DE3310013A1 - Composite structure consisting of filter layer, drain layer and heat-insulation layer - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention comprises a composite structure for building parts, which come into contact with earth, with pressure-transmitting insulation/drain panels for these applications: roof structures accessible to pedestrians and vehicles, cellar external walls, cellar floors. The composite structure makes possible the reversal principle, i.e. roomside sealing, external insulation and protection layers. Thus the main causes of cases of damage, for example in the roof region, such as condensate formation, or ice formation which destroys roof sealing and insulation layers, are excluded. As a result of the compression-proof properties of the composite structure, it is, in the case of roof surfaces which are accessible to pedestrians and vehicles, even accessible to heavy vehicles. Likewise, cellar external walls can also be effectively insulated and drained to great depths. A further application is underneath statically loaded floor panels or foundations. <IMAGE>

Description

description

Composite structure consisting of filter, drainage and thermal insulation layers The invention relates to a layer consisting of a filter, drainage and thermal insulation layer Composite structure for building parts that come into contact with the ground. Such composite structures are e.g. as roof coverings for greening a pitched roof with a top plant base layer to be applied is known (see German patent application P 30 24 672.1). Composite structures are already known (Canadian patent 1009819), where the roof covering is made of bricks that are placed on the roof surface under Lay the intermediate layer of flat supports so that between the underside of the brick and the roof surface consists of an air space acting as an insulation from which the Moisture penetrating through the tiles can flow off the roof. On the surface a layer of earth is applied to the brick, which enables greening.

However, these composite structures can only withstand low pressure loads show within the scope of the invention that - with the exception of the allerdinys schr severe Gravel or ballast drainage - the well-known drainage layers made of styrofoam ball plates or random scrim mats even with low pressure loads of approx. 1000 kg / to compress over 508. This means that when vehicles are driven over, e.g. on the roof of an underground car park, the paving. At the same time, the drainage cross-section of the drainage cavity is reduced in such a way that the main task: creating a backwater-free drainage level permanently cannot be fulfilled.

Since a sufficiently pressure-resistant, void-rich drainage is not known is, (crushed stone or gravel damage the roof seal or insulation when subjected to pressure) So far, attempts have been made to e.g. drive-on roofs of underground garages without drainage cllicllL and Ilöylicllsl: waterdicllL already on the upper edge of the surface covering, in order to avoid that surface water penetrates into the build-up layers.

It is known that such laid in waterproof mortar Slab coverings are infiltrated by moisture after just a few years and freeze up. The reinforced concrete protective layer 12-20 cm thick, distributing the pressure and at the same time were used to protect the seal, proved after a few Years as the number 1 destruction factor of the roof seal.

The thermal expansion of these uninsulated protective concrete layers and the frictional connection with the roof seal underneath destroyed this very much fast.

Even sliding layers can create a frictional connection due to the high contact pressure not prevent.

Penetrating moisture led to the formation of ice under the concrete. The resulting ice pressure destroyed the seal and insulation through deformation.

Verifiable cases from practice show that the then emerged Leaks can even endanger the supporting structures due to rusting through.

The installation of roof sealing control systems failed with the previously known structures in the number of water-bearing layers that form a cross and cross migration of the leakage water and prevent damage localization. The roof structures known since then usually consist of the following layers (from bottom to top): Slab coverings in mortar - protective concrete - sliding layer seal 2-4 layers - insulation possibly glued - vapor barrier - reinforced concrete ceiling.

Each of these layers forms its own water-bearing barrier layer. The search for damage in the event of a leak is carried out with a jackhammer, taking into account the extent of the damage is usually enlarged.

With this structure, a damaged area that cannot be located is necessary usually for complete renovation.

The invention is therefore based on the object, the disadvantages and To avoid deficiencies of the previously known composite structures and overall the structure to simplify in such a way that only one water-bearing sealing level is provided will.

According to the invention, this object is characterized by what is stated in claim 1 Composite structure solved. Further refinements of the invention are set out in the subclaims called.

In comparison with the known, the invention leads to the following mentioned improvements: 1. Discharge of surface and seepage water in permanent void-rich, backwater-free drainage channels.

2 Pressure absorption and discharge within the roof structure itself Use of heavy vehicles.

3. Compared to gravel and crushed stone weights approx. 1/200 weight.

4. Manufacture of a building physically necessary for the inverted and duo roof Ventilation layer above the thermal insulation.

5. By eliminating pressure-distributing reinforced concrete protective layers, Screeds or mortar, easy access to damaged areas in the roof seal.

6. Through jam-free seepage water drainage, frost-proof laying of Paving.

7. Energetic use of the drainage layer as a thermal insulation layer too in the case of rainwater.

8. Significant cost reduction of roof structures through simple Laying and elimination of reinforced concrete layers, screeds, vapor pressure equalization layers Etc.

9. Protection of the seal and insulation against mechanical damage.

10. Simplified controllability, damage search and repairability. Since there is only one water-bearing sealing level, this can be replaced by an already Control system registered for patent no. can be monitored at all times. A leaky one Place can thus be localized, for example, on an area of "ohm". This simplifies the search for damage and saves costs.

Principle: Sealing a damaged area costs little - the damage area search lot of money.

In the structure according to the invention, after localization of the damaged area a control tube inside the reinforced concrete ceiling opens the structure as follows: - Removal of the paving - Removal of the ballast layer - Rolling up of the separating fleece - Picking up the insulation and drainage panels.

Then the damaged area is sealed. Installation is carried out in reverse Episode.

Compressive stress and behavior: The roof structure that can be driven over must be for the practical maximum load can be designed. Commercially available insulation boards may be used for permanent loads of up to 2, Okp / cm '= 20,000 kp / m2. Weak point The compressive strength was essential for the use of these insulation panels in the inverted or duo roof structure the overlying drainage layers required for structural reasons. Known styrofoam ball drainage plates are allowed to undergo a maximum of 1000-1500 Kp / m 'continuous load get abandoned; they compress by more than 25%, with point loading up to 50%.

Plastic tangled drainage mats may have a maximum permanent load of 800-1200 kp / m2 get abandoned. The compression is between 40% depending on the woven material and 60%. Both with the styrofoam ball insulation panels and the plastic tangled drainage mats lead point loads by driving over to increased compression, whereby the ability the materials used, the build-up layers through material-specific restoring forces pushing back to the original position is limited. When run over several times a permanent compression is to be expected, the cross-section of the drainage drainage reduced.

In the composite structure according to the invention, the high material-specific Compressive strength of the dam material also in the area of the spacers or knobs exploited.

Example 1: Ratio of spacer area - drainage area 50:50. The permissible permanent load of known dam panels is 2.0 in the insulation level kp / cm2. This enables a spacer pressure load of 10,000 kp / m2. In order to this area can already be safely used by heavy emergency vehicles.

Example 2: If a pressure-distributing latex mortar coating is used by > 4 kp / cm2 (claim 2) executed, the compressive strength of the insulation level of 2.0 kp / cm2 can be fully utilized. the permissible pressure load the drainage level would be at 50/50 spacer / drainage area ratio at 2.0 kp / cm ' distributed over 1m '.

A continuous load of 20,000 kp / m 'can be used.

Example 3: Execution of the drainage level in latex mortar? 6 kp / cm 'required Pressure transfer area with an assumed area load of 10,000 kp / cm2 = 1.666 cm2 drainage surface = 10,000 cm2. 1.666 cm2 = 8.334 cm3 This results in the ratio: Pressure transfer area: DranageoberElache = 17: 83 This calculation example shows on that void-rich high-performance drainage with high Pressure transmissions can be incorporated.

Example 4: Drainage made of Styrofoam balls or random layers: Your use is limited to a maximum of 1000 kg / cm. They are unsuitable for roof structures that can be driven over, since emergency vehicles result in much higher pressure loads.

Drainage and drainage services: With the exception of gravel or stone drainage are the well-known random or Styrofoam ball drainage at higher pressure loads, as described on page 5, cannot be used.

The composite structure according to the invention can, however, also be economical can be used for superstructures with light loads. Even here show up significantly improved drainage cross-sections in a practice-related comparison.

Example 1: Styrofoam ball drainage plates with a 6 cm thick cavity without Compression 25 - 29%, continuous load 1000 kp / m '- compression 25t.

Determination of the efficiency: drainage cross-section in the roof level without compression approx. 150 cm2 after compression 258 approx. 37.5 cm2 reduction in the area of the drainage plate joints approx. 20 cm2 drainage cross-section when installed, 93 cm2 seepage water penetration cross-section on the surface of the drainage layer 25% approx. 2,500 cm2 reduction through compression approx. ./. 625 cm2 1,875 cm2 Properties of this system: Comparatively high paving thickness. Reduction of the discharge coefficient down to 2.5 cm / sec.

due to internal friction and turbulence between the densely stored Styrofoam. orballs. In the event of compression due to higher point loads, the discharge value is reduced to 1.0 cm / sec. There is therefore a risk of congestion both in the roof level and on the surface seep into the drainage layer.

Example 2: Random laid drainage with a thickness of 2.5 cm. Continuous load 1000 kp / m '. Cavity before pressing 80 - 90%. Compression 30-60%.

Determination of the efficiency: drainage cross-section in the roof level without compression approx. 200 cm 'after compression 608 approx. 120 cm2 drainage cross-section When installed, 80 cm2 seepage water penetration cross-section on the surface of the drainage layer remains practically the same before and after the pressure load about 808 = 8,000 cm2 properties of the system: low paving thickness.

More favorable discharge coefficients of 5-10 cm / sec. due to a relatively large cavity even after pressing. This reduces internal friction. There is a risk of congestion in the roof level.

Example 3: Composite structure according to the invention with spec.

Long-term compressive strength of the insulation layer and drainage spacers from known Pressure-resistant material, for example: compression 08. Continuous load 1000 kg / cml-l, 0 kp / cm2.

Required proportion of the pressure-transmitting spacer surface = 1000 cm2.

This means that 9,000 cm2 of this is required for the surface of the drainage cavity Ratio 1: 9 is not practical. However, it clearly shows how high the performance is a drainage can be designed according to the principle of the invention.

Tests showed that the ratios spacer surface drainage layer surface from 3: 7 to 7: 3 is practical.

Determination of the performance: Verund construction according to the invention with insulating drainage panels with a drainage layer height of 2.0 cm. Specific material compressive strength 1.0 kg / cm2 ratio of spacer drainage 4: 6 permanent load 1,000 kp / m2 <4,000 kp / m2 (permissible pressure transfer of the spacers) compression 08.

Drainage cross-section in the roof level 120 cm2 compression 0% 0 cm2 drainage cross-section the drainage in the installed state 120 cm2 seepage water penetration cross-section on the surface of the drainage layer remains the same before and after the pressure load = 6,000 cm2 Case-related Features of the system: Low installation height. The compressive strength is only 25% exploited. This means reserve and security with point loads. The cavity of the Drainage is retained at all times.

A backwater is excluded because the free drainage channels one Establish trouble-free drainage in the roof level, its drainage speed is regulated by the amount of water, pressure or pressure level.

Building physical requirements: The inverted or duo roof structure with above The insulation material lying on the roof seal uses a non-water-absorbing insulation material in advance. Investigations by the Fraunhofer Institute show that this is an overhead Require a ventilation layer or a structure that is permeable to the top. Otherwise there is an undesirably high level of moisture absorption, which reduces the thermal insulation in the insulation layer.

Reinforced concrete, separating foils, styrofoam-polystyrene plastic layers or seals are therefore not allowed above these extruded rigid foam sheets be relocated.

Investigations show that even a water film (due to a lack of Drainage, ventilation or venting options) creates a harmful diffusion barrier. This means that drainage bodies with point-bound styrofoam balls separate (insufficient ventilation, permanent water levels and stagnation - adhesion of water) as well as supporting bodies made of hard plastic, which form this diffusion barrier.

In the case of the structure according to the invention: the openness to diffusion is lower ensured above, - the cross ventilation, ventilation and exhaust is ensured, - arises no water stagnation, since free unhindered drainage, - become harmful puddles of water (e.g. if the ceiling is bent) sucked up through the capillaries, - can above the gravel layer itself a diffusion-blocking road surface without Damage to the rigid foam insulation can be installed.

The ballast layer acts as a buffer, which prevents the water vapor condensate which drips from the underside of the road surface, absorbs and acts as harmless tav water discharges via the drainage layer.

The coating according to the invention according to claim 2 with a high pressure resistant coating Mortar must be made from a diffusion-open material e.g. latex mortar, because the well-known cement mortar creates a diffusion barrier.

These pressure distributing and improving latex mortar coatings additionally protect the insulation layer and roof seal against mechanical damage and make rubble tricks or concrete unnecessary.

Known drainage layers are not able to provide insulation layers or Protect roof seals against mechanical damage.

The slope of the underside of the drainage layer (according to claim 6) in the direction Capillaries have the effect that even the smallest water residues get into the overlying build-up layers (aspirated as described below.

The drying out of the top layer at intervals, which is necessary in terms of building physics is thus ensured over the entire area.

In claim 5 a coating of the insulation drainage plate surface and spacers with water-absorbent material (e.g. cellulose ether) are described. Thus, as with the capillaries according to claims 6 and 7 (bores or perforations the knobs / spacers) standing water above the insulation layer is sucked off and into the overlying water-storing and absorbent separating fleece and earth layers transported. This is particularly important in the flat roof area with a zero slope, as puddles of water increase moisture absorption over longer periods of residence with inverted roofs within the extruded rigid foam sheets cause. Will this Puddles of water in dry weather in the overlying water-storing fleece / The separating layer and the root layer are vacuumed off, so the necessary intervals can be made Drying out of the insulation layer must be ensured.

The invention of capillary suction according to claims 6 and 7 includes at the same time the possibility of short-term flooding of the drainage level in order to get through the absorbent properties of the spacer coating or capillary moisture to be transported in the root area of the plants.

The styrofoam ball-random scrim gravel / gravel layer drainage have don't have these skills.

Comparison of the installation weights: Styrofoam insulation boards 6.5 cm approx. 1.7 kg / m2 tangled fabric drainage approx. 0.8 kg / m2 drainage layer according to the invention approx. 0.4 kg / m ' Gravel or gravel layer approx. 200.0 kg / m2 The comparison shows that gravel is used in surface structures with larger spans due to its high grammage and the associated Do not make the construction more expensive: it is economical.

Laying: An economic comparison shows that in the composite structures according to the invention, the insulating drainage panels in one operation can be relocated. The previously known drainage systems require separate Laying insulation and drainage layer in two steps.

Thermal insulation: The composite structure according to the invention improves thermal insulation within the drainage layer and according to the ratio of spacer surface: Drainage layer surface.

Example: weather - dry - rain - drainage according to the invention 90-100 * 30-708 Styrofoam ball drainage 70 * 10C% 0-108 * Deterioration due to adhesive moisture.

Random scrim drainage 90-100% 0-10% Ballast / gravel drainage 50 * -80% 0-5% * Deterioration due to good thermal conductivity.

Stabilization of pressure-distributing layers of earth and gravel: in demand 8 describes a ballast / soil layer provided with tensile strength properties.

Investigations within the scope of the invention show that preferably for Retention of earth / gravel fines from a filter-stable, flexible fleece Staple fiber plastic fleece should be used. This has only limited tensile strength Loadable up to approx. 800 - 1200 kg / m. Filter fleeces made from continuous fibers are currently reaching Tensile strengths from 1000 - 1800 kg / rev. . Staple fibers and endless fleeces deform or flow with constant permanent load.

In order to ensure that the drainage channels are bridged over the long term, According to the invention, a tensile force-absorbing mesh fabric or tension members made of rot-proof Material used, whose deformability under all tensile loads occurring in practice should not exceed the value of 2% via the drainage channel. This mesh fabric or tension members are connected to the top with random scrim for the purpose of interlocking or Claws connected to the earth / gravel layer. This creates (comparable with a reinforced concrete beam on 2 supports) a pressure-absorbing zone = earth / gravel - a tension-absorbing zone = mesh fabric / tension members.

A shearing off of both layers is caused by the transverse force absorbing Prevents tangled fabrics or loops protruding into the soil layer. It arises a comparatively rigid beam or a plate, the much better tension-absorbing and pressure distributing properties than a comparatively loose ballast or earthfill.

At the same time, an additional effective protective layer is created against mechanical damage to the seal or insulation.

Use of components with an earth connection The use of the composite structures according to the invention is pressure-resistant properties Particularly advantageous when filling walls with soil, e.g. in basements. To be highlighted are the technical installation advantages: In the composite structures according to the invention the insulation drainage panels (delivery size e.g. 60x250 cm thickness) can be factory-fitted with the Separating fleece can be laminated by gluing onto the spacers. This composite element, consisting of an insulation layer, drainage layer and separating fleece is carried out in one operation glued to the wall seal. Then the earth filling takes place. The installation of much more expensive vertical drainage gravel layers is not required. Likewise, the Eliminates the risk of individual lumps of earth pressing into the insulation layer.

The same advantages result in composite structures that are based on Buildings constructed in the ground are used as living space, such as basement floor.

The invention is illustrated schematically in some of the following Embodiments explained. Show it: Fig. 1a, b two embodiments of the composite structure according to the invention with an inverted roof and a duo roof.

2a, b show an embodiment similar to that of FIG. 1, but with capillaries between fleece and drainage level and with profiling of the drainage floor.

3a, b as above, but with rib-shaped drainage channels that lead to the capillaries are inclined.

Above it, the earth / gravel layer is transmitted with transverse forces Shown tangled.

4 shows a possible distribution of the spacers and in a plan view Knobs.

Fig. 5 and 6 embodiments for basement walls.

According to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, sections through roof structures are shown, which as a common feature of a thermal insulation lying above the roof seal 10 have known, non-water-absorbing pressure-resistant rigid foam 11.

An exception is Fig. 1 right half. Here is a so-called Duo roof with 12 below and 11 above, thermal insulation shown.

The hard foam panels 11 over the seal 10 are on the top with Spacers 19 are provided, which either form a unit with the rigid foam panels or form a solid composite, being made of the same material as the Rigid foam panels are made. Or, as can be seen from FIG. 3, it becomes latex mortar 25 applied to the top of the insulation layer by means of a known manufacturing technique and connected to it e.g. by toothing. The spacers 19, 25 transferred the pressure from the overlying build-up layers. The resulting cavities 17 form a drainage layer. The resulting drainage channels are covered on the top with a filter fleece 13, 21 that retains fine soil. There are paving slabs. 15 in a sand / gravel / gravel bed 14 or earth 16 for green roofs or gravel 28 installed.

In Fig.2 and 3 are 19 capillaries by means of the spacers Hole passed through. These capillaries 18 transport the water from the drainage layer floor D (in Fig. 4) over the filter fleece layer provided with absorbent properties 13, 21 into the overlying earth resp.

Root layers 16.

In Fig. 2b - (right half) - the drainage layer bottom D is in the direction A of the capillaries 18 inclined.

In Fig. 3a, b is a variant embodiment for one with high pressure stressed drainage layer with a pressure-distributing gravel layer 26 or Earth layer 16 shown, which is through a tangled fabric 20 or loops 24 with a Underside high tensile strength and dimensionally stable mesh fabric 21 or tension members through Filling the random or loop spaces with gravel 26 or earth 16 is connected. This gives the built-in ballast base layer 26 improved load-bearing and pressure distributing properties. An impression of the earth or a single one Chunks of gravel in the drainage layer or destroying or pushing through the necessary Filter fleece 21, which is known to have only low tensile and deformation strength is prevented by the lamination of the mesh and the tension members. Lattice fabric or tension members are with the loops 24 on the top or random scrim 20 non-positively (K) connected to one another.

In the case of composite structures according to FIGS. 3a, b, the above-described latex mortar coating is used 25 applied, whereby their elasticity and pressure distribution still through a traction-absorbing Fabric insert 27 can be improved.

If water transport into the overlying layers is required, Thus, in all of the above-described FIGS. 1-3, a water-absorbent coating 23 be applied according to Fig.3b.

Fig. 5 shows the structure of a thermally insulated cellar wall.

In front of the wall W, the seal 10 is applied by known methods and the insulating drainage plates 11 in the course of the earth filling 29 loosely in front of the seal 10 placed, or glued point by point to the seal 10 before the earth filling. Of the The separating fleece 13 is rolled out as sheet goods and above the insulating drainage layer 11 anchored to the wall W. However, this separating fleece can already be applied to the Spacers 19 are glued on and as a composite element before the earth filling be glued to the wall seal 10.

6 shows a composite structure with an insulating-drain-separating fleece composite element, consisting of the separating fleece 13 glued to the spacers 19. The joints 5 by folding a separating fleece fold 30 against the ingress of soil covered.

Claims (11)

Claims consisting of filter, drainage and thermal insulation layers Composite structure for building parts that come into contact with the ground, characterized in that that in addition to the filter, drainage and thermal insulation layer directly on the seal (10) of the building part (T) a water-repellent, pressure-resistant insulation layer (11) is attached is, spacers on the (upper) side facing away from the part of the building (19) are provided, and that between these spacers (19) as a drainage layer Spaces (17) are formed, which with an absorbent, of the spacers (19; worn filter layer (13) are covered, which holds back soil (16) and fine particles. 2. Composite structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacers (19) made of the same material (rigid foam) as the insulation layer (11) exist. 3. Composite structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacers (19) form a unit with the insulating layer (11). 4. Composite structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacers (19) are formed from a diffusion-open latex mortar layer (25) are. (Fig.3) 5. composite structure according to claims 1 - 4, thereby characterized in that the distance switch (19) with a water-sucking and water-lifting Material (cellulose ether) are coated. 6. Composite structure according to claims 1 - 5, characterized in that that the bottom of the drainage layer (17) between the spacers (19) with a slope (17) towards the feet of the spacer (19) is formed (Fig.2b). 7. Composite structure according to claims 1 - 6, characterized in that that the spacers (19) with obliquely from bottom to top bores (18) are provided, which the water in the drainage layer (17) from this capillary into the water-sucking cover (13, 21), which can also be water-storing. 8. composite structure according to claim 1, characterized in that Via the insulating layer (11) one supported by the spacers (19) and distributes the pressure acting, of gravel (26) or earth (1C) existing layer (14) is laid, the Underside with high tensile strength, dimensionally stable mesh fabric that acts as a filter (21) is provided with claws protruding into the gravel-earth layer (16, 26) connected to tangled layers (20, 24) (Fig. 3). 9. Composite structure according to claims 1 - 8, characterized in that that the composite structure is attached to flat or sloping roofs. 10. Composite structure according to claims 1-8, d a d u r c h g It is not noted that the composite structure for building parts built on the ground serves as a living room or basement floor. 11. Composite structure according to claims 1 - 8, characterized in that that the composite structure serves as wall protection in underground cellars.