DK1172188T3 - Fremgangsmåde og apparatur til perforering af en bane af ikke-vævet materiale - Google Patents

Fremgangsmåde og apparatur til perforering af en bane af ikke-vævet materiale

Info

Publication number
DK1172188T3
DK1172188T3 DK01116915T DK01116915T DK1172188T3 DK 1172188 T3 DK1172188 T3 DK 1172188T3 DK 01116915 T DK01116915 T DK 01116915T DK 01116915 T DK01116915 T DK 01116915T DK 1172188 T3 DK1172188 T3 DK 1172188T3
Authority
DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
perforating
web
nonwoven material
perforations
roller
Prior art date
Application number
DK01116915T
Other languages
Danish (da)
English (en)
Inventor
Galliano Boscolo
Original Assignee
Albis
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR0009114A external-priority patent/FR2811604A1/fr
Priority claimed from FR0009106A external-priority patent/FR2811603A1/fr
Application filed by Albis filed Critical Albis
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK1172188T3 publication Critical patent/DK1172188T3/da

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/02—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed
    • B26F1/06—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed with punching tools moving with the work
    • B26F1/10—Roller type punches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
    • B26D7/00—Details of apparatus for cutting, cutting-out, stamping-out, punching, perforating, or severing by means other than cutting
    • B26D7/26—Means for mounting or adjusting the cutting member; Means for adjusting the stroke of the cutting member
    • B26D7/2614—Means for mounting the cutting member
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/02—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/02—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed
    • B26F1/06—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed with punching tools moving with the work
    • B26F1/08—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed with punching tools moving with the work wherein the tools are carried by, and in operation move relative to, a rotative drum or similar support
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/02—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed
    • B26F1/14—Punching tools; Punching dies
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/16—Perforating by tool or tools of the drill type
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/04—Processes
    • Y10T83/0481—Puncturing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/04—Processes
    • Y10T83/0515—During movement of work past flying cutter
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/465—Cutting motion of tool has component in direction of moving work
    • Y10T83/4766—Orbital motion of cutting blade
    • Y10T83/4795—Rotary tool
    • Y10T83/4812—Compound movement of tool during tool cycle
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/465—Cutting motion of tool has component in direction of moving work
    • Y10T83/4766—Orbital motion of cutting blade
    • Y10T83/4795—Rotary tool
    • Y10T83/483—With cooperating rotary cutter or backup
    • Y10T83/4836—With radial overlap of the cutting members
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/465—Cutting motion of tool has component in direction of moving work
    • Y10T83/4766—Orbital motion of cutting blade
    • Y10T83/4795—Rotary tool
    • Y10T83/483—With cooperating rotary cutter or backup
    • Y10T83/4844—Resiliently urged cutter or anvil member
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/929—Tool or tool with support
    • Y10T83/9372—Rotatable type
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/929—Tool or tool with support
    • Y10T83/9372—Rotatable type
    • Y10T83/9387—Punching tool
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/929—Tool or tool with support
    • Y10T83/9372—Rotatable type
    • Y10T83/9387—Punching tool
    • Y10T83/9389—Shear type
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/929—Tool or tool with support
    • Y10T83/9372—Rotatable type
    • Y10T83/9408—Spaced cut forming tool
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/929—Tool or tool with support
    • Y10T83/9411—Cutting couple type
    • Y10T83/9423—Punching tool
    • Y10T83/9425—Tool pair
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/929—Tool or tool with support
    • Y10T83/9411—Cutting couple type
    • Y10T83/9423—Punching tool
    • Y10T83/944—Multiple punchings

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
DK01116915T 2000-07-12 2001-07-11 Fremgangsmåde og apparatur til perforering af en bane af ikke-vævet materiale DK1172188T3 (da)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0009114A FR2811604A1 (fr) 2000-07-12 2000-07-12 Dispositif de perforation d'une nappe non tissee
FR0009106A FR2811603A1 (fr) 2000-07-12 2000-07-12 Procede de perforation d'une nappe non tissee

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK1172188T3 true DK1172188T3 (da) 2002-10-28

Family

ID=26212530

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK01116915T DK1172188T3 (da) 2000-07-12 2001-07-11 Fremgangsmåde og apparatur til perforering af en bane af ikke-vævet materiale

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US7080584B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1172188B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE225239T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE60100033T2 (fr)
DK (1) DK1172188T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2184723T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT1172188E (fr)

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2004299032A (ja) * 2003-04-01 2004-10-28 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd ブランク製造機の余白部を分離する装置
US7858544B2 (en) 2004-09-10 2010-12-28 First Quality Nonwovens, Inc. Hydroengorged spunmelt nonwovens
GB2451459B (en) * 2007-07-28 2011-12-07 Mansfield Board Machinery Ltd Stitch flap cutting block
FR2926745B1 (fr) * 2008-01-28 2013-04-12 Hacoma Procede et dispositif pour realiser un percage dans un materiau composite thermoplastique.
CN101745938A (zh) * 2008-12-12 2010-06-23 富准精密工业(深圳)有限公司 切孔刀模
IT1400672B1 (it) * 2010-06-24 2013-06-28 Berveglieri Fustella per forare pannelli isolanti in fibra di kenaf
US10639212B2 (en) 2010-08-20 2020-05-05 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent article and components thereof having improved softness signals, and methods for manufacturing
US8841507B2 (en) 2010-08-20 2014-09-23 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent article and components thereof having improved softness signals, and methods for manufacturing
CN102825440A (zh) * 2012-09-19 2012-12-19 常州市南方卫生器材厂有限公司 胶布打孔用刀具的制造工艺
CN104647463B (zh) * 2014-06-21 2016-08-24 柳州凯通机械有限公司 加工球型壳体上蜂孔的方法
CN105014743A (zh) * 2015-07-29 2015-11-04 上汽通用五菱汽车股份有限公司 一种倒车雷达冲孔装置
GB2577630B (en) * 2016-06-09 2021-02-17 Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd A device for perforating panels of material
GB2551184B (en) * 2016-06-09 2019-10-16 Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd A device for perforating panels of material
MX2019011634A (es) 2017-03-27 2020-01-20 Sellars Absorbent Materials Inc Material absorbente laminado.
US11123893B2 (en) * 2018-07-18 2021-09-21 Roto-Die Company, Inc. Vacuum assist cutting and anvil cylinders
EP3670122A1 (fr) * 2018-12-21 2020-06-24 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Outil de poinçonnage mâle et dispositif de poinçonnage
CN111360699A (zh) * 2020-04-10 2020-07-03 宁波华望信息科技有限公司 一种安全性高的阀门加工用切割装置

Family Cites Families (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1649635A (en) 1925-08-28 1927-11-15 Rotary Printing Company Perforating device
US2212678A (en) * 1939-04-14 1940-08-27 Lawrence V Whistler Perforating punch and die assembly
US2362039A (en) * 1943-12-15 1944-11-07 Lawrence V Whistler Punch and die assembly
US2792062A (en) * 1955-03-10 1957-05-14 Bemis Bro Bag Co Web perforating apparatus
US2808108A (en) * 1956-03-09 1957-10-01 Samuel C Pellegrino Adjustable perforating punch assembly
US2956740A (en) * 1958-08-22 1960-10-18 Holley Carburetor Co Rotary perforator
US3081030A (en) * 1960-12-13 1963-03-12 Holley Carburetor Co Rotary perforator
US3120922A (en) * 1961-11-20 1964-02-11 Waldrum Engineering Corp Mechanical apparatus
US3106859A (en) * 1962-08-22 1963-10-15 Hamilton Tool Co Apparatus for rotarily punching webs of paper
FR1491848A (fr) * 1966-09-06 1967-08-11 Dispositif auto-poinçonneur destiné à exécuter des perforations dans des feuilles ou bandes, notamment en matière plastique
US3463042A (en) 1966-11-25 1969-08-26 Rubin Goldman Pneumatic punch
CH479383A (de) 1967-09-05 1969-10-15 Stanniolfabrik Burgdorf Ag Vorrichtung zum Perforieren von Materialbahnen
US3657954A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-04-25 Alco Machine & Tool Inc Die cutter assembly and mounting means for punch thereof
DE2538900C3 (de) * 1975-09-02 1979-05-17 Martin 8961 Haldenwang Waibel Matrize
DE3140511A1 (de) * 1980-10-02 1983-04-28 Klaus 4803 Steinhagen Kalwar "vorrichtung zum lochen von materialbahnen"
DE3037255A1 (de) * 1980-10-02 1982-04-29 Klaus 4803 Steinhagen Kalwar Vorrichtung zum lochen von materialbahnen
US4594926A (en) * 1983-10-24 1986-06-17 Didde Graphic Systems Corporation File hole punch ring apparatus for web fed paper conveying mechanism
DE3427245C2 (de) * 1984-07-24 1986-07-17 Maschinenfabrik Diedesheim GmbH, 6950 Mosbach Werkzeugmaschine
US4688459A (en) * 1985-11-14 1987-08-25 Didde Graphics Systems Corp. Punch retaining device
US4674372A (en) * 1986-07-28 1987-06-23 Milliken Research Corporation Hole punch
DE3827077C1 (fr) * 1988-08-10 1989-09-14 Schober Gmbh Werkzeug- Und Maschinenbau, 7147 Eberdingen, De
US5136905A (en) * 1991-02-07 1992-08-11 Joyce I. Stack Device and method for forming a gasket hole
US5103706A (en) * 1991-03-04 1992-04-14 Richard Rosemann Margin hole punch locking apparatus
JPH0679697A (ja) * 1992-09-03 1994-03-22 Hitachi Metals Ltd ロータリパンチユニット
US5429573A (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-07-04 Economy Machine & Tool Company Die lift tool for rotary punch machine
DE4417110A1 (de) * 1994-05-16 1995-11-23 Doerflein Hans Willi Schneidstanzwerkzeug
US5937719A (en) * 1996-06-27 1999-08-17 Wilson Manufacturing Company Rotary punch
EP0989923B1 (fr) * 1997-06-17 2003-12-03 WITZIG & FRANK GmbH Machine outil a flexibilite elevee
JPH1133996A (ja) 1997-07-23 1999-02-09 Hitachi Metals Ltd パンチユニット
FR2781508B1 (fr) * 1998-07-23 2000-10-13 Albis Procede et dispositif de perforation d'une nappe non tissee de fibres ou filaments

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE60100033D1 (de) 2002-11-07
US7080584B2 (en) 2006-07-25
ES2184723T3 (es) 2003-04-16
US20060201305A1 (en) 2006-09-14
EP1172188B1 (fr) 2002-10-02
US20020088321A1 (en) 2002-07-11
DE60100033T2 (de) 2003-07-10
PT1172188E (pt) 2003-02-28
EP1172188A1 (fr) 2002-01-16
ATE225239T1 (de) 2002-10-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DK1172188T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde og apparatur til perforering af en bane af ikke-vævet materiale
DE50008934D1 (de) Vorrichtung zum Lochen und Verformen eines Flächengebildes
DE50212788D1 (de) Vorrichtung zur behandlung von flachmaterial
ATE104579T1 (de) Vorrichtung zum rillen und schneiden endloser bahnen aus pappe und dergleichen.
DK1539445T3 (da) Anordning og fremgangsmåde til væskepermeabel perforering af ikke-vævet stof
SE9404579L (sv) Ytmaterial samt förfarande och apparat för dess framställning
BR8804380A (pt) Processo para produzir pecas recortadas de um papel elastico,preferivelmente de um papel crepom,bem como equipamento para executar o processo
BRPI0507566A (pt) processo de fabricação e de recorte de elementos de formato relativamente pequeno, dispositivos correspondentes, elementos e folhas que comportam esses elementos
DE502004007965D1 (de) Vorrichtung zur beidseitigen Querrillung von Endlosbahnen
DK1610932T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde og indretning til at fremstille et perforeret banemateriale
ATE553932T1 (de) Klebebindeverfahren und vorrichtung zum durchführen dieses verfahrens
DE69807723D1 (de) Vorrichtung zum klemmen, führen und fördern der ränder einer mit schnitten versehenen folienbahn in einer maschine zum herstellen von streckmetall
ATE373547T1 (de) Vorrichtung zum querschneiden von mindestens einer bahn in einem falzapparat
ATE355928T1 (de) Vorrichtung zum trennen und/oder zur peforierung
DE50004782D1 (de) Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Schneiden und Umlenken von Signaturen
CA2490833A1 (fr) Methode et dispositif de fabrication d'echantillons de tissus
ATE212583T1 (de) Vorrichtung zum lochen und binden von bögen
DE50106484D1 (de) Vorrichtung zum Vereinzeln von Nutzen eines bedruckten Bogens
DE602004029586D1 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zum trennen von bahnmaterial
DE69102058D1 (de) Vorrichtung zum Beschreiben, Schneiden und Stanzen von Bahnmaterial.
DE502004004186D1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen eines Faservlieses
DE502004002251D1 (de) Vorrichtung zur perforation einzelner bahnen in einer schlauchmaschine zur herstellung von mehrlagigen schl uchen
DE29810411U1 (de) Schablone zum Stanzen, bzw. Ausbrennen von Löchern in Stoffen, Folien und anderen Materialien
DE3782976D1 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zum zusammenheften der lagen von formularsaetzen.
DE9416809U1 (de) Vorrichtung zum Anbringen von Löchern oder Perforationen in flächige Materialien