DE60336483D1 - Dispersion von ionenaustauscherpolymer, herstellungsverfahren dafür und verwendung davon - Google Patents

Dispersion von ionenaustauscherpolymer, herstellungsverfahren dafür und verwendung davon

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Publication number
DE60336483D1
DE60336483D1 DE60336483T DE60336483T DE60336483D1 DE 60336483 D1 DE60336483 D1 DE 60336483D1 DE 60336483 T DE60336483 T DE 60336483T DE 60336483 T DE60336483 T DE 60336483T DE 60336483 D1 DE60336483 D1 DE 60336483D1
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
dispersion
ion exchange
membrane
catalyst
exchange polymer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE60336483T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ichiro Terada
Satoru Hommura
Nobuyuki Kasahara
Katsuya Ueno
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AGC Inc
Original Assignee
Asahi Glass Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Asahi Glass Co Ltd filed Critical Asahi Glass Co Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE60336483D1 publication Critical patent/DE60336483D1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/20Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
    • C08J5/22Films, membranes or diaphragms
    • C08J5/2287After-treatment
    • C08J5/2293After-treatment of fluorine-containing membranes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F130/00Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
    • C08F130/04Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F230/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
    • C08F230/04Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F30/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
    • C08F30/04Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/02Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
    • C08J3/03Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in aqueous media
    • C08J3/05Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in aqueous media from solid polymers
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/20Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605Porous electrodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/921Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/96Carbon-based electrodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1004Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/102Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
    • H01M8/1023Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1039Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1041Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
    • H01M8/1046Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
    • H01M8/1051Non-ion-conducting additives, e.g. stabilisers, SiO2 or ZrO2
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1069Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
    • H01M8/1081Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes starting from solutions, dispersions or slurries exclusively of polymers
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2327/00Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2327/02Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08J2327/12Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2327/00Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2327/02Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08J2327/12Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
    • C08J2327/18Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8803Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8825Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/8828Coating with slurry or ink
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24802Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
DE60336483T 2002-07-08 2003-07-08 Dispersion von ionenaustauscherpolymer, herstellungsverfahren dafür und verwendung davon Expired - Lifetime DE60336483D1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002198931 2002-07-08
PCT/JP2003/008658 WO2004005377A1 (ja) 2002-07-08 2003-07-08 イオン交換体ポリマー分散液、その製造方法、及びその使用

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE60336483D1 true DE60336483D1 (de) 2011-05-05

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE60336483T Expired - Lifetime DE60336483D1 (de) 2002-07-08 2003-07-08 Dispersion von ionenaustauscherpolymer, herstellungsverfahren dafür und verwendung davon

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US7582713B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1535950B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4534764B2 (de)
CN (1) CN1289574C (de)
AT (1) ATE502975T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2003281365A1 (de)
DE (1) DE60336483D1 (de)
WO (1) WO2004005377A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4534764B2 (ja) * 2002-07-08 2010-09-01 旭硝子株式会社 イオン交換体ポリマー分散液、その製造方法、イオン交換膜の製造方法及び固体高分子型燃料電池用膜電極接合体の製造方法
CN100426575C (zh) * 2003-05-13 2008-10-15 旭硝子株式会社 固体高分子型燃料电池用电解质聚合物、其制造方法和膜·电极接合体
EP1643573B1 (de) * 2003-06-24 2012-01-11 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Membran-elektrodenbaugruppe für eine festpolymer-brennstoffzelle und herstellungsverfahren dafür
EP1760812B1 (de) 2004-06-22 2010-12-08 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Flüssige zusammensetzung, verfahren zu deren herstellung und verfahren zur herstellung einer membranelektrodenbaugruppe für polymerelektrolyt-brennstoffzelle
CA2571138C (en) 2004-06-22 2014-02-11 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Electrolyte membrane for polymer electolyte fuel cell, process for its production and membrane-electrode assembly for polymer electrolyte fuel cell
JP5023483B2 (ja) * 2005-12-09 2012-09-12 トヨタ自動車株式会社 燃料電池用電極の製造方法、及びこれを備えた固体高分子型燃料電池
JP2008053101A (ja) * 2006-08-25 2008-03-06 Toyota Motor Corp 燃料電池用膜・電極接合体及び燃料電池
US8124295B2 (en) * 2007-01-26 2012-02-28 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Polymer, polymer electrolyte membrane for polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and membrane/electrode assembly
US20100178585A1 (en) * 2007-06-15 2010-07-15 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Film-electrode assembly, film-electrode-gas diffusion layer assembly having the same, solid state polymer fuel cell, and film-electrode assembly manufacturing method
CN101382613B (zh) * 2007-09-05 2012-07-04 富士胶片株式会社 滤色片的制造方法
CA2720687C (en) 2008-04-09 2013-03-26 Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation Dispersion composition of fluorine-containing ion exchange resin
KR101080783B1 (ko) * 2008-10-06 2011-11-07 현대자동차주식회사 고분자전해질 연료전지용 전극 및 막전극접합체의 제조 방법
DK2376541T3 (da) 2008-12-11 2013-01-28 Solvay Specialty Polymers It Oprensning af fluorionomer-sammensætninger
DE112012003612T5 (de) * 2011-08-31 2014-06-05 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Herstellungsverfahren einer Katalysatortinte, Herstellungsverfahren einer Brennstoffzelle und Brennstoffzelle
JP5880562B2 (ja) * 2011-08-31 2016-03-09 トヨタ自動車株式会社 触媒インクの製造方法、および、燃料電池の製造方法、燃料電池
WO2014065807A1 (en) * 2012-10-26 2014-05-01 United Technologies Corporation Fuel cell membrane electrode assembly fabrication process
JP5915517B2 (ja) * 2012-12-25 2016-05-11 トヨタ自動車株式会社 燃料電池電極の製造方法
EP3382777B1 (de) * 2015-11-27 2022-03-30 Zeon Corporation Zusammensetzung für wasserfreie sekundärbatterieklebeschichten, klebeschicht für wasserfreie sekundärbatterien und wasserfreie sekundärbatterie

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DE3424586A1 (de) 1984-07-04 1986-01-09 Kali-Chemie Pharma Gmbh, 3000 Hannover 3-aminocarbonylmethoxy-5-phenyl-pyrazol-verbindungen sowie verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und diese verbindungen enthaltende arzneimittel
JP2781630B2 (ja) 1989-12-28 1998-07-30 三菱重工業株式会社 固体高分子電解質膜と電極との接合体の活性化処理方法
JP3199182B2 (ja) 1991-12-31 2001-08-13 ストンハルト・アソシエーツ・インコーポレーテッド 高分子固体電解質型燃料電池
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AU745585B2 (en) * 1996-10-15 2002-03-21 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions containing particles of highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer
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JP2001081261A (ja) * 1999-09-09 2001-03-27 Asahi Glass Co Ltd アニオン交換体ポリマー溶液
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EP1263074A1 (de) * 2001-05-31 2002-12-04 Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Ionenaustausch-Polymerdispersion und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
EP1263073A1 (de) * 2001-05-31 2002-12-04 Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Membran-Elektroden-Einheit für Festelektrolyt-Brennstoffzelle und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
JP4534764B2 (ja) * 2002-07-08 2010-09-01 旭硝子株式会社 イオン交換体ポリマー分散液、その製造方法、イオン交換膜の製造方法及び固体高分子型燃料電池用膜電極接合体の製造方法

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Publication number Publication date
US7582713B2 (en) 2009-09-01
CN1665863A (zh) 2005-09-07
JPWO2004005377A1 (ja) 2005-11-04
ATE502975T1 (de) 2011-04-15
US20050143540A1 (en) 2005-06-30
EP1535950B1 (de) 2011-03-23
CN1289574C (zh) 2006-12-13
JP4534764B2 (ja) 2010-09-01
AU2003281365A1 (en) 2004-01-23
WO2004005377A1 (ja) 2004-01-15
EP1535950A4 (de) 2005-10-26
EP1535950A1 (de) 2005-06-01

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