoint Research, Inc. Photoreceptor plate cassette for use in automated x-ray image processing systems

Family Cites Families (10)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA849114A (en) * 1970-08-11 Eastman Kodak Company Radiographic film cassette
US3001071A (en) * 1956-03-23 1961-09-19 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag X-ray film cassette
US3157787A (en) * 1962-09-05 1964-11-17 Gen Electric Lightweight rigid radiographic film cassette
US3683182A (en) * 1969-09-11 1972-08-08 Katum Corp Marking devices for x-ray film
JPS5514418B1 (fr) 1971-03-12 1980-04-16
US4146793A (en) * 1972-07-27 1979-03-27 Siemens Ag X-ray devices using epoxy resins strengthened with carbonic fibrous material
US4110624A (en) * 1976-03-04 1978-08-29 Conteas Alexander P X-ray film holder or cassette
GB1587206A (en) * 1977-05-06 1981-04-01 Agfa Gevaert Fuorescent x-ray image intensifying screen
US4126788A (en) * 1977-06-16 1978-11-21 Hipoint Research, Inc. Photoreceptor plate cassette for use in automated X-ray image processing systems
DE8006306U1 (de) 1980-03-07 1980-07-03 Medizin-Geraete Und Mechanik Gmbh, 1000 Berlin Roentgen-kassette

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1950035A (en) * 1931-06-30 1934-03-06 Westinghouse X Ray Co Inc Bucky grid for secondary radiation
DE931921C (de) * 1953-10-03 1955-08-18 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Kassette fuer Roentgenfilme
DE1908461U (de) * 1962-12-12 1965-01-14 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Roentgenstreustrahlenraster.
DE6917933U (de) * 1968-11-21 1970-09-17 Konstharts Ab Filmkassette fuer roentgenstrahlenfotografie
DE2002176A1 (de) * 1970-01-19 1971-07-29 Steigerwald Strahltech Verfahren zur Herstellung von Rasterfilterplatten fuer die Roentgen- und Radiographie
DE2031203A1 (de) * 1970-06-24 1972-01-05 Cawo Photochem Fab Röntgen-Streustrahlenraster
US4167674A (en) * 1977-06-16 1979-09-11 Hipoint Research, Inc. Photoreceptor plate cassette for use in automated x-ray image processing systems

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Werbeprospekt der Firma Sigri vom September 1970 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1153924A (fr) 1983-09-20
JPS5639533A (en) 1981-04-15
EP0026358A1 (fr) 1981-04-08
DE3066846D1 (en) 1984-04-12
AU6193980A (en) 1981-03-19
AU531728B2 (en) 1983-09-01
US4380087A (en) 1983-04-12

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