EA039830B1 - Device to sow seeds of agricultural crops - Google Patents

Abstract

The objectives of the invention are to reduce the traction resistance of the sowing module and the cost of its maintenance, improve the quality and reduce energy costs for cutting plant residues while maintaining the ability of the device to create optimal conditions for seed germination capacity when sowing with traditional and minimum tillage, as well as upon a direct sowing. The device consists of a parallelogram suspension and a ripper disk knife installed on it, a hoe coulter with a frontal surface in the form of a two-sided wedge and a seed tube, and a depth controller. The knife is fixed with the possibility of movement on a vertical movable post of the parallelogram suspension, and the coulter is placed behind the knife and connected to it by means of a traverse. The role of the depth controller is taken on by an arched skid with an overlay, which has a narrowing in the area of action of the coulter point and grooves longitudinal to the sowing direction in the overlay, another option is counter-knives or rollers in the form of a truncated cone with a V-shaped installation frontally and tangentially to the knife, while projections of the rollers axis and the knife axis onto the soil coincide.

Description

The claimed invention relates to agriculture, in particular to seeding modules for sowing seeds of agricultural crops sown in soil cultivated by traditional and minimal technologies, as well as by direct sowing technology.

prior art.

Regardless of the method of tillage and sowing, conditions must be created in it under which the maximum number of sown seeds will sprout and the subsequent growth of plants is ensured. Agronomic science has determined the structure of the optimal seed bed. In order for each seed to sprout, regardless of weather conditions, it must be placed on an undisturbed capillary soil layer and covered with a thin and soft blanket [1]. The capillary layer (Fig. 1a) provides an uninterrupted supply of water to the swelling seeds, germinating roots easily penetrate into it, and heat and oxygen enter the seeds through the upper mulch layer, atmospheric irrigation occurs, and evaporation of soil moisture decreases. Any other conditions for planting seeds in the soil lead to negative consequences.

Overcompaction of the above-seed layer (Fig. 1c) slows down the initial growth of plants and can lead to their death. A particularly negative role of overconsolidation is manifested in heavy loamy and clayey soils [5].

Pre-sowing loosening of the under-seed (capillary) layer is carried out, as a rule, to a depth greater than the sowing depth, which interrupts the access of capillary moisture to the seeds, and in order to restore the capillaries, it is required to further compact it, directly affecting the sub-seed layer (Fig. 1b) or affecting subsperm layer through the supersperm layer (Fig. 1c).

Direct sowing imposes additional requirements on the incorporating organs - the ability to work in the presence of plant residues on the soil surface, as well as preventing them from getting on the under-seed and (or) above-seed soil layers. In the first case, there is no contact between the seed and the capillary layer; in the second case, the decomposition products of organic matter have a toxic effect on the sprout.

To reduce the resistance of the sprout to the daylight surface, the above-seed soil layer should have a soil particle size of no more than 10 mm, and the seeds should be evenly placed at a predetermined depth. Known disk seeding modules with inherent disadvantages: they do not create an optimal seed bed, energy-intensive, complex structurally and in operation compared to anchor seeding modules [2].

Direct Seeding Module.

The most fully described conditions for direct sowing are met by the sowing module according to the application of EAPO No. 201400507 Method for direct sowing of agricultural crops and a device for its implementation [3], in which, before furrow formation, carried out by a chisel opener with a frontal surface in the form of a dihedral wedge, a cut of plant residues is made and ordinal loosening of the soil with a circular knife to a depth less than the depth of furrow formation, creating a furrow of a given depth without roughness of the bottom, fixing the cut plant residues on the soil surface, low removal of loosened soil from the furrow, sowing seeds from a low-lying sowing machine.

The device has two depth regulators: a disk knife regulator 5 in the form of an arcuate ski 6 (Fig. 2), and a coulter regulator 11, consisting of two V-shaped installed rollers 10 in the form of truncated cones (Fig. 3), which increases the traction resistance to movement seed module. Removing one of the regulators, this drawback will be eliminated.

Each regulator has its own advantages and disadvantages. The regulator in the form of a ski does not have rotating units, which means it is simpler in design and does not require maintenance, however, the resistance to ski movement is sliding friction, which means, ceteris paribus, it is greater than that of rollers 10. With the same load from the seeding module on regulator, the force for rolling rollers 10 increases with increasing thickness of plant residues due to their deformation is greater than the force to overcome the sliding forces of the ski 6, since the bearing surface of the rollers 10 is significantly smaller compared to the bearing surface of the ski 6, which means that it has less deforming strength. The resistance to movement of the ski 6 can be reduced by installing a material with low sliding friction in the plane of friction of the ski against plant residues (Fig. 4).

The device with a knife 5 and a regulator in the form of a ski 6 does not provide high-quality cutting of plant residues, is produced with significant energy costs and requires high-quality sharpening of the knife for the following reasons.

Plant residues cut by the circular knife are on the surface of the soil, which acts as a support. The soil is not an absolutely solid body. In the case of cutting on an absolutely rigid body (Fig. 5), the force Fres will be equal to the reaction of the support Rop. (Frez=Rop), and the equilibrium equation, in which the cutting of plant residues occurs, will have the form [4]

Brez = Ron > (Bcr. + HBtr.) where:

fkp. - force acting on the knife;

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ΣFtr.=(Fnro+Frop) - the sum of the friction forces arising in the process of cutting: friction between the knife and plant residues (Gnro) and friction between plant residues plunging into the soil and soil (Grop).

The hardness of the soil depends on its moisture content and is related to the last descending rectilinear dependence [5]. With an increase in soil moisture, its hardness, as well as the reaction of the support Rop, decreases due to plastic deformation, the result of which is the immersion of the knife with plant residues under the action of the remaining constant force Gcr., into the soil and the appearance of wedging forces Gz (Fig. 6), which in turn cause an increase in ΣFtr. At some point, the equilibrium equation takes the form:

Ron < (Fsp. + £Frp.)

With such a balance of forces, plant residues are not cut and their jamming in the groove is possible.

Method for cutting plant residues with wedging force Kobyakov I.D. [4] calls it free cutting, in contrast to the method that excludes the jamming forces Gz, which he characterizes as cutting in a stressed (stretched) state (Fig. 5). Kobyakov I.D. states that the cutting of fibrous plant materials in a rectilinear tensioned and free state differ from each other in that the cutting of fibers in the first case is carried out exclusively by the edge of the blade, without friction or with little friction of the surfaces of the chamfers of the knife on the material being cut. In this (first) case, the sharpening angle and the thickness of the blade are not significant, since the bevels of the blade do not take part in cutting the material, and the edge of the blade is constantly in contact with the fibrous material being cut. For cutting in a stressed state, it is necessary to securely pinch plant residues on the field surface and create tensile stresses in them [4], while the appearance of tensile stresses must precede cutting and continue until it ends [6]. In this case, in addition to minimizing the Grop forces, the plastic deformation of plant residues caused by the knife will be minimal, which will also reduce the effect of the Grop force to a minimum.

It has been experimentally proven [7] that plant residues pinch disc devices more reliably than drum devices. The regulator in the form of a ski 6 (Fig. 4) has the form of a drum, which does not provide high-quality pinching of plant residues. With the same pressure from the side of the sowing module on the ski 6 and the knife 5, the latter, due to the smaller support area, has a greater specific pressure, which does not exclude the movement of plant residues into the soil during cutting and the appearance of jamming forces Gz.

The execution of grooves on the ski along the sowing direction (Fig. 7) or the installation of counter knives (Fig. 8) will increase the specific pressure of the ski 6 to the level of the specific pressure of the knife 5, ensuring the cutting of plant residues in a stressed state, and will also reduce the pressure from the frame on seeding module (Fig. 2).

Research results show that stress cutting reduces energy costs from 28% [4] to 75% [8]. Thus, to significantly reduce energy costs and improve the quality of cutting plant residues, increase the service life of the knife, eliminating the need for sharpening, possibly replacing free cutting with cutting in a stressed state.

If the opener 11 in the form of rollers 10 is excluded from the design, their role should be played by a ski, and for this it is necessary to install the opener 11 behind the circular knife 5 at a minimum distance from it. A device called a guillotine (Fig. 9) used in the Semeato SSM-27 planter for applying mineral fertilizers has a similar design. The device consists of a flat disk knife connected to the seeder frame by means of a parallelogram suspension and an anchor coulter with a fertilizer duct placed behind it [9]. This design allows, when hitting uncut obstacles (stones, etc.) in the soil, to roll over them like disc coulters, preventing the possibility of loading the soil in front of the coulter, which is a significant drawback of seeding modules with anchor coulters. To eliminate this shortcoming, the Primera DMC seed drill with anchor coulters uses a complex device that moves the coulter away from the obstacle up and to the side (Fig. 10) [10].

In the direct sowing module [3], the soil loosened by the disc coulter is returned to its original position and then lifted out of the furrow by the coulter. And the knife and the anchor coulter placed behind it act synergistically: the loosened soil is directed to the frontal surface of the coulter tip, reducing the energy consumption for furrow formation.

To prevent the removal of the coulter 11 along with the soil of the cut plant residues in the known direct seeding module, they are fixed on the soil surface by disks 13 of the rollers 10 (Fig. 3). If rollers 10 are excluded from the seeding module, this role will be played by a ski, the length of which will allow it to spread its action on the soil in which the coulter 11 is immersed. with soil, the ski will have more than the rollers 10, so ski 6 can simultaneously

- 2 039830 securely fix plant residues on the soil before and during cutting with a knife and during furrow formation with a coulter. To perform these functions, the rollers 10 would have to significantly increase their radius, and hence their weight. Module for conventional and minimum tillage sowing and for direct sowing.

When sowing according to traditional and minimum tillage, the sowing module according to the EAPO patent No. 016599 /11/ most fully meets the stated conditions.

The device according to this method of sowing solves the problem of increasing the field germination of seeds by carrying out until sowing tillage (loosening) of the soil in accordance with Agro requirements in a narrow strip, keeping the capillary system of the under-seed soil layer intact, covering the seeds with a loose layer of soil.

The device (Fig. 11) consists of a parallelogram suspension 2, a cultivator paw 9 installed in front of the coulter 17 with a seeding unit 4, a depth regulator in the form of two rollers 6 placed frontally with respect to the sowing line, a crushing roller 15 suspended above the paw 9 and having a drive 16 from rollers 6.

Crushing roller 15 with drive 16 requires additional energy, complicates the design, which leads to increased maintenance costs. In addition, the design of the device does not allow it to be transformed into a direct seeding module.

The essence of the invention

The objectives of the invention are to reduce the traction resistance of the sowing module and the cost of its maintenance, improve the quality and reduce energy costs for cutting plant residues while maintaining the ability of the device to create optimal conditions for seed germination when sowing with traditional and minimum tillage, as well as with direct sowing.

The set goals are achieved due to the fact that on the vertical movable rack of the parallelogram suspension are mounted: a disk loosening knife with the possibility of vertical movement along it, an anchor coulter with a frontal surface in the form of a two-sided wedge and with a seed tube, connected by means of a traverse to the knife rack and located behind it, at the same time, the knife and the coulter are set to the same depth of cut and furrow formation, as well as the regulator of the depth of cut and furrow formation; in the sowing module of direct sowing, the role of the regulator is played by an arched ski with an overlay, which has a narrowing in the area of action of the coulter tip, and in the overlay, grooves or counter-knives longitudinal to the sowing direction; in the sowing module for traditional and minimum tillage technologies, as well as direct sowing, the role of the regulator is played by rollers in the form of a truncated cone, V-shaped installed frontally and tangentially to the knife, while the projections of the axis of the rollers and the axis of the knife on the soil coincide.

Brief description of the drawings

The possibility of carrying out the invention is explained by the description of the device illustrated by the drawings, which show:

in fig. 1 - scheme Methods for preparing the seed bed;

in fig. 2 - schematic diagram of the device according to the application of EAPO No. 201400507, side view;

in fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the device according to the application of EAPO No. 201400507, front view;

in fig. 4 - depth regulator in the form of a ski with an overlay;

in fig. 5 - cutting scheme on an absolutely solid support;

in fig. 6 - scheme of cutting on wet soil;

in fig. 7 - cutting patterns with grooves in the ski overlay;

in fig. 8 - cutting scheme with an overlay and counter-knives in a ski;

in fig. 9 - guillotine of the seeder of the company Semeato;

in fig. 10 - seeding module of the Primera DMC seeder;

in fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the device according to the EAPO patent No. 016599, side view;

in fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of the proposed device for a direct seeding module without a depth regulator, side view;

in fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of the proposed device for a direct seeding module with a depth regulator in the form of a ski, side view;

in fig. 14 - view A and section A-A of the ski of the direct seeding module;

in fig. 15 is a schematic diagram of the proposed device for a direct seeding module with a depth control in the form of V-shaped rollers, side view.

Information confirming the possibility of carrying out the invention. The sowing module consists (Fig. 12) of a parallelogram suspension 1 connected to the frame of the seeder 2 and spring-loaded by it with a spring 3. On the movable vertical rack 4 of the parallelogram suspension 1, the rack 5 of the disk loosening knife 6 is fixed with the possibility of moving along the rack 4. Through the traverse 7 the post 5 is connected to the anchor coulter 8, which simultaneously acts as a seed tube. The opener 8 is equipped with a tip 9 with a frontal surface in the form of a two-sided wedge and cheeks 10. The knife 6 and the opener 7 are set to the same depth of loosening and furrow formation, which is adjusted by moving the rack 5 along the rack 4.

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By means of a beam 11, an arched ski 12 with an overlay 13 is attached to the rack 4 (Fig. 13). The ski 12 in the area of operation of the earpiece 9 has a narrowing 14, which prevents the soil from loading on its surface when the coulter 8 leaves the earpiece 9 (Fig. 14). Counter knives 15 are mounted in the ski groove 12 for its entire length (Fig. 8) or longitudinal grooves 16 are made in the overlay 13 (Fig. 14).

In another version (Fig. 15) to the rack 4 by means of ridges 11 a, V-shaped mounted rollers 17 in the form of a truncated cone are attached. In front of the rollers on the beds 11 a, a row cleaner is installed, it is also a clod remover 18.

The seeding module works as follows.

In climatic zones where, in order to reduce the germination of seeds sown by direct sowing, it is necessary to remove plant residues with a row cleaner to increase soil temperature, as well as a dry layer of soil cultivated according to traditional or minimum technologies, rollers 16 and row cleaner 17 are used. In the latter If the pre-sowing preparation of the soil has been carried out well, the disk knife 6 can be dismantled.

When moving the sowing module, the cleaner 18 shifts plant residues or a dry layer of soil into the aisles from the row line. The knife 6 loosens the soil to the depth specified by the rollers 17 in the area of the future groove, which moves to the front surface of the opener 8, flowing around it and the cheeks 9, and covers the seeds sown through the seed tube of the opener 8 with a loose layer. Since the rigidly connected knife 6 and the coulter 8 are placed in close proximity to each other at the same depth of loosening and furrow formation, they create an optimal seedbed with an undisturbed capillary system of the under-seed soil layer. If the timing of seed germination is not significant, and the row spacing allowed by agrotechnical requirements does not allow to displace plant residues from the sowing line due to their large number, and in the case of using a stripping header that does not lay plant residues on the soil surface, a depth regulator is used in the form arched skis 12. In this case, the knife 6 cuts plant residues, and the counter-knives 15 or grooves 16 create conditions for the occurrence of a stress state in them. At the same time, the knife 6 performs microplowing to a depth specified by the ski 12, and the narrowing 14 of the ski 12 keeps the cut plant residues from moving from the soil surface with the coulter 8 tip 9 until the seeds are covered with loose soil. By simply changing from one depth adjuster to another, the seed unit can be used for direct seeding and for seeding in conventional and minimum tilled soils.

Sources of information.

1) Effective ways of seed bed formation and seed placement. N.D. Lepeshkin, A.A. Tochitsky, S.F. Loiko, V.V. Dobrian. (Electronic admission: agriculture.by>?p=463).

2) V.I. Sesyakin. Back to basics: choosing a coulter for direct seeding of sugar beet seeds. Sugar Journal No. 1. 2015 (Electronic admission: https://fermer.ru/.../vemutsya-k-istokam-vyborsoshnika-dlya-pryamogo-poeva-semy...).

3) Application EAPO No. 201400507 Method for direct sowing of crops and a device for its implementation.

4) Kobyakov I.D. Mechanical and technological bases of work of hexagonal disk working bodies of soil-cultivating implements. Auth. ref. diss. d.t.s. Novosibirsk. 2012 (Electronic access: rosinformagrotech.ru>sites...files...203_kobyakov_i_d...).

5) V.V. Medvedev Soil hardness. Kharkiv. 2009 (Electronic admission: agriculture.uz>filesarchive/tverdost_pochv.pdf/).

6) Pilnenko A. K., Zapletnikov I. N. Kinematic analysis of the process of cutting food products with a oscillating feed with a disk knife. Journal Progressive Technologies and Systems of Mechanical Engineering No. 2(53)'2016. (Electronic access: docplayer.ru>...Kinematicheskiy...rezaniya...nozhom...s.../).

7) Theory of cutting with a blade (types of cutting, influencing factors, angles, direction of forces. (Electronic access: mydocx.ru> 11-53313.html).

8) Budashov I. A. Substantiation of the parameters of a rotary-disk cutting device for cutting thick-stemmed crops. Auth. ref. diss. Ph.D. (Electronic access: diss.seluk.ru>av-agroinzhenerniesistemi/708385-1.../).

9) Land Master, Semeato, seeder for corn, sunflower by No-Till. (Electronic access: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5ou3TedNbM).

10) The success story of the Primera DMC. (Electronic admission: info.amazone.de/DisplayInfo.aspx?id=29464).

11) EAPO patent No. 016599 Method for pre-sowing tillage and sowing and a device for its implementation.

Claims (3)

1. Module for direct sowing and sowing of agricultural crops in the soil cultivated according to traditional and minimum technologies, consisting of a flat disc coulter and an anchor coulter with a fertilizer line placed behind it, connected to the seeder frame by means of a parallelogram - 4 039830 suspension, characterized in that the device contains a disc loosening knife and an anchor coulter with a frontal surface in the form of a dihedral wedge, a seed tube and cheeks, set to the same loosening depth, and a depth regulator. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the role of the depth regulator is performed by rollers in the form of a truncated cone, V-shaped mounted frontally and tangentially to the knife, while the projections of the axis of the rollers and the axis of the knife onto the soil coincide. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the role of the depth regulator is performed by an arcuate ski with counter-knives or with an overlay, which has grooves longitudinal to the sowing direction, which has a narrowing in the area of action of the coulter tip. Methods for preparing the seed bed a - pre-sowing tillage to the depth of seed placement; b pre-sowing rolling of the loosened soil layer; c - pre-sowing and post-sowing rolling of the loosened soil layer; 1 - soil layer below the bottom of the groove; 2 - compacted part of the loosened soil layer; 3 compacted part of the soil layer with seeds after sowing; 4 - top loose layer of soil.