DE2350379A1 - Blut-oxygenator - Google Patents
Blut-oxygenatorInfo
- Publication number
- DE2350379A1 DE2350379A1 DE19732350379 DE2350379A DE2350379A1 DE 2350379 A1 DE2350379 A1 DE 2350379A1 DE 19732350379 DE19732350379 DE 19732350379 DE 2350379 A DE2350379 A DE 2350379A DE 2350379 A1 DE2350379 A1 DE 2350379A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- blood
- oxygen
- oxygenator
- ejector
- oxygenator according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 title claims description 78
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 title claims description 78
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011049 pearl Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 24
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 206010018910 Haemolysis Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008588 hemolysis Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000000601 blood cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920004934 Dacron® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920004142 LEXAN™ Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004418 Lexan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005479 Lucite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000000721 bacterilogical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006931 brain damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000874 brain damage Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000029028 brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940058401 polytetrafluoroethylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008320 venous blood flow Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/32—Oxygenators without membranes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/32—Oxygenators without membranes
- A61M1/322—Antifoam; Defoaming
- A61M1/325—Surfactant coating; Improving wettability
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3623—Means for actively controlling temperature of blood
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
- B01D19/0031—Degasification of liquids by filtration
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S128/00—Surgery
- Y10S128/03—Heart-lung
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S261/00—Gas and liquid contact apparatus
- Y10S261/26—Foam
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S261/00—Gas and liquid contact apparatus
- Y10S261/28—Blood oxygenators
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Degasification And Air Bubble Elimination (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US295724A US3898045A (en) | 1972-10-06 | 1972-10-06 | Blood oxygenator |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2350379A1 true DE2350379A1 (de) | 1974-04-11 |
Family
ID=23138974
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19732350379 Pending DE2350379A1 (de) | 1972-10-06 | 1973-10-08 | Blut-oxygenator |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3898045A (enExample) |
| JP (2) | JPS523236B2 (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU6103373A (enExample) |
| BE (1) | BE805745A (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR7307770D0 (enExample) |
| DD (1) | DD114754A5 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2350379A1 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES419384A1 (enExample) |
| FR (2) | FR2201904B1 (enExample) |
| IL (1) | IL43375A0 (enExample) |
| IT (1) | IT997864B (enExample) |
| LU (1) | LU68569A1 (enExample) |
| NL (1) | NL7313746A (enExample) |
| SU (1) | SU559624A3 (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA737801B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (39)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4017279A (en) * | 1972-10-06 | 1977-04-12 | Intech, Inc. | Defoamer apparatus |
| GB1525022A (en) * | 1975-05-21 | 1978-09-20 | Beecham Group Ltd | Cell culture method |
| US4282180A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1981-08-04 | Bentley Laboratories, Inc. | Blood oxygenator |
| US4372914A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1983-02-08 | Bentley Laboratories, Inc. | Blood oxygenator |
| US4268476A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1981-05-19 | Bentley Laboratories, Inc. | Blood oxygenator |
| US4297318A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1981-10-27 | Bentley Laboratories, Inc. | Blood oxygenator |
| US4954317A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1990-09-04 | Baxter International, Inc. | Blood oxygenator |
| US4623518A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1986-11-18 | Baxter-Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Blood oxygenator |
| US4182739A (en) * | 1976-02-03 | 1980-01-08 | Shiley Incorporated | Blood oxygenator |
| US4067696A (en) * | 1976-02-03 | 1978-01-10 | Swiley Laboratories, Inc. | Blood oxygenator |
| US4183961A (en) * | 1976-02-03 | 1980-01-15 | Shiley Incorporated | Method of oxygenating blood |
| US4065264A (en) * | 1976-05-10 | 1977-12-27 | Shiley Laboratories, Inc. | Blood oxygenator with integral heat exchanger for regulating the temperature of blood in an extracorporeal circuit |
| US4138288A (en) * | 1976-05-10 | 1979-02-06 | Shiley Scientific Incorporated | Method and apparatus for oxygenating and regulating the temperature of blood |
| US4138464A (en) * | 1976-05-10 | 1979-02-06 | Lewin John E | Blood oxygenator with integral heat exchanger |
| US4131431A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1978-12-26 | Siposs George G | Blood shut-off valve |
| US4140635A (en) * | 1977-04-13 | 1979-02-20 | Esmond William G | Purification device |
| DE2757345C2 (de) * | 1977-12-22 | 1986-01-23 | Wacker-Chemie GmbH, 8000 München | Verfahren zur Schaumzerstörung beim Entfernen von Restmonomer aus Reaktionsgemischen |
| BE874536A (fr) * | 1978-03-02 | 1979-07-02 | Dso Metalchim | Appareil pour l'oxygenation du sang |
| US4228125A (en) * | 1978-06-20 | 1980-10-14 | Cobe Laboratories, Inc. | Gas exchange apparatus |
| US4336224A (en) * | 1979-01-16 | 1982-06-22 | Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Bubble oxygenator |
| US4599093A (en) * | 1982-02-12 | 1986-07-08 | Steg Jr Robert F | Extracorporeal blood processing system |
| US4490331A (en) * | 1982-02-12 | 1984-12-25 | Steg Jr Robert F | Extracorporeal blood processing system |
| US4637917A (en) * | 1983-10-14 | 1987-01-20 | Reed Charles C | Bubble oxygenator |
| US4585056A (en) * | 1984-04-18 | 1986-04-29 | Norton Company | Heat exchanger |
| US4734373A (en) * | 1986-06-24 | 1988-03-29 | Bartal Arie H | Apparatus for enhancing cell growth, preservation and transport |
| DE8704467U1 (de) * | 1987-01-15 | 1988-05-26 | Quarzlampenfabrik Dr.-Ing. Felix W. Müller GmbH & Co KG, 45239 Essen | Gerät zur Herstellung von oxygeniertem Blut |
| JP2777385B2 (ja) * | 1988-11-30 | 1998-07-16 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 生物細胞の培養方法,培養システム及び培養装置 |
| US5116308A (en) * | 1989-01-13 | 1992-05-26 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Apparatus for processing fluid and method of driving the same |
| US5578267A (en) * | 1992-05-11 | 1996-11-26 | Minntech Corporation | Cylindrical blood heater/oxygenator |
| US5403388A (en) * | 1993-05-12 | 1995-04-04 | Pfiffner; Tim E. | Surfactant mediation sparge tube |
| US6001306A (en) * | 1996-11-07 | 1999-12-14 | C. R. Bard, Inc. | Integrated oxygenator and heat exchanger |
| US5849186A (en) * | 1996-11-15 | 1998-12-15 | C. R. Bard Inc. | Integrated cardiotomy and venous blood reservoir |
| US6630107B1 (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2003-10-07 | Salvador Merce Vives | Blood pumping equipment for extracorporeal circulation and ventricular assistance |
| US6500394B1 (en) * | 1999-06-30 | 2002-12-31 | Cellpoint Scientific, Inc. | Dry sterilizer |
| US7892332B2 (en) * | 2007-10-01 | 2011-02-22 | Baxter International Inc. | Dialysis systems having air traps with internal structures to enhance air removal |
| US9468557B2 (en) | 2011-08-11 | 2016-10-18 | The University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Compact heat exchanger for veno-venous perfusion-induced systemic hyperthermia systems |
| US8777832B1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2014-07-15 | The University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Axial-centrifugal flow catheter pump for cavopulmonary assistance |
| WO2015007720A1 (en) * | 2013-07-18 | 2015-01-22 | Universiteit Gent | Oxygenator |
| US10625009B2 (en) | 2016-02-17 | 2020-04-21 | Baxter International Inc. | Airtrap, system and method for removing microbubbles from a fluid stream |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR970840A (fr) * | 1948-07-26 | 1951-01-09 | Dispositif permettant la circulation artificielle pulsatile et l'oxygénation du sang ou autre liquide, ainsi que la transfusion | |
| US2934067A (en) * | 1957-09-12 | 1960-04-26 | Charles L Calvin | Blood oxygenating apparatus |
| US3175555A (en) * | 1960-03-14 | 1965-03-30 | Abbott Lab | Apparatus for treating blood |
| US3204631A (en) * | 1961-05-01 | 1965-09-07 | Louis G Fields | Blood oxygenator and pump apparatus |
| US3291568A (en) * | 1964-04-06 | 1966-12-13 | Richard D Santter | Cardio-pulmonary by-pass oxygenator unit |
| US3468631A (en) * | 1965-06-21 | 1969-09-23 | Bentley Lab | Blood oxygenator with heat exchanger |
| US3513845A (en) * | 1966-09-15 | 1970-05-26 | United Aircraft Corp | Bypass heart pump and oxygenator system |
| US3488158A (en) * | 1966-12-12 | 1970-01-06 | Bentley Lab | Bubbler assembly for oxygenator |
| US3547591A (en) * | 1968-10-16 | 1970-12-15 | Jose C Torres | Bubble film oxygenator |
| US3578411A (en) * | 1969-07-22 | 1971-05-11 | Bentley Lab | Bubbler assembly for blood treating apparatus |
| US3729377A (en) * | 1971-03-12 | 1973-04-24 | Baxter Laboratories Inc | Envelope oxygenator for blood having inflatable portions and process of using same |
| US3769162A (en) * | 1971-08-26 | 1973-10-30 | R Brumfield | Blood oxygenator and thermoregulator apparatus |
-
1972
- 1972-10-06 US US295724A patent/US3898045A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1973
- 1973-10-03 IT IT52907/73A patent/IT997864B/it active
- 1973-10-04 AU AU61033/73A patent/AU6103373A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-10-04 FR FR7335528A patent/FR2201904B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1973-10-04 IL IL43375A patent/IL43375A0/xx unknown
- 1973-10-05 DD DD173900A patent/DD114754A5/xx unknown
- 1973-10-05 NL NL7313746A patent/NL7313746A/xx unknown
- 1973-10-05 ES ES419384A patent/ES419384A1/es not_active Expired
- 1973-10-05 BR BR7770/73A patent/BR7307770D0/pt unknown
- 1973-10-05 BE BE136413A patent/BE805745A/xx unknown
- 1973-10-05 JP JP48111561A patent/JPS523236B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1973-10-05 SU SU1964837A patent/SU559624A3/ru active
- 1973-10-05 ZA ZA00737801A patent/ZA737801B/xx unknown
- 1973-10-08 LU LU68569A patent/LU68569A1/xx unknown
- 1973-10-08 DE DE19732350379 patent/DE2350379A1/de active Pending
-
1974
- 1974-10-02 FR FR7433206A patent/FR2252117A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
1975
- 1975-05-27 JP JP50062580A patent/JPS5148758A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6103373A (en) | 1975-04-10 |
| US3898045A (en) | 1975-08-05 |
| FR2252117A1 (enExample) | 1975-06-20 |
| ZA737801B (en) | 1975-05-28 |
| BE805745A (fr) | 1974-04-05 |
| JPS523236B2 (enExample) | 1977-01-26 |
| IT997864B (it) | 1975-12-30 |
| DD114754A5 (enExample) | 1975-08-20 |
| NL7313746A (enExample) | 1974-04-09 |
| ES419384A1 (es) | 1976-04-01 |
| LU68569A1 (enExample) | 1973-12-27 |
| SU559624A3 (ru) | 1977-05-25 |
| BR7307770D0 (pt) | 1974-09-24 |
| JPS4994191A (enExample) | 1974-09-06 |
| FR2201904B1 (enExample) | 1977-09-23 |
| IL43375A0 (en) | 1974-01-14 |
| JPS5148758A (enExample) | 1976-04-27 |
| FR2201904A1 (enExample) | 1974-05-03 |
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