DE2450121A1 - METHOD OF CULTIVATING EDIBLE MUSHROOMS - Google Patents

Description

VEEI ¹ AHREN ON THE CULTIVATION OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS

The invention relates to a method of cultivation of edible mushrooms that can also be grown without a top layer using a simplified technology for the Substrate growth and inoculation.

The perfecting of the technology of the cultivation of edible mushrooms and thus the reduction of the necessary technical and economic expenditure are important tasks, and in mushroom cultivation efforts always go

A 647-699

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more in the direction of the limitation of mass cultivation and using full automation. Numerous operations the known processes are-partially mechanizable, is, however, in the phase of mycelial growth and inoculation a lot of manual work required, these operations are labor-intensive.

In the methods known for the cultivation of fungi that can be grown without a cover layer, for example Nutrient substrate to be used in made of heat-resistant material, for example made of iron or other metals, or in larger boxes made of wood (approx. 25-30 χ 80-100 χ χ 150-200 cm) of a heat treatment lasting several days subjected. The nutrient substrate, which has cooled down in the boxes and then removed from them, is injected with a vaccination machine inoculated and then lined with a plastic film, smaller (approx. 15x40x50-60 cm) plastic or Wooden boxes transferred. where the mycelium grows through the nutrient substrate. After the nutrient substrate has grown through, it is in the form of wrapped in foil and through the growth through solidified * hardened blocks taken from the crates, the foil packaging is removed from one side, and thereby, the conditions for the outgrowth of the fruiting bodies are given · The investment costs for the cultivation The crates used can, for example, up to half of the plastic crates that have recently been used a lot of the total investment costs of the breeding company. In, the practice of mushroom cultivation becomes the operational 1 Production volume determined by the volume of the available boxes.

However, the purchase and use of wooden boxes also requires considerable investments, since under the cultivation conditions in the very humid air, wooden boxes quickly become unusable and can be used a maximum of four or five times. The. ever-present koizecnadic fungi attack the sensitive material

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rial der Eistea ;, for example ikppelliolz, be · fast.

Will be sent in the case of the industrial creation! Either fealben aaaißer uhren jbascliaffiisgkosten still incur a part of the amount that they can therefore not be admitted at iJtHsaeJ ^ emäiBer admitting the advice to albstrat Iiafisg, nand that d © 3? ■ to "Iaal1; ± vlerimg aoibwesdige l" emeilatege] aalt sekaell weaaai miclitb füb? its E ^ sat; 2; "isezielaiiaiigsiweis © der ¥ erdi3Bstraag worried Mird. ϊίΐτ di © Attleitmig der sick" im. the Hiase of the DuareliWacliseiiLS! forming -adogeneiia. läsiMe Miass be etoeiifalls worried Feimer the Platsäbedari, for JJagerüaüLg the crates iselir Roughly ₅ ikre lialtiiing is aribe itsauaf agile, nana the iförmelseliaiQdliiing of Maibrsiiiibstrates on the Hsten located! scliwer is in. "Users.

The inoculation of the " Heat-treated MaJarsHibstrates are used, for example, so-called InpfMschel, which are made from sterile with Hycel duarelli Stronlialmen or other grassy stalks confess, the 15-20 cm long ^ 1 cm thick rods are bound together are. These stiff tufts are in the lahr-SJibstrat depressed. Inoculating with Komerbrat is easy Heat treated currency rates only partially or at all not applicable because the brood of horns because of their sensitivity to heat not to the sewing substrate before the heat treatment: mixed up However, after the heat treatment, the nutrient substrate can be used so that it can be mixed with the grain spawn can, must be removed from the container, and that is one cumbersome solution *

The purpose of the present invention is elimination the lack of known methods and the elaboration A simplified and productive approach "with which the Complexity previously necessary, especially the great need at work alive, to be greatly diminished

The subject of the invention is a method for cooling of Iä that can be cultivated even without a pelvic layer

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using a nutrient substrate of the usual composition. The process according to the invention can be characterized in that the comminuted, optionally heat-treated Nutrient substrate, optionally after inoculation, made of an air-permeable organic material tubular cultivation units that are manufactured, their shape not "rigidly retained, or after filling with it inoculated into the mycelium of the fungus to be grown and ' the growing through in the tube is guaranteed in the practically closed state, then the tubular cultivation units opens in places and thereby in a known manner the ones necessary for the outgrowth of the fruiting bodies Creates conditions.

The tube-shaped cultivation unit is expedient from a transparent plastic tube with a wall thickness of less than 0.15, which has a diameter when filled of 20 cm. The plastic film is expediently perforated beforehand and can optionally be made of heat-resistant Made of plastic. As a tubular unit, however, textiles, for example flax, Jute or cotton, possibly also made of rubber, impregnated or not impregnated, and also knitted hoses or woven material can be used.

As the mycelium grows through the substrate, both ends of the tubular unit are closed. as As is customary in mushroom cultivation, the nutrient substrate is cut up to 1-3 cm of comminuted waste or by-products of the Used in agriculture, forestry and the timber industry.

The growing medium is subjected to a selective fungicidal • or acaricidal treatment, using fungicides or acaricides, which are effective against the competing with the desired fungi to grow harmful microorganisms, however, exert on the cultured fungi even no effect. as

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Such a means has proven, for example, the aqueous solution of Ni-butylcarbamoyl ^ -benzimidazole-carbamic acid methyl ester, which is generally used in a concentration of less than 0.1 % based on the weight of the comminuted, air-dry nutrient substrate. For the heat treatment is the growing medium at temperatures of 50-70 0, treated for sterilization at temperatures above 100 ⁰ O. In the case of cold treatment, the seedlings are inoculated by mixing in.

It has proven to be extremely advantageous to use the nutrient medium after the selective heat treatment to inoculate mycelium-infused fibrous material. To this The purpose is to drill plastic or metal pipes into the nutrient substrate before the heat treatment, after the heat treatment the through-grown fiber material is placed in these tubes and, after inoculation, the tubes are pulled out of the nutrient substrate. For inoculation from a sterile heat treatment subjected nutrient substrate, it has also proven to be advantageous if a longer, perforated tube is inserted into the hose and the two ends of the tubular, expediently made Foil existing unit attached to the tube ends, · After the sterile heat-treated tubing has cooled down fibrous material that has grown through the mycelium becomes in the perforated tube moved in. The fiber material used for "inoculation" is soaked in barley malt extract and sterilized and then flax, jute or cotton cord through which the mycelium has grown at room temperature.

The invention is based on the knowledge that in the Tubular cooling units consisting of organic material, optionally a fungus-selective one Crushed, filled nutrient substrate subjected to heat treatment in the presence of air can be inoculated and grown through without it being removed from the tubular units must become. Particularly advantageous is the

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Turning of plastic as hose material, every work step the cultivation of mushrooms, so the heat treatment, the inoculation, Growing through and harvesting can be carried out without the use of the kittens commonly used in mushroom cultivation. The machine filling and the closing of the tubular Units can be carried out under almost sterile conditions; no precautionary measures need to be taken for the subsequent protection of the nutrient substrate to become. When using transparent, a wall thickness of less than 0.15 mm, after a Growing cycle of disposable plastic films can change the technology the mushroom cultivation can be extremely simplified, since the crushed, chemically pretreated nutrient substrate can be filled into the tubes by machine and it is sufficient after the growth has taken place, the foils to tear open in some places and so the conditions X ir the outgrowth of the. To create fruiting bodies. When using foil, the conditions of heat exchange are favorable, the development of endogenous heat does not lead to undesirable heating of the nutrient substrate. The moisture content is well preserved, the supply of air in the phase of growth can be achieved by previous or subsequent perforation of the film can be solved. Growing through and cultivating in tubes also teaches Use of nutrient substrates that have been subjected to sterile or selective heat treatment Advantages. With these So far it has not been possible for substrates to carry out the operations of heat treatment, inoculating, growing through and harvesting in practical to solve closed units. The inventive simple Solution, in the nutrient substrate beforehand in the case of selective heat treatment a normal tube, in the F-all sterile heat treatment To put in a perforated tube and to pull the fibrous inoculum into this tube does it superfluous, the hose-like closed units to open before growing through. Furthermore, through this solution

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sung die, use of boxes and other open containers be avoided in mushroom cultivation. The resulting technological 'advantages are not only reflected' in lowering investment costs and reducing the amount of living labor to a minimum again, but also mean almost sterile conditions for the growth of the cutting substrate without subsequent " Risk of infection and without the need for protective measures.

The advantages of the method according to the invention can can be summarized in the following \ Vfeise:

1) The nutrient substrate located in the relatively closed tree of the hose-like euItivation units is not affected by microfungi, insects or anything else Pests damaged. Since the units can be mechanically filled with the nutrient substrate and then sealed, the process is highly automatable and takes place under almost sterile conditions, and these conditions can be used in all subsequent cultivation operations be maintained. The hose or the foil urges the evaporation of the original Moisture content back.

2) The tubular cultivation units can be made from cheap packaging material, their dimensions can easily be changed. The film tubes can, for example, be formed into a 3, polygonal or oval cross-section by simply pressing ;; in this way the space available for cultivation can be used to the maximum.

'5) The film with a wall thickness of less than 0.15 mm lets the heat through, the nutrient substrate warms up ■ so in the phase of growing through the self-developed endogenous warmth not in a harmful way, -as that with the nutrient substrates packed in foil and arranged in boxes the case is where because of poor heat dissipation

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the substrate is exposed to harmful effects of heat

4) The cleaning, repair, sterilization by steaming the packaging material is no longer necessary because it is thrown away can be. Necessary storage space, specific weight and the relative weight related to the nutrient substrate the packaging are less than in the case of use from boxes, and the hoses are easier to handle.

5) The crushed nutrient substrate (straw or crushed corn cob stalks, corn stalks) to be filled into the tubular cultivation units absorbs the water more easily when moistened and can be compressed to a greater density than the substrate consisting of straw or non-comminuted nutrient soil.

6) For heat treatment it is not necessary ' to fill the substrate in ice bars, because the substrate in the tubular units even then 70-135 ° C can be heat treated if used as, hose material Plastic film used because the so-called heat-resistant film materials (e.g. super polyethylene, super polyamide) are not damaged by these temperatures.

7) The inoculation with the mycelium can be done in the closed Cultivation units are carried out, thereby it is not necessary to use the nutrient substrate for the purpose to remove the inoculation from the closed unit

8) Any necessary Work phase of cultivation can be carried out, thereby the space and labor-consuming two-time Au- and filling in boxes and relocating made superfluous «

9) It is a particular advantage that the nutrient substrate filled into the closed cultivation units is not exposed to intensive ventilation. The formation of the fruiting body only begins where the tube is opened or removed, i.e. to the one for the

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Formation of the luminous bodies and the recovery of the bred ones Mushrooms at the most favorable time, place and measure. This allows the formation of the fruiting body to be well controlled become, in contrast to the technology "known processes, where it happens that in the phase of growth in the plastic crates used to store the nutrient substrate, for example between the crate wall and the shrunken substrate forms a gap in which luminous bodies crippled by the action of the penetrating air grow. ·

The process according to the invention is explained in more detail with reference to the following examples. . . '

example 1

For the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, the wheat straw used as a nutrient substrate, chopped to pieces 1-3 cm long, is soaked with the soaking water from S.roh or with the aqueous solution of 0.04% N-1-butylcarbamoyl calculated on the dry weight of the substrate material. Treated 2-benzimidazole-carbamic acid methyl ester and then inoculated with grain spawn. Organic or inorganic enrichment substances such as grain, calcium caiibonate are added to the nutrient substrate and the substrate is then filled into tubes made of polyethylene film. The transparent, 0.1 mm thick film tubes are laid flat and 30 cm wide, ie the circumference of the tube is 60 cm. The through ·? The diameter of the filled hose, which is stretched into a circular ■ cross-section, is approx. 20 cm · These hose blocks can be made in any length. For practical handling and the possibility of transport on the stacking plates a length of 80 cm is favorable .- * Such a filled, zugebundener at the ends or sealed tube block contains about 25 liters, moistened growing medium, the weight 7 'is 5-8 kg, of which the weight of the air- dry straw is approximately 3 kg * The use of tube blocks with large

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rem diameter is not appropriate because the endogenous heat released in the phase of growth penetrates the core of the The hose block may not heat up to a maximum of 30 C; this Value sets limits on the thickness of the blocks that can be used.

In order to be able to ventilate the film blocks to a certain extent, the film is perforated with a 1 mm thick needle at a density of approximately 10x10 cm before filling in the nutrient substrate. The easiest way to perforate is with a spiked roller. Experience has shown that a sufficient amount of air gets into the nutrient substrate through the perforation holes, but on the other hand the holes are so small that infection or drying out of the nutrient substrate does not occur. The previous perforation is useful, but not essential, because the film can also be perforated afterwards by the finished '. Cultivation unit pierced at some points on the surface. The filled and closed hoses are stored in rooms with a temperature of 20-22 ° C.

For the growth phase, the tubes are placed on shelves. It is space saving, while the tubes in two layers crosswise to Depending four superimposed to le genetically In this way, the tubes touch precisely with the side walls, and can cn in a square of 80x80 8 cultivation units are stored. The surface of the tubes is expediently sprayed with a strong insecticide, for example with the 2% solution of Hungaria 'Lpι a spray containing lindane as an active ingredient. The nutrient substrate filled into the tubes is removed from the mycelium within 16-18 days streaky » During this period the room should be ventilated as little as possible. In the following 15 days the mycelium accumulates and the nutrient substrate begins to shrink. If mushrooms are grown that require coolness (e.g. the gray stems of the Pleurotus oatreatus) *, the temperature of the room increases for 3-5 days after 30 days

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• 10-12 0 reduced. The tubes are then transferred to the cultivation rooms, where they are arranged in loose stacks on the floor or placed on shelves horizontally, next to each other or at a slight angle to almost vertical walls.

The conditions for the outgrowth of the fruit bodies are created by pulling the tubes lengthways opens a gap about 4-5 cm wide. The harvest grows in 15-18 day cycles through the opened tube parts. ■ The harvest of two cycles is harvested in the closed room, after which the hoses are used for post-harvest in a shady place, in a foil tent or at the edge of the forest under the open sky. Treatment of the Hose blocks during the cultivation period are the same as with the methods with intergrown blocks in ice, i.e. the conditions with regard to air, light, temperature, Humidity are the same.

■ In addition to the film tube, it can be used together with! Or also for itself a net-like one located in this or surrounding it from the outside and consisting of synthetic fibers Hose can be used, which is used for solidification.

To! Fill the film or mesh tube, the Hose wound on a roll is expediently drawn over a ring or the like, whereby it takes the form of a standing tube5. The substrate passes through the upper one open end due to the action of gravity in the hose, the filling can, if necessary, be combined with a mixing process will.

The hoses can be closed in the longitudinal direction in various ways, for example by welding or by means of two mutually engaging grooves. It can be expedient to close the hose in sections, for example to tie off or weld it shut.
. . .For companies with a higher degree of automation

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through, transport and storage of the hoses Technology are used in which a hose several hundred meters long, filled with material, is used in sections is pulled through the entire farm, whereby the heat, Light and moisture parameters for the respective cultivation section are complied with accordingly.

This technology can also be designed continuously if a roller conveyor is used to transport the hose or a conveyor belt is available. The hose is attached to this either by its own weight or by, a special drive moves forward. If gravitation is used, the filled hose, for example from a higher point of the room or from one starting from the upper floor in the direction of the lower ones. Snake the premises.

In the case of discontinuous movement, one can proceed so that the filled tube is cylindrical or conical (in the latter F ₃ IIe the shadow effect can be greatly reduced by artificial lighting) superimposed around an axis of symmetry and unwound. The cylindrical or conical associations created in this way can be hung with their central axis on a chain conveyor belt attached to the ceiling and in this way moved horizontally or diagonally within the room by chain or other drive.

As already mentioned, in addition to plastic films, textile materials can also be used as the material for the cultivation units and possibly even rubber can be used. The condition is that the material does not have a rigid shape and therefore, when not in use, can be rolled up or folded up. When using very loosely woven and therefore highly breathable material increases the risk of infection by fungi and insects as well Risk of condensation. When using some organic

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Fabrics, for example hemp, jute, cotton, must go with theirs Wear can be expected, as, for example, Pleurotua attacks these materials. It therefore always depends on the conditions of the cultivation, on the environmental conditions, what chosen as the material of the tubular cooling units will. Those made of more durable organic material of greater wall thickness, which absorb the nutrient substrate Hoses can be used several times, but in a certain sense it is disadvantageous that their cleaning, sterility and storage is associated with more costs than is the case with simple plastic tube blocks. The raw material price of the latter is in proportion to the in them cultivable raw mushrooms vanishingly small.

The tubular, which is a cylindrical structure. Ge tube is expediently doubled in diameter by 3-5 times exceeding distances like a blood sausage tied j between the bindings are the hose cy-. linder cut apart. In the case of plastic sheeting, the Hose can also be interrupted by welding instead of being tied. For storing the nutrient substrate material you can but hoses can also be used in which one end is welded shut like a sack from the start.

A 80 cm long tube of 20 cm diameter, the chopped straw with 2% alfalfa, 1% Oalciumcarbonat and 5 # coarsely M _a iskolbenstrünke contains and was beimpt with grain spawn, brings in the first two return periods about 2-2 * 20 kg * in the third and fourth harvest period 0.6 kg yield of raw mushrooms.

Example 2

Meal from maize cob stalks is used as the nip substrate, the moisture content of which has been adjusted to 60% . 5 liters of alfalfa and 5 kg of lime are added to 1 m of the substrate , but in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the hose there is an aluminum

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Introduced a minium tube of 1 cm diameter, which is so long that it protrudes on both sides of the finished tube block by 5 cm. The ends of the foil tube are attached to the ends of the tube. The tube blocks are brought relative humidity for 48 hours at low aeration in internal air movement in rooms or thermostat temperature of 55-60 ⁰ O and 95%. The hoses are then removed from the heating chamber and cooled to below 30 °. In the tube a sterile mycelium with marbled, 3-5 mm thick seed is pulled _r cord. After pulling out the aluminum tube, the vaccination cord stays in place. With the mycelium growing out of the inoculation cord, the block begins to grow through.

The streaked and enriched blocks are treated further in the manner described in Example 1 and harvested.

The cord used for vaccination, through which the mycelia grows (ribbons or threads are also possible) consists of hemp, jute, flax or cotton. The cord can be spun, woven, knitted or twisted, its thickness is 3-5 mm. The inoculation cord is made from the substances listed by impregnating the fibrous material in 0.5-1 Seigern barley juaal zauszug, placing the cord in glass bottles with a wide neck opening, and pulling the beginning of the ball out a little from the inside through the opening of the bottle and then top up the bottle with barley malt solution. Pie cord sucks up the nutrient medium, the excess is poured out by inverting the bottle. The beginning of the ball is placed clearly visible on the surface of the ball and then the bottle is closed with a metal lid and a cotton ball. The sealed bottle is at 135 ° 0 ° 3 minutes "sterilized after cooling in the usual way with, mycelium desired to grow fungal species inoculated and grown at 25 ⁰ O ...

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When inoculating, the beginning of the ball comes from the bottle opening pulled and then the cord continuously, unwound.

Except in the way described the Impfschnur can introduced one before the heat treatment in the block, a lug having wire are fed at one end by the sterile Impfschnur in the eyelet wrapped and is then retracted with the -wire in dac, growing medium with the aid . However, the fine mycelial coating that is on the surface of the inoculating line and from which it begins to grow through can be rubbed off as it is pulled in. With. As the degree of growth increases, the tube block becomes firmer, its color changes to whitish, and it is suitable for the harvesting period.

When the nutrient medium above 100 ° 0 sterilized at,] '· "the procedure is the inoculation as follows: In the nutritive sub st rat material is longitudinally before sterilizing an aluminum pipe of about 12 to 15 mm inner diameter and 0.5 to 1 mm of wall thickness, the surface of which is at least half of its surface perforated through holes of 5 mm diameter. The ends of the pipe protrude from the block by 5-8 cm. The film is firmly bound to the pipe ends. which are not perforated in a length of 12 cm. Before the sterile heat treatment, the ends of the tube are closed with cotton plugs, after sterilization these cotton plugs are removed in the vaccination room under sterile conditions, one length corresponding to the length of the perforated pipe part , mycelium through-grown, sterile inoculation cord is pulled into the tube and then the cotton is put back in place. The nutrient substrate in the tube e r maintains air flow through the wadding plugs and through the perforation. The mycelium growing from the cord penetrates through the perforation into the nutrient substrate. In the described sterile method "imperforate film tubes are used,

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Claims (10)

PATENT CLAIMS \ 1y method of cultivating even without one Top layer of cultivable edible mushrooms using a nutrient substrate of conventional composition, characterized in that the comminuted, optionally heat-treated nutrient substrate, optionally after inoculating in an air-permeable or Made of organic material made air-permeable, tubular cultivation units that do not rigidly retain their shape fills or, after filling, inoculated with the mycelium of the edible felt desired to be grown and that Guaranteed growth through in the tube in the practically closed state, then .the tubular cultivation units opens in places and thus in a known manner the necessary for the fruiting body to grow out Creates conditions. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cultivation units are used as the material expediently transparent plastic film with a wall thickness of less than 0.15 mm is used. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the material for the tubular cultivation units textiles such as flax, hemp, jute, cotton, and also rubberized, optionally impregnated fabric or knitted, woven or spun material is used. 4. The method according to claims 1 to 3 »characterized in that one expediently beforehand perforated film, which is sufficiently heat-resistant against the heat conditions given by the technology, is used. - 5. The method according to claims 1 to 4, characterized g e k e η η ζ e i c h η e t that in the phase of growth the tubular cultivation units are closed at both ends. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that - 509819/0296 indicates that the in the usual mushroom cultivation, shredded to 1-3 cm. cases or by-products of agriculture and the timber industry used. 7 · The method of claim 1, characterized in that the heat treatment as selective heat treatment at 5Ο-7Ο ⁰ C, or is conducted as a sterile heat treatment at about 100 ⁰ C. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nutrient substrate by Mixing in of grain spawn inoculated 9 «The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for inoculating the nutrient substrate Mycelium-infused organic fiber material is used, which after the heat treatment in a before Heat treatment. Metal or plastic pipe inserted into the nutrient substrate, drawn in or by means of a wire is drawn into the nutrient substrate, after which the pipe or wire is removed from the nutrient substrate. 10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ■ indicates that one attaches a perforated tube and before the sterile heat treatment in the block after the heat treatment carried out at over 100 ° 0, the nutrient substrate with mycelium that had been drawn into the tube Inoculates fiber material. Ή. Method according to claims 1, 9 and 10, characterized in that the fibrous inoculum is soaked in barley malt extract, then sterilized and cords, ribbons or threads made of jute, cotton or hemp that are streaked with mycelium at room temperature be used. 509819/0296