DD296522A5 - BUILDING SYSTEM FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH BUILDINGS - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a building system made of molded bricks and lightweight structures for the creation of environmentally friendly buildings, especially with groszen, stuetzenfreien spans. The building system is suitable for industrial factory prefabrication of individually dimensioned wall elements made of calcareous sandstone shells, dry stacked by a CNC-controlled robot and factory or on-site, including unskilled workers, such. As self-builders, be further processed, with a lifting aid square-meter wall sections en bloc are displaced, the stones are anschlieszend with reinforcement, installations and concrete, gypsum, loam o. Ae. filled; In particular, interior walls can be equipped with heating or cooling lines, Auszenwaende with absorber lines, wherein wall and foundation materials are used as Strahlungsheizflaechen and / or storage masses. The lightweight structures consist of multiaxially stiffened sheets or / and of rod frameworks, in particular of machine-welded structural steel. Finally, the invention relates to connecting means between the components, and to devices for the production. The building system allows time, mass, energy and cost saving construction with ecologically advantageous building materials. {Bausystem; Sand-lime bricks for self-builders or CNC factory prefabrication of components, pre-installed, heatable, coolable; Absorber function; Easy structures; multiaxially stiffened sheets; Staff trusses}

Description

description

The invention relates to a building system made of molded bricks and lightweight structures for the creation of environmentally friendly buildings by industrial prefabrication and / or self-help, especially those with large support-free spans. The building system is suitable for industrial factory prefabrication of individually dimensioned wall elements made of calcareous sandstone blocks, dry stacked by a CNC-controlled robot in the factory or on site, even by unskilled workers, eg. As do-it-yourself farmers, be further processed, using a lifting aid square-wall sections are displaceable. The stones are then with reinforcement, installations and concrete, gypsum, loam oa. filled; In particular, interior walls with heating or. Cooling pipes, exterior walls are equipped with absorber lines, wherein wall and foundation materials are used as Strahlungsheizflächen and / or storage masses. The lightweight structures consist of multiaxially stiffened sheets or / and of rod frameworks, in particular of machine-welded structural steel. Finally, the invention relates to connecting means between the components and devices for the production. The construction system allows a time, mass, energy and cost saving construction with ecologically beneficial building materials.

State of the art

The description and criticism of the state of the art as well as the determination of the resulting tasks must be done on the one hand from a very general, procedural point of view, on the other hand i. b. a. certain individual solution proposals within the proposed overall system. The former therefore happens subsequently, the second in the course of the special description part.

1. artisanal building with small elements, e.g. Bricks which receive their fit and composite shape on site (e.g., stone, beam and insulation blanks, mortars, in-situ concreting, trenching, drilling, etc.)

2. Industrialized construction with factory prefabricated components and simplified on-site assembly (eg prefabricated wooden houses, steel skeleton construction, precast concrete construction).

The former has the advantage in the aesthetic and residential climate design by the choice of varied and building physics advantageous materials (eg brick) and to grant great freedom through individual design, but has the disadvantage that the course of construction is known to be relatively tedious or of a Confusion of numerous heterogeneous building materials is characterized. Decisive are further the accumulation of relatively large amounts of waste and dirt, the often mutually obstructive presence of various trades in construction and the usually high building moisture in the wall construction, which delays the availability of a house. All this makes manual construction expensive. In the study "CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) in the Construction Industry, Possibilities and Limitations", published by the Rationalization Community Construction in the Rationalization Curatorium of the German Economy, one reads: "In the conventional construction technology, walls in high quality and with many demands on the Slits and apertures are then made for the power supply and disposal with even higher quality cutting tools, to then accommodate individual cables and other lines, which later all have to disappear under a plaster layer In other manufacturing areas, different machines or vehicles would be unaffordable, requiring both practitioners and developers to devise fundamental product and process engineering solutions that enable more efficient manufacturing of structures. "

The second, that is, the industrialized construction, has the disadvantage of developing its effectiveness largely only through the production of large series and with building-physically disadvantageous materials (eg concrete) due to the general characteristics of industrial production, in particular by the need to amortize expensive forms, eg in the manufacture of precast concrete elements, which has led to the well-known monotony of the post-war architecture created in this way, especially in large-plate construction (see, for example, the GDR). The advantages, however, lie in the acceleration of better coordinatable and therefore shorter and more precise work processes in the factory and during final assembly. However, there are still problems here: it is undisputed that a large number of production and assembly problems as well as the danger of uniform design have not yet been satisfactorily resolved. In addition, industrial manufacturing methods are poorly suited for execution by the unskilled or unskilled self-builder - a major building materials consumer group in high-wage countries as well as in developing and emerging economies

 The result is now generally the following requirement for the construction process technology: The use of new building materials requires

Refined building systems, rationalization and mechanization of individual work processes to reduce the heavy labor cost share and thus to reduce construction costs alone are not enough. The aim is therefore industrialization, i. the seamless mechanical mass production of components or entire structures, so that only assembly work on the spot are necessary. For the industrialization or prefabrication speaks above all that the construction work is carried out to a large extent in sheltered workshops under factory conditions and thus a qualitative improvement of the construction is possible. With the variability and flexibility of industrially manufactured and prefabricated structures, their use stands or falls. The goal is to produce as many variations of building types or as many types of buildings as possible with as few types of elements as possible. The production process must automatically allow for controllable shape modifications which ensure the adaptability of the products to the demand. For the solution of the basic problem of the industrialization of manufacturing in building, i. Industrialization with relatively small quantities and large variety of types, are characterized by the development of modern manufacturing techniques technically, creative and economically interesting solution options. This future building was to exploit far more than hitherto all possibilities of industrialization suitable for building and, on the other hand, to allow individual scope for the individual through a very differentiated planning and participation of the users; In industrial construction, the flexible automation is preferred for the economic production of small series, by means of the versatile universal machines similar components can be manufactured in a variety of dimensional and shape variants.

The current developments show for the industrially advanced countries, on the one hand, a further increase in the requirements of residential construction and, on the other hand, for a small group of users intensive efforts for environmentally friendly, climate-friendly, green and resource-efficient construction and approaches to ecological building with self-construction. In the low-industrialized countries, the minority of rich residents also has a noticeable increase in housing requirements; On the other hand, for the huge number of poor and homeless families decent low-cost housing with a low proportion of industrialization and a large proportion of self-construction must be developed. The question of whether there are enough construction objects for prefabricated construction abroad is to be answered with a clear yes. According to calculations of UN experts, the new construction of 1.14billion by the year 2000. Housing, of which around 886 million would have to be built in the developing countries and 254 million in the industrialized nations. This means that by the year 2000, as many homes would have to be created as have been built since time immemorial. If we want to convert even a fraction of these numbers into buildings, then this can not be achieved without industrialization. In addition, in most countries, especially in the Third World, a construction industry with its various apprenticeships does not exist at all. The governments of these countries, therefore, turn to the industrialized nations again and again, with the request that they help them to carry out major construction projects, including in the field of housing. Often the desire is expressed to build these structures in prefabricated construction, because here too the price, date of completion, turnkey quality and quality are the decisive factors. The extension house can play a particularly important role here.

Furthermore, the integration of management, more precisely, the improvement of the process management is required because: The timing of the individual assembly operations according to a common assembly schedule is particularly important and affects the assembly costs considerably. Finally, however, it is stated that there are some good approaches to be taken, but the one-stop-shop offer is still completely lacking, and the often-advocated, but almost never achieved, handcraft cooperation is yet to come.

So it has to be asked, why modern production methods, in particular the production-oriented computer use (CAM), unlike other branches of industry (in the construction industry) could barely gain a foothold, although it can be clearly shown, what above-average rationalization potential exists. This will be u.a. The following words are given: The causes of this development lie in the product, that is, in the structure itself. Buildings are usually simple but completely individual constructions that are manufactured once. Programming these unique, ever-varying elements is much more difficult than automating complicated, rather than repetitive elements. As another important reason for a general restraint in the use of new technologies (in construction) is called: the extensive separation of planning (freelance architects and engineers) and the construction (for each object several, often small and medium-sized enterprises) through which the flow of information between planning and production is made more difficult.

What are the basic requirements for the rationalization specialist: Material evaluations and parts lists as well as the necessary NC (numerical controlled) data would have to be generated immediately on the basis of the geometric data. A rationalization when building in the direction of CAM will only be realized if η the planning and work preparation as well as the production process on the construction site are optimized. For this, the information must be structured in a clearly structured way from a very early point in time. If, based on a qualified planning, a quantity determination for bricks to be ordered is to be made, it is not possible to do this according to the VOB-compliant quantities. The deviations from the actual required amounts amount depending on the size and ratio of the wall openings to 10% or more. It must therefore be determined necessarily an exact amount of processing, you do not want to produce unproductive costs by incorrect amounts of material. Of decisive importance in this context is the dimensional accuracy in planning and execution. Here, the necessary functional areas must be taken into account in the planning so that an integrated production makes sense. Structurally, the following is required of future industrial construction:

1. modutare coordination,

2. lightweight construction and resource-saving construction,

3. Energy saving construction.

To 1 .: The modular coordination demands:

Simplify planning while maintaining high planning variability and with as little restriction as possible on architectural design freedom

Reduction of the geometric variety of types and dimensional variations,

Development of project neutral components and product groups, e.g. for open building systems and for building with building components that can be industrially produced in large numbers.

Both the shapes and dimensions of the elements as well as the means and methods of connection must enable the fast, clean and safe replacement of certain elements by means of a uniform dimensional order.

To 2 .: The industrialization of construction leads to increased use of factory prefabrication in stationary systems for lightweight construction for the following reasons:

Fully mechanized production processes with large production capacities require a large market area for safe and steady sales. This leads to relatively large transport distances. In order to keep the transport costs and transport weights low, the components must be constructed as easily as possible. The assembly and delivery costs at the construction site can also be kept low by easily manageable components with low weight. For this reason, the principles of lightweight construction must be applied as consistently as possible in industrial construction. Lightweight components can be achieved through the use of lightweight construction, lightweight material construction and their combination as well as through the use of composite components. Lower component weights and wall thicknesses also enable larger usable floor plans and room heights as well as lighter foundations. All the aforementioned possibilities of lightweight construction are also an important prerequisite for resource-saving construction.

In the case of residential buildings, the objective of environmentally sound construction can result in substantial savings in raw materials through measures in the following areas:

In the field of industrial prefabrication by low-waste manufacturing processes in stationary factory prefabrication and low-waste assembly processes at the construction site.

In the field of construction through the separation of functions between supporting structures and space-closing and technical

Expansion systems.

In the area of building use by extending the life of residential buildings.

In the area of reuse by recycling building materials and components through the most non-destructive dismantling of obsolete residential buildings.

The following requirements apply to the development of components and building systems for industrial housing construction from the viewpoint of the longest possible service life:

- adaptable and variable floor plans

- variable use of living space through easily destructible or removable interior walls

- Separation of supporting structure, space-forming and technical expansion

- Lifetime of the supporting structure at least 80 to 120 years

- All components and materials whose return is associated with a lot of effort, must have the longest possible life

- Use of detachable connections of subsystems with each other and components for non-destructive replacement. To 3 .: Essential measures for the reduction of the production energy expenditure are:

- Use of low-energy building materials

The last requirement as well as the construction-physically advantageous and last but not least aesthetically attractive building materials leads to the consequence of using the brick wall material lime sandstone, which requires in comparison with the other conventional building materials the lowest energy consumption in the production. Likewise, the toxic, radioactive, sound and moisture-absorbing properties of the material are extremely favorable compared to other materials. However, sand-lime brick, with the exception of the Yali-pumice-lime-sandstone, has no good heat conductivity or insulation values and must therefore be used in residential construction primarily with two shells and core insulation. This brings in particular the demand for low wall thicknesses, which in turn makes it possible to arm masonry.

On the advantages of reinforced masonry is generally said: The bending ability of masonry can be significantly improved, however, if the tensile stresses are assigned to be inserted into the masonry section steel reinforcement. As a result, the masonry gains a high degree of toughness and damping capacity against jerky lateral loads, such as seismic stresses. But also for countries with low seismic hazard, this construction is interesting. For window and other openings, projections, components with expected different settlements, veneers of long lengths, where expansion joints are not possible, and similar applications, constructive reinforcement of the masonry makes sense. Also for static reasons, such as wind and earth pressure loads, load distribution with concentrated individual loads and skewing (stability), the use of reinforced masonry may be advisable, so as not to have to resort to other building materials. A vertical reinforcement in walls or columns, has not been enforced in practice, especially for technical reasons. The possibility envisaged in the draft to DIN 1053 Part 3 to raise the reinforcement vertically in special shaped bricks will certainly provide solutions for the execution.

The desire for an armorable, building physics flawless, and also aesthetically high-quality exposed masonry without mortar and plaster, also results from the mounting requirements of the modern installation of ceiling structures in suspension or lift in already finished vertical support structures (pillars, walls), with a central Auflag is not possible, but only an off-center Auflagerung on screw-on consoles, which are subordinated after insertion of the component. This results in one-sided load bending tensile forces that must be absorbed by reinforcement.

However, if such a design is not chosen, for. As in self-construction, so the insertion of ceiling structures without interrupting a possible self-aligning masonry top management is desirable to avoid the time-consuming re-establishing a wall about on a continuously cast ring anchors. This is possible only by perforating the wall, so that increased point loads caused by engaging in the wall binder, which must be distributed by horizontal reinforcement.

Last but not least, the demand for the use of solar energy and environmental heat for the heating of buildings has to be mentioned, whereby the functional integration of the three principles: solar collector, solar cell and heat absorber must be the goal, especially in areas where there is no cloud cover Rarity is. Here are the use: heat pump, large-scale absorber, especially in the form of the so-called energy roof or the energy fence or -stapeis, and generally multi-functional components that not only the function of weather protection, but

additionally take over the energy collector. The decentralized production of electricity and the grid feed-in must become increasingly important in the future, if not huge solar and Ummmelnergiemengcn, which accrue at countless construction areas, should be given away.

At the end of this catalog of demands for future construction, Otto Steidle, a pioneer in precast concrete construction, may be quoted as saying: "With imagination, with individual and cultural experience, with consciously limited material and economic resources, with ecological, social, and cultural intentions, society, Nature and technology now reunite, reconcile. "

In general, it should be noted that building with systems, in particular made of steel and precast concrete elements, is theoretically and practically not new; On the contrary, it is well known that the usual systems suffer from their rigid integrity, their production-related monotony (mold amortization), as well as from the poor building-physical values and the low-environmental properties of their materials.

Solution of the task at a glance

To solve the problem outlined here, the component system according to the invention and its developments are proposed, as characterized in claim one and the following

 The solution strategy here is basically the following:

- The system is based on a type of block with its variants, which is relatively small in size, therefore handy, dimensionally accurate and aesthetically as well as building physics high quality: The blocks are mortar-free offset and can be easily and immovably positioned by rounded, interlocking and fracture resistant composite organs; This composite brick is much faster to process compared to existing processes and can be installed by both unskilled workers and robots; The composite stone consists in particular of sand-lime brick or naturally-colored artificial sandstone in octametric or Euronorm-fair format (for example 125 mm by 125 mm by 250 mm or 200 mm by 200 mm by 400 mm) or also from light or heavy concrete for special production conditions or construction tasks.

- The composite stone acts as a permanent, statically effective form for the filling materials, in the direction of flow concrete or grout, so that costly formwork work accounts.

- By the aesthetic quality of the building stone at the same time a significant reduction in technical complexity is achieved: The possibility of saving time and costly plasters with mortar-free facing masonry or the elimination of complex scaffolding on site or the saving of elaborate finishing work (plastering) by precise, flat masonry surfaces, which can be easily processed by filling the Fasungsfugen to a wallpapering or painting; At the same time, aesthetically effective shadow joints serve as a way of inserting dowels into exposed masonry without destroying the optical quality; However, it is also possible Plasters in a simplified process v. a. factory and machine on walls with break-rough surface and - in the case of sand-lime brick or hspwerksporigem concrete - with high absorbency and therefore be applied under ideal conditions of adhesion, so that on site only joints must be filled.

- The module is designed so that it can be factory assembled into finished, armable and fully equipped wall panels, which only need to be mounted on site; by appropriate storage or drying of the parts, the problem of building moisture is avoided, so that a possible rapid availability of the building is ensured.

- Walls and foundations are made of prefabricated, reinforced stone elements and with special automatically pre-produced elements such as reinforcing mats and mesh panels with connecting organs tailored and easy to assemble.

- To the permanent and disassembled if necessary and reusable structures made of composite bricks are Leitwerkwerke for ceilings, roofs and facades added, which are connected via special connecting elements and webs with the structures subsequently (lift or Einhängeverfahren), so that the vertical structure separated and can be created in an undisturbed workflow; the demountable or reusable lightweight structures of mass-saving composite materials transport weight, construction weight and investment costs are saved, so that the vertical structures can be thinned space and cost savings, which is favored by the possibility of reinforcement and stiffening by integral masonry pillars; In particular, only by the combination of heavy, vertical structural elements made of composite bricks and light, horizontal structural elements, z. B. Polyaxialpaneelen, a favorable structure of high-rise and hall structures possible, which is required, first, that they span large distances column-free, and secondly, that their vertical structural parts on the one hand take large loads and even weigh a lot, especially in the base area of high-rise buildings, and on the other hand, they weigh less and less on the other side, so that the use of lightweight systems in this case, also for the vertical supporting structure, represents a significant technical advance; Structuralist designs, in which vertical and horizontal structural parts are to be variable, become practicable only through lightweight panels; The systemic combination of Tragschalensteinmauern, the fixed structural cells surrounding, with connecting elements and screwed it, removable consoles as a support for practical (!) Removable ceilings, seem very conducive here. Finally, translucent roof structures as stable as possible, i. without large openings such as window openings to design, is the combination of opaque and translucent light-weighted panels, so z. As of Polyaxialverbundpaneelen with glazed lattice panels, necessary. Furthermore, the wide-ranging lightweight structural panels are also suitable for the complete construction of prefabricated buildings of all kinds, especially for light, translucent, highly insulated, flying hall structures.

- The planning of the various building materials is done on the basis of different Maßrastern that allow the construction of any angle and curves and on the steps and angles of the composite stones and all other elements are coordinated; In particular, a Pythagorean grid is proposed, which allows to plan with five base angles, without stones need to be cut; Since the walls can be dimensioned arbitrarily, a restriction of the creative freedom on a measure grid is not necessary.

- The consistent, precise dimensioning of the components in the grid as well as the restriction to a clearly defined, clear component catalog promote a computer-aided CIM production of the systemic designs, in the

in particular data from the CAD design for production and assembly are available; conversely, in CAD design activity, clear geometrical, static and cost values may be used in direct, flexible collaboration with the customer on the portable computer; However, the components form an open system, which can also be used with other building materials, if necessary. aesthetically high-quality, such as wood or hand-formed bricks, can be tailored to fit.

- Through functional integration, large parts of a building with its green areas are combined to form an air conditioning network, including: a. by outer and inner walls contain heating or absorber or cooling lines, z. B. in the form of heat exchanging roughing walls, garden walls and Speicherbassinwandungen of molded bricks or shotcrete or in the form of begrünbarem absorber plaster, so that systemic buildings are fully air-conditioned using environmental energy (including humidity regulation), especially in conjunction with facade and / or roof panels Polyaxialpaneelen lead the absorber brine and developed into combined, weather-independent hybrid collectors and planted at a suitable location; Excess heat energy is thereby decentralized and environmentally friendly via total energy modules with Stirling engines or system thermal energy modules implemented in electricity and optionally fed profitably into the grid.

The advantages of the proposed solution at a glance:

- Significant acceleration and therefore cheaper construction of the structure (walls, pillars, ceilings, roofs) by rapid, mortar-free displacement of trays and subsequent high-level filling with flowing concrete;

- Synthesis of the advantages of masonry and concrete or reinforced concrete / 1 / (avoiding the respective disadvantages); static, structural-physical and optical quality of the lime-sandstone taking advantage of concrete; Compressive strength, armability, flowability; higher compressive strengths than masonry by eliminating the adverse effects of the interaction of mortar and stones (splitting tensile forces); no formwork effort; no superfluous wall thickness and static undermining of the masonry core by shell stones with low bulk density;

- Suitability of the composite brick system through mortar-free stacking fitting, self-aligning elements (Lego stone principle) both for unskilled workers as well as for accelerated CIM production of prefabricated elements by stacking robot; the on-site shoring (Selberbauer, Third World) as well as the prefabrication with final assembly on the construction site are supported;

- special suitability of the material for computer-aided, integrated planning (PPS) (drawing, static, scheduling and pricing, easily combining and modifying stored device types on the portable computer in collaboration with the customer, warehouse management, cost accounting, etc.);

complete freedom in designing individual elements or building objects while taking advantage of the advantages of industrial construction; raster-free tarpaulins possible through any blanks; Executability of the stones both in octametric dimensions (12.5 times 25 or 25 times 50) and Euronorm fair (20 times 40, suitable, for example, to Kücheneinrichtungsmaßen in 120 cm increments);

- openness of the system: z. B. combinability with traditional masonry brickwork;

- Elimination of material blanks and technical and aesthetic advantages of the planability of the stones in different planning grids with freely selectable angles;

- clean construction by reducing the accumulation of dirt on site by mortar-free work with integrated cable routing (no milling of wall slots); thereby: rationalization of the construction process in the factory and on the construction site;

- exact technical and schedule planning of the construction process by coordinating factory prefabrication and final assembly; therefore strong temporal gathering of the construction process by using finished wall elements also for the flexible interior (factory provided with mounting hardware and installations);

- aesthetic and economic advantages of a high-precision exposed masonry outside and inside of dyeable artificial sandstone: preparation of ready-to-build buildings at low prices, which if necessary expanded in self-help, z. B. joints can be plastered or plastered (low plaster costs due to flat ground);

- Saving of formwork and scaffolding effort by inside and outside finished wall elements with integrated insulation (wall elements with built-in insulation and outer shell, glued insulation and attachment plate for single blocks for on-site shoring, joint sealing of rolling or lifting platforms off);

- Reinforceability of the masonry: earthquake resistance, protection against cracking in settling conditions, average resilience of the masonry, material and space-saving wall slimming;

- Reduction of the workload for the reinforcement by the elimination of Knüpperarbeiten (use profiling of the stone stone bridges for positioning);

- Quick and accurate attachment of connecting parts (anchor, webs, dowels, etc.) by insertion into prefabricated recesses in the shell stones and Verkrallung with Vergußbetonkern (no dowel work, no time-consuming mounting of connecting elements and Paßschablonen in concrete forms);

- low building moisture or drying times;

- Possibility of the performance of several projectiles in one operation without interruption by ring anchor concreting;

1 comparison:

SIN USTAT 15 masonry with 10 cm mineral wool

25 cm aerated concrete wall

Compressive strength

Sound insulation R _v approx

 k-Wertnach

about 25 N / mm ²

(KS28N / mm ² , B25 30N / mm ²

less possibly. Bubbles and not

non-positive bearing joint shares)

MP

0.35 (low energy house)

bis2u4N / mm (strength ski 6,6)

42 dB

0.5 (according to standards wäschuvo.i

- factory surfaces finishing and finishing: e.g. Plastic glazing, tiles (ready-made walls for the wet area), sandblasting, hydrofoiling, shadow grouting, plastering, etc .;

- Production of steel stone ceilings from system stones as in wall elements in standing production by stacking robots and / or

- Use of wide-span baffles made of multi-axial stiffened composite panels (on the basis of spatial lattice work and deep-drawn sheets);

- Environmental friendliness of the calcareous sandstone masonry due to energy efficiency and low energy consumption for the production of lime sandstones (heating, cooling and Umweltenergiegewinnung by installation of heating and Absorberleitungen, large-scale wall and Bodenstrahlungsheizung, low flow temperatures and Staubaufwirbel u ng);

- Utilization of the advantages of new industrial forms of work in the construction industry: highly trained, highly skilled assembly workers with stimulating, rotating activities without physical overload and therefore a high level of competence and motivation to participate in the optimization of workflow and products.

Specific description based on exemplary embodiments and developments:

1. Description of the blocks and their elements in some embodiments based on the following figures (a list of reference numerals stands in front of the drawings)

Fig. 3: rotor stone with honeycomb vertical channels in a perspective view obliquely from above

Fig.4: Runner stone with honeycomb-shaped vertical channels in a perspective view obliquely from below

Fig. 5: supervision runner stone with right-angled vertical channels

Fig. 6: supervision runner stone with honeycomb vertical channels

Fig.7: View box stone with right-angled vertical channels

Fig. 8: Top view box stone with honeycomb vertical channels

Fig. 9: Side view of a runner's stone

Fig. 10: Cross section through the center of the box block with honeycomb vertical channels

Fig. 11: Top view 45 ° -Winkelstein without representation of the bearing surface profiling

Fig. 17: longitudinal section through peel stone

- The vertical and horizontal potting (all figures) in the stones allow the filling of concrete, the concrete can expand vertically and transversely, thus sealing the joints of the walls and forms a supporting wall core.

- The convex composite organs, in particular the Federnoppen (Fig.3-8) or the central knobs (Fig. 18,19) on the stones cause the stones are precisely positioned during the displacement; while the stones slide through the rounded shape of the convex composite organs and their counterparts self-adjusting each other, whereby rapid displacement is possible; when filling the storey high stacked walls, the composite organs secure the stones against lateral displacement; the arrangement of the spring no ppen z. B. allows corner heads closed at right angles to each other, whereby the coinciding walls interlock.

- The nose-like hollow wedges (Fig 3-10) in the inner wall take on the spring knobs and at the same time cause the concrete flows into the area of the mortar-free bearing joint and so the concrete core engages with the walls of the stones intensive; The result is a monolithic composite of high-strength sand-lime brick and high-strength concrete.

- The sliding grooves (Fig 3-10) in the middle of the stones act both as a hollow wedges and at the same time as a way to move the stones in the direction of the wall against each other; This is necessary if a wall is to be cut to any degree, without destroying the marginal, vertical casting channel is destroyed; you shorten the stones inside the wall and push the curbs around the removed piece into the wall.

- The reversibility of the stones is ensured by the upper sliding grooves (Figure 3-10), in which the spring lugs engage when turning the stone in staggered position; this provides an upper bearing surface without convex composite members, which is useful in displacing wall panels or lintel members where the e.g. Feather studs would only disturb; at the same time the lower halves of the horizontal casting channels come up so that you can bring ring hoist cheap and the concrete flows well under precast parts, which were placed on inverted stones; this is the meaning of the asymmetry of the stone cross section.

- The positioning grooves (Fig. 3-6, 9,10) allow the insertion of reinforcing steel in clearly defined positions, either directly or mediated by spacers; this is necessary so that the reinforcing steel receives a sufficiently corrosion-protective concrete cover; At the same time, the grooves effect a good connection of the web bottoms with the concrete core, as any bubbles can not expand large on a surface, but only take away small space between the grooved burrs, with the ridge height lines connecting with the concrete core.

- The dovetails (Fig. 9,10) on the stone walls, which undercut the concrete core and cause the stone walls to connect non-positively to the concrete core, formed by the fact that the trapezoidal transition parts of the webs in the stone walls of the positioning grooves cut wedge-shaped will look (from the side); if the entire wall gets under bending pressure, the dovetails prevent the stone walls from flaking off; moreover, the grooves forming the dovetails, especially in the version with rectangular vertical channels, favorably distribute the water which is injected for the purpose of pre-soaking before concreting.

The wedge shape of the webs (FIG. 17) and the parts leading to the walls or their narrowing downwards initially ensure a long service life of the abrasion-loaded sand-lime brick steel molds (the stones are demoulded upwards) and further causes v. a. the ridges forces that they absorb from the top, through their wedge-shaped cross-section also laterally to the concrete core and diagonally pass on the concrete core on lower ridge tops.

- The non-conical, marginal Innenwandfalze (Fig.3, 4, 6, 10,17) allow it, characterized in that they run parallel to the outside of the stone walls between the trapezoidal web bases, sawing the wall and a connecting web with a parallel-edged recess fixed in the Inserting the impression; The bridge engages with the concrete core and can serve as a heavy-duty fastener.

- The circumferential chamfer (Fig.3-10) of the visible surfaces can be used in the production of aesthetically high-quality, exposed masonry to fill with sealants, thus eliminating the risk that concrete milk flows through the cracks between the stones.

- The smooth abutment surfaces without tongue and groove (Fig. 3-6) - as they are often found in peel stones - ensure that the visible surface of corner stones, to which stones are to be offset at right angles, neither groove nor spring must wear; This allows the creation of aesthetically undisturbed exposed masonry.

2. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that the wall thicknesses and bearing surfaces of support shell stones are sized, e.g. 25mm thick that

- At least for stone thicknesses above 100mm by far the greater part of the horizontal cross sections of the core composite is taken and that

- Arming can be introduced into the core composite at the statically favorable, far away from the center of the component points (Fig. 13,14).

3. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that the arrangement of the Tragschalensteinstege the vertically aligned backfilling channels in wider and narrower subdivided (Fig.2-6),

- Wherein the widths are so wide that there is enough space to fill filling compound with a certain grain and liquid next to inserted, vertical reinforcement remains: Armierungskanäle;

- The narrower are so narrow that filling material still flow into it and can flow past webs or other composite organs, which protrude into the narrow Vergusskanäle without conflict with vertical reinforcement: mounting channels;

- one runner stone contains in particular four webs with two narrow filling channels between the webs and a wide, entire filling channel in the middle of the stone and two half-wide filling channels at the abutting surfaces.

4. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that the webs to the mass saving and venting when filling the bottom punched, but esp. Not punched are (Fig.9).

5. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that the vertical position of the webs of supporting shell stones is asymmetrical, so that a deeper and a flatter horizontal Verfüllhalbkanal arise (Fig.3, 4,17).

6. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite stones are as Verfüllkanalleibungssteine characterized in that at least on one side of the horizontal half-channels are closed by extending a web and its web bases up and down.

7. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite stones are as Eineinungssteine (Fig.1, 2) characterized in that for the integration of esp. Stone-high components in a wall without opening the wall

- one-sided recesses are attached,

- esp. That one of the two flanks of the marginal Verfüllhalbkanäle of peelstones or support shell stones is omitted.

8. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that isopolygon angle blocks for the construction of symmetrical polygonal floor plans from the same angles and in particular with more than six corners without stone cut, both in single-shell and in two-shell construction characterized

- That a longitudinal axis distance between the back and masonry plant is fixed, which determines the gap between the two wall shells, preferably so that the grid spacing of the underlying grid is maintained, ie, for example, in a background masonry of 12.5cm thickness and a masonry of 7 , 5cm thickness, a center distance of 22.5cm, giving a gap of 12.5cm; This results further in a dodecagon with the periferen interior angles between the legs of the corners of 150 ° and the central angles at the angle foot of the diagonal of 30 ^c a distance between two corners of rounded 12.06cm, if the bisector between two centriwinkelbildenden thighs 22.5cm is long, or a length of the counter catheters to half the central angle in the right triangles of a Zentriwinkelschenkel, bisector and half line between the corners (= counter-catheter) of 6.03cm; If the length of the bisecting line or the height in the equilateral triangle between two legs is now doubled, the distance between the corner points or the counter-catheters or the length of the wall axis between the corners is also doubled;

- the length of a Isopolygonalsteingrundelements is therefore characterized in that it is a simple of the counter-catheter length of the selected, rectangular module triangle (with a Ankathete to half the central angle in the length of the selected axial distance);

- Furthermore, the Isopolygonalsteine are characterized in that the rectangular base element a gappy bearing rectangular gusset base attaches, the length of which results from the selected wall thickness: the thicker the wall, the shorter the length of the gusset base, since the length-limiting "butt joints" line at right angles to Gegenkathete is set so that their internal end point pointing to the polygon on the hypotenuse of the module triangle;

- Furthermore, the Isopolygonalsteine are characterized in that Isopolygonalläufersteine between the corners of the polygon have a length of a multiple of the basic element and

- Isopolygonalan right-angled connecting pieces, which attach directly to a gusset, either the length of a gusset base or composed of a part with the length of the gusset base and one or more parts in basic element length;

9. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that a 45 ° wallwall construction kit for the construction of walls that are at 45 ° in the right angle grid, without Steinsonderzuschnitte and wall breakthroughs in the grid applied in the other raster steps characterized that

- the stones are constructed on the basis of a square scale, inscribed with symmetrical octagons; The kit consists of the following stone types:

- 45 ° angular stone: formed from an octagon, to which one of its marginal trapezoids has been removed, so that a flank is formed at a 45 ° angle; otherwise the stone is built up like an angle stone;

- 45 ° -stringer stone: if you write four contiguous squares four symmetrical octogons and complement their facing marginal trapezes diagonally around their missing, long sides in the interior of the octogenes, these four sides result in the square, now at a 45 ° angle lies in the grid; this square is next to the rectangular centerpiece of an octagon, which is obtained by taking off its two marginal trapezoids from an octagon; this centerpiece acts as a bridge to the next square; the stone of square and octogen center piece can be attached to a systemic 45 ° -Winkelstein in a wall in the right-angled grid in its two possible angular directions to the left and right; a row of 45 ° stringer stones, supplemented by a square stone, can be connected in two directions to a 45 ° angular stone at the other end in a rectangular grid; the centers of the squares of the 45 ° runners are always at the points of intersection of the lines of the right-angled square grid; the length of a 45 ° rotor stone in the octametric scale is 17.67 cm; the square part carries the usual system composite organs, on the underside grooves, however, so that the counters (see below) can be inserted anywhere; the bridge piece is in particular equipped with 4 pairs of composite organs in the middle of each half;

- 45 ° -paßstein: a wall breakthrough is to be inserted in a 45 ° wall, in which e.g. Frames in grid square dimensions, in particular the octa metrics, can be used, so this wall breakthrough is to be measured in grid square increments; it follows that the bridge pieces of the 45 ° -Läufersteins must be taken out and lined up at the edges of the opening, so that the breakthrough, framed by such passports, remains in the grid; the bridge pieces, which are 5.777 cm wide in the octametric grid, must be added in a number of χ plus one half, if the length of the wall breakthrough should be made up of an even number of squares, between which there is an odd number of bridge pieces, the must be divided again, if the wall breakthrough is to be in the middle; the Paßsteine are therefore formed in particular in two types of simple and one and a half times or three and a half times the length of the bridge piece, wherein in each theoretical half-piece in the middle of a knob or pan sits, so that the stones can staple staggered;

The 45 ° wall kit also includes 45 ° pre-formed angle blocks and 45 ° pre-wall angle blocks for the construction of pre-walls with constant inter-wall thickness, characterized by the following features: To reduce the variety of types of stone, the 45 ° pre-walls have butted the angle blocks , which lie in the front wall in the right-angled grid; in between expansion joints are arranged; in each case, there are two types of angle blocks for inside corners and outside corners, the left- and right-hand version of which is integrated into a mirror-symmetrical, rotatable stone type, which only carries pans, and whose length depends on the selected stone and intermediate wall layer thickness;

- The first stone type is composed of Winkelzwickel and fitting between Winkelzwickel and next systemic, preferably octametric butt joint;

- The second type of stone also carries a binding element in grid length, preferably 12.5cm;

e.g. is an outer corner angle stone type one for a 7.5cm thick facing wall with a Zwischenmauerschichtdicke of 12.5cm 14,016cm long; a matching inner cornerstone of type one is 7,876cm long; for the 45 ° -vorwand arise for inner and outer corners each two 45 ° Vorwandwinkelpaßsteintypen:

- type one: the fitting piece between the angle gusset and the next grid-shaped butt joint minus butt joint width;

- Type two: the fitting plus the coupling element;

in the inner and outer corners, the angle adapter is supplemented with a simple 45 ° rotor adapter in the front wall width as an integrating element;

in the 7.5 cm wall example, the corner cornerstone is 4,219cm minus expansion joint; the outside corner angle fitting stone 5,169cm minus expansion joint;

- If necessary, the 45 ° Vorwandwinkelpaßsteine are reduced to two types, with a different width expansion joint is formed.

10th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite stones are characterized as rotatable joint stones for curved walls by the following features (Fig 12):

- A hinge member has on one side a circular groove in which convex composite organs with a congruently circular arrangement are circularly displaceable;

- The joint element is round;

- The joint element corresponds to a counterpart on the other side of the piece, which is form-fitting, in particular., Quarter-circle;

11. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite stones are characterized as trough stones or plant stones, characterized in that at least one or more vertical channels and slots are closed by a bottom, esp. In the middle is perforated and down towards the center tapers.

12. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite stones are designed as Transennen- or Pflanzwandsteine, characterized in that they are for the formation of walls with recesses, esp. For insertion of troughs, in three parts, the stones only in the outer two Third are offset.

13th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite bricks as round columns have full round, three-quarter round, half-round and quarter-round wall parts.

14th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that pillar core stones for filling pillars cores in pillars of more than two special pillars for inserting Armierungsbügeln walls with the same recesses as the webs have.

15. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that shortened stones or Paßsteine or joint stones are characterized in that they are compared to the underlying grid in the vertical and horizontal directions shortened in a regular or irregular manner.

16. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite bricks are characterized as filter blocks characterized in that they consist of porous, water-permeable materials, esp. Of einkornbeton.

17. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that multi-layer stones are used as plug-in stones or stakes esp. For backfilling a layer with Dämmstecklingen or to the air heating.

18. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that an apparatus for two-sided press molding of stone and calcium silicate insulation, characterized in that

- first the supporting stone part is pressed,

- Then a stamp is withdrawn, which serves as a mold wall at the first Formfase;

- In the resulting cavity then the Kalziumsilikatdämmasse is filled and compacted by another stamp and thereby forms the bearing stone part, the esp. Has an adhesion promoting profiled surface.

19. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite stones, esp. Tragschalensteine are characterized as glass blocks characterized

- That the stones are divided vertically for production in two halves, and

- That a normal rotor stone only has two webs, which are formed by forming punches as hollow webs;

- the walls are massive.

20. Embodiment of the building system, characterized in that finished parts are made of support shell stones filled with calcium silicate concrete.

21st embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite prefabricated building elements

- Are structurally effective armored, either in conjunction with filler or by bracing (Fig. 13,14,16,20).

22nd embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite prefabricated building elements (Fig. 14)

- are multilayered, z. B. provided with integrated insulation layer and plaster, and / or

- mehrschalig, z. B. with ventilated facing.

23. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite prefabricated parts, if necessary, partially or completely pre-assembled, i. both with mounting parts, e.g. Windows, as well as with installation ducts and objects (Figure 16).

24th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that composite stone walls are composed if necessary in their thickness of several stones and different widths; either are

- Two walls made of stones next to each other and non-positively connected by reinforcement, which is guided by recesses in the walls, or

- stones of different widths are interlinked in the following way:

1st layer: a stone of width a) to the left of a stone of width b) to the right follows a stone of width a) right and a stone of width b) left, etc .;

2nd layer: the same arrangement as above, offset in length, in particular by half a stone length; 3rd position: like I.Lage etc.

- In asymmetric seat of the composite organs on the bearing surface, the combined stone widths are chosen so that in the middle of the wall, the bearing surfaces of the stones do not meet with different widths, but rather overhang in the longitudinal offset offset preferably by half the length.

25th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that a profile bridged the spaces between hardening trolley and web bottoms of Schalensteingrünlingen and in the stack between the stone bridges and esp. As a two-part profile via slots and wing screws is adjustable.

26th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that are selected as profiles for Polyaxialpaneele either stiffening favorable profiles, so not extremely flat or steep, such. Corrugated, zigzagged (Fig.22) or trapezoidal profiles with a profile inclination of about 45 "± 20 °, which results esp. By the crossing of the course of the profilings of a surface a three-dimensional profiling and a multi-axis stiffening;

or steeper profiles are also used for pure spacer, line or plant material carrier function (eg hollow bottom, absorber roof).

27th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that a parallel, superimposed geradachsiges and laterally profile-axis Polyaxialpaneel is defined by the following operation: a profiled on the edge template, z. As a corrugated or Trapezform template, is guided straight along two, preferably the same profile templates that are not parallel to the first, but esp. Right angle, the profiles are chosen so that the template during their imaginary, surface-forming, profile-following displacement is always vertical can stand, and the two templates are profiled the same or different, z. B. three templates with wave profile, which - in contrast to a simple, uniaxial corrugated sheet - a crossed or biaxial profile is formed, for. B. a cross-corrugated profile or short sinusoidal profile.

28th Embodiment of the building system, characterized in that in staggered wave profiles, the moving template according to the preceding claim is made in a different angle than the right, wherein, as seen in the guide direction, a quasi-shortened profile with shorter profile or wavelength, but with the same Amplitude arises, the amplitude peaks or peaks, transversely to the guide direction, as it were like a summit panorama shifted from each other or staggered.

29th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that parallel polyaxial panels are formed of zigzag profiles having characteristic diamond shapes: diamond panels.

30th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that parallel polyaxial panels are formed from trapezoidal profiles, which have crenellated forms: Zinnenpaneele.

31. Embodiment of the building system, characterized in that a supervised profile-axis and laterally straight-axis profile are defined operationally as follows: a profile template for surface shaping, z. A zig-zag template is placed on a plane along a contoured contour line or axis, e.g. a wave, or even a second zigzag line, resulting in e.g. a double zigzag profile or herringbone panel or e.g. a serrated zigzag profile, in short: a zigzag snake panel (FIG. 22) is formed; in particular, the supervisory axis has an amplitude which is at least equal to half the profile or wavelength, so that the panel can be pushed together by the telescoping, e.g. parallel waves undergoes non-directional stiffening, with continuous contour lines esp. For welding of flat sheets arise.

32. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that the intersecting profiles are not parallel in any direction, but run incongruent in a projective cross-fading in a variety of forms; they can be operationally defined by the fact that large areas of various small areas or quasipoints, which are at a considerable distance from each other, are distended in the opposite direction; For example, a sheet that is fixed point or surface-shaped at the intersections of a square grid, z. B. between cylindrical or hemispherical punches, to then from just such punches in the same square grid, only offset by half, so in the diagonal intersection points to be stretched out of its plane; arcuate or paraboloidally curved surfaces are formed between the distal highlights or antipodes of the panel: sheet panels (FIGS. 1, 21);

- Arched panels are either mirror symmetric, or

- The paraboloids extend from a flat plane in one direction.

33. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that interfering Polyaxialpaneele with discontinuous contour lines in the form of cross panels form a pattern of parallel, staggered crosses, between the bars supplementary elements, esp. Set in square and circular, the space between the beams Completion; the contour lines of crosses and supplementary elements lie in one plane; in between are valleys whose bottoms form the contour lines of the other plane of the panel, so that the supplementary elements esp. Pyramid and truncated conical shape obtained.

34. embodiment of the building system, characterized in that in interfering Polyaxialpaneelen with discontinuous contour lines in the form of Doppelkreuzpaneelen (Figure 23) in the panel two staggered to 90 ⁼ against each other twisted pattern of parallel, staggered double crosses are formed; the contour lines of the two patterns lie in the opposite extreme planes of the panel; the entanglement of the double crosses is ensured by the fact that the longitudinal axes are inserted between the transom, wherein between the perpendicular longitudinal axes and transverse axes in the plan a distance remains over which the panel surface extends stiffening.

35th embodiment of the building system, characterized in that in interfering polyaxial panels with discontinuous contour lines in the form of Doppelaxtpaneelen (Figure 24) elements with contour lines in the form of double axes in the following manner are:

- The circular segment-shaped edges of the double ax forms are homologous, especially parallel, to the circular segment-shaped flanks; the axes of Doppelaxtelemente are thus rotated by 90 ° to each other; the contour lines lie in one plane;

between the double ax elements are serpentine valleys, e.g. mid-specific cross-section whose bottoms form the contour lines of the other plane.

36. Embodiment of the building system that their profiles are flattened at the boundary levels or Auflagerpunkten what z. B. in a Kreuzwell- or sinusoidal profile as it is achieved by capping the dome-shaped wave peaks on the opposite sides: calotte-free cross-corrugated profile or truncated sine profile; esp. In this case waves are selected, which are composed of circular sections or arches, the removed dome esp. The height of a circular section, so that the Kalottenbodenkante can transfer forces in the corrugated profile, which is not overhanging arched at this favorable angled location ,

37. embodiment of the building system, that individual of the profile surveys are excessive.

38th embodiment of the building system, characterized by a device for liquid mechanical clock deepening esp. Of Polyaxialpaneelen according to the preceding claims, which is characterized by the following features:

- The front direction has two tightly closable, esp. Hydraulically movable mold halves on; the form halves to be deformed panel positively sealing, which is still undeformed on the input side, already fully deformed on the output side;

the upper mold half contains the profile to be formed, with a transition from the flat entrance profile to the full-scale profile being continuous, followed by one or more full-height profile rail units; also towards the lateral edges;

- Through the lower mold half the deformation liquid, for. As water or oil or esp. A substance which adheres as a coating on the panel, z. As a paint, pressed, which expires when opening the mold or is pumped out again;

- The device includes both sides conveyors, which advance the panel with open mold halves intermittently, to the extent that an already fully deep-drawn passage of the panel can be positively pressed between the profiled mold edges;

- The first deformation of the edges of the I.Takt happens purely mechanically or in a separate preform station with circumferential flat sealing edges.

39th embodiment of the building system, that the planes in which the zigzag bars lie, perpendicular and / or not perpendicular to

the levels to be joined, but inclined, preferably so that the kinks of two adjacent zigzag bars touch each other.

40. Embodiment of the building system that Gurtgitter either staggered with respect to each other are arranged at a distance, so that the crossing points of a perpendicular over or under centers of the preferably rectangular meshes of the other, or

40.0.0.1. the belt grids are not offset from each other.

41. embodiment of the building system that the belt grid

- Are formed either ausschraubfähigem steel, such as. Ribbed steel, which is in particular connected by press fitting sleeves (Figure 1), or plain steel,

- or consist of screwable steel rods, wiez. B. smooth steel with cut threaded ends, or preferably threaded steal rods with flattened edges.

Prior art, criticism and advantages in detail

State of the art in composite structural elements, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages: The advantages of rounded on all edges, especially wavy composite organs are:

1. Shock and impact resistant shape (crucial for the precise, mortar-free offset of the stones without edge break or fragments in the bearing joints);

2. wear-resistant manufacturability in compression molding;

3. automatic positioning by gentle sliding of composite organs with rounded edges and wavy edge cross sections;

4. immovable positioning, fixation in every direction: v. a. along and across the wall, thus ensuring the precise alignment of the potting channels and the wall surface;

5. non-displaceable, right-angled toothing of interlocking stones without special composite elements (a spring, for example, must be interrupted if a stone footing with a groove is to be set up in a right-angled and latching manner);

6. the advantage that the marginal composite organs can be numerous and smaller, z. B. only 2.5mm high, so that

a) the abrasion stress of the moldings is reduced and the uniform compaction of the stone mass is better ensured and

b) any dimensional tolerances between composite members (eg too-large knobs, shallow pans) are better distributed. It should also be noted that the advantageous formation of concave composite organs as hollow wedges for wedging of concrete core and Tragschalensteinwandungen or to expand the composite core cross-section is just as little known as an offset groove for arbitrary shortenability of molded stone walls without destroying the marginal, vertical Vergusshalbkanals -what for the assembly of Finished parts is crucial - or the possibility of stones to create storage areas without convex composite organs - which interfere with certain tasks, such as. B. when placing of dimensionally inaccurate falls, or ceiling panels - to turn around, the convex composite organs of the upper bearing surface are added to the offset grooves, and the smooth lower bearing surface is swept up.

State of the art in mortared bricks with composite organs, criticism, solution to the problem and its advantages: are known in particular sand-lime bricks with central, conically opening perforations are inserted into the centering parts made of plastic and which are mixed in thin-bed mortar; In contrast, integral positioning organs combined with rapid infusion of mortar, especially from the hose (bucket, machine), represents a significant working time savings.

State of the art iha Tragschalensteine of sand-lime bricks, criticism, solution to the problem and its advantages: Since the design (of shuttering stone non-stone building materials such as wood chip concrete, foam plastic) only the Füllbetonquerschnitt may be used, attention is paid to the largest possible cavities, but not on the static quality of the shuttering stones and their inclusion in the statics of the wall. It is this given by the pure formwork function of this hollow body possibility of dilution of the walls of the formwork body, the "emaciation" of their webs up rod-shaped spacers and the enlargement of the formwork body dimensions and thus possibly the distances of the "webs" also from the manufacturers of stone-like Formwork bodies that see an economic benefit in it, taken up. This results in the fact that the mass of the stones, which are usually made of lightweight aggregate concrete or wood chip concrete, is largely or completely lost statically, since only the perforated concrete skeleton is counted with its "cross bars." Consequently, no permissible shear stresses are possible Concrete core was excluded in principle, a vertical bending reinforcement for Erddruckbeanspruchte basement walls was now in a special case when using certain shuttering stones (including high dimensional stability, plane milled bearing surfaces, large filling cross section) and floor - high filling with fluid concrete high strength admitted Transition to concrete construction (including filling with high-strength concrete), in which even slightly higher compressive stresses are permitted than the otherwise permissible basic values between 0.5 and 1.2 MN / m ² Just from experiments with whole, filled formwork stone walls, pillars, and test specimens as well as separately produced core concrete cubes series, which are pulled together in an overall ranking. Next, however, is often noted that the compressive strength of shuttering stones not only on the strength of the finished walls of influence (is), but also (of interest) for the susceptibility of the stones during transport and laying, for the applicability of the stones in the earth (see DIN 1053 part 1, issue of November 1974, section 2.3.3.3., paragraph 4: For external walls of the basement and plinths up to 50cm above ground level only masonry of stones with compressive strengths a 5 N / mm ² may be used) and for the other strength properties associated with compressive strength, which allow the shuttering blocks to be filled up to certain wall section heights, with simultaneous mechanical compaction, without the stones being damaged (tearing, breaking). In addition, the dimensional stability of the stones is of importance for the strength of shuttering stone walls, which is why the shuttering stones usually have plane-parallel milled bearing surfaces with nominal dimension deviations of ± 0.5mm: these more accurate fits, especially in the height and bearing surface area, are in the special design of masonry construction on the Load capacity of the walls of hold.

From all this it follows that walls of the systemally proposed formwork stone made of lime sandstone with its relatively small dimensions and the consequent minimum mafitoleranzen of 0.1375mm and the Steinfestigkeitsklassen of sand-lime brick, which are equal to each concrete, and a flow concrete core from the outset unequal will show higher compressive strength or breaking strength than usual formwork stone walls. Add to this the expected beneficial effect of the high absorbency of sand-lime brick on the hardening of the flowing concrete and its connection with the peeling stones, assuming that the behavior of the materials will be the same as in practical experience with concrete walls between gypsum-board formworks: Depending on the Type of formwork panels used in concreting a significant portion of the excess Anmachwassers sucked, thereby creating a strong connection between the concrete and the plates and a substantial increase in concrete strength. The effect is similar to the absorbent concrete, which is used in North America with a considerable effort.

It should also be noted that at least in the interaction of lightweight concrete and fluid concrete shrinkage and creep lead to an optimal load distribution on the lightweight concrete and the core concrete. The shrinkage of concrete and sand-lime brick is about the same; The elasticity of the sand-lime brick is higher than that of the concrete, which is important for the outer shell under bending pressure and prevents premature shearing of Schalungsksteinwandungen.

The monolithic composite of core concrete and formwork stone is already largely in the systemic stone over the webs forth, so that alone entitled to speak of a new type of formwork stone, the Tragschalenstein. However, due to the systemic hollow wedges and dovetails in bearing joints and walls, it is additionally ensured that the outer shuttering walls, which lie in the area of the greatest static load, are largely included in the frictional wall connection. In addition to the safe, diagonal force transmission from the flanks of wedge-shaped webs and web bases on the web tops in conjunction with the grooving of the web bottoms, which favors the composite of filling material and web that bubbles remain in the grooves, the burrs with the concrete in Come in contact. Finally, this compound can still be increased by the mortar of the socket joints, especially with the favorable adhesion profile (mortar cartridge gun, spatula) to the complete non-positive integration of the whole stone.

Concrete is a relatively expensive, environmentally harmful building material with high energy consumption in the production is, however, sand-lime brick a cheap, environmentally friendly material. The consequence therefore is to reverse the development in the formwork to ever greater thinning of the stones and to ever more massive concrete cores and to offer a stone that is still a good, but not to rasa ntes with relatively much sand-lime brick, because otherwise dangerous, storey high Intake of relatively little fluid concrete with 16 mm largest grain permitted. In addition, the opportunity to use the far-reaching advantages of reinforced masonry recognized by experts should be planned from the outset. These requirements are met by the systemic shell stone, in particular in its variant with aligned, rectangular vertical channels and with two underside perforated webs per Normalläuferstein.

For the Bauraxis it is crucial advantage that the dense state of the webs creates an extremely solid stone form, so that - in conjunction with the composite organs - breaking out of form stone walls when filling practically impossible and yet a seal of all joints is ensured by the core concrete ( in contrast to the usual stones with marginal ridges and unfilled bumps)

 The proposed dimensioning of the stones ensures:

- a high dimensional stability of the stones by a relatively low mass, resulting in a low percentage deformation during curing; this dimensional accuracy must be prepared by conventional milling in customary stones by re-milling;

- Handiness of low mass, not only for humans, but also for pile robots, which can accelerate the stone so relatively fast;

- low risk of breakage of stone in case of inevitable collision with other stones during installation by hand; this does not guarantee usual, large shaped stones; However, smaller stones are more ergonomic or more pleasant and therefore easier to work and accelerate, v. a. when stones in a human chain are to be passed on from hand to hand from the pallet to the laying place (third world, self-builder);

- High resistance to shock-acting shear forces and against Füllmassendruck, esp. By the honeycomb shape of the vertical channels or the broadened bridge base;

- Precise positioning of reinforcement and other composite organs through the systematically improved positioning notches and positioning means (profile following spacers, hooks) with different positioning options (centered, outward, marginal): this is for the installation of composite organs, on which the functioning of the entire, innovative finished part -Montage Bausystems is of crucial importance, especially in comparison with the laborious installation of snug armor in elaborate formwork, which are usually worn to install connections with nails or screws;

- Utilization of the positioning notches for a tongue and groove sealing system in Dämmstecklingen; State of the art in shell stone kits, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

When building blocks with three stone types are offered for formwork blocks, it is important to take into account

that it is not fair brickwork or that the cornerstones carry grooves for the Nutfedersystem in the butt joints,

- That only one wall thickness is possible, e.g. 25cm, ie the addition of stones to differentiated wall thicknesses is not provided, e.g. from the 12,5cm wide cladding bricks (minimum permitted thickness for load-bearing walls of normal masonry: 11,5cm) by notches and clamping by inserted reinforcement ladders,

- that falls are not taken into account, but which can be formed in the system proposed here from the Normalläufersteinen (the beam reinforcement is then in the lower horizontal channel),

- That special ceiling support stones are not needed in two-shell construction, as ceilings are placed in normal masonry, z. B. in the form of bars that replace one or more stones in the rear wall and their heads in the ventilated, insulated area between back and front wall ends (load distribution of the bars on the resting wall on intermediate stones and continuous horizontal reinforcement above and below the beam) ;

- that zweichenalige construction is not possible.

For these reasons, come fully functional formwork stone programs without fair wall quality i. d. R. do not use less than 7 types of stones.

In contrast, the 2 types of stone of a support shell miniplate - Leibungsstein, Läuferstein - for complete, armable exposed masonry in bivalve construction, which is also equipped with absorber or climate change, a significant asset.

Also to be considered is the possibility to insert lines (isolated) precisely positioned between the relatively narrow webs and walls, which is indispensable for a rational assembly method with prefabricated elements.

The supporting shell stone construction kit with angle blocks offers the unknown possibility of working without stone blanks and with a planning grid for rectangular and Pythagorean polygonal angled components. The advantages of a planning grid on the basis of the Pythagorean, right-angled triangle with side lengths that can be divided into 3,4 and 5 equal parts (theorem of Pythagoras a ² + b ² = с ² and 3 ² + 4 ² = 5 ² and 9 + 16 = 25), which allows the construction of walls at other than right angles with stones in whole primitive lengths, or of stones that practically allow this, is that no stones need to be cut, which is work, noise and dirt spared.

The proposed angle gusseted angular stones, unlike other stones that actually have an angular shape, have the advantage of being able to be made in a shape for normal runners with slight changes in shape, whereas conventional angle blocks require their own expensive form. Furthermore, the systemic stones are easier stackable or transportable.

In general, the advantages of non-rectangular floor plans lie not only in the aesthetic (feeling of security or cosiness, layout loosening), but also in the energetic area: Houses with a circular floor plan offer the lowest, heat-radiating surface in relation to the enclosed space; Polygonal floor plans approach this and at the same time maintain straight cabinet wall panels. In addition, an optimal solar energy intake can only be achieved by floor plans that offer broad fronts to the southeast, south and southwest and also sidewalls wall, capture the sun and / or reflect on the house body.

State of the art in stones with integrated insulation, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

Stones with the possibility of inserting insulation boards are widely known, both as mortar stones and as shell stones; However, this creates the problem of cold chunks, especially in mortar, where the insulation layer must be cut out (special mortar carriage), or the insufficient joint seal. An Austrian stone addresses this difficulty by offering a stone with a vertically movable insulating plate; However, it is imperative that the vertical zones between the bars remain free of insulation.

In the proposed solution plug-in insulating blocks are inserted, the comb-like one, preferably fill the upper horizontal channel and the vertical channels and continue the profile of Positionierungskerben, so that there is a dense, toothed Dämmstoffüllung, in which only the webs remain as cold bridges. This tightness is v. a. in the case of non-grouted exposed masonry.

However, with the thermal conductivity of lime sand bricks, this solution is only an optimized solution for lower insulation requirements and for space-saving, thin masonry, e.g. Holiday homes, or southern climates. Otherwise, the two-shell construction is preferable.

A very advantageous solution is the proposed sticking of insulation without thermal bridges in Klebedämmsteinen, which is known per se and because of wind forces only up to eight meters in height is allowed. This problem is caused by the

proposed dowel from a little heat-conducting, age-resistant material (glass fiber reinforced resin) remedied.

Calcium silicate insulating materials are known, especially in fire protection, but not in integral connection with stones.

State of the art i.b.a. Joint stones (Fig. 12), criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

Joint shell stones are unknown; Round walls are made of shuttering stones only with curved stones, which necessarily defines the radius or the angle at which the stones are facing each other, so the

Applications of such a stone for the construction of swimming pools, silos, septic tanks, garden and

Flowerbed walls, embankment walls and sound insulation walls and possibly also limited by blast furnaces. The proposed joint stones have the advantage that not only any curvatures can be achieved with them, but also straight and rectangular masonry can be built, which also shows the quality of ornamental masonry.

Particularly advantageous is the use of joint shell stones for the construction of embankment walls, Blumenbeetumrandungen, planters, plant terraces, as the stones form by their armability resistant to earth walls that do not have to be buried, like the usual palisades, deep into the ground to the necessary stability receive.

State of the art i.b.a. Trough stones or stones, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

Plant stones are numerous; they are usually intended for use in outdoor areas and either form walls with breakthroughs to the backfilling soil, or the stones can be supplemented with trays to troughs that stacked up walls. Occasionally, the walls are armored or hinged connected by inserted and cast in narrow tubes rods.

However, there is no variant in which it is possible

- to form strong, reinforced concrete channels that provide effective corrosion protection for the reinforcement,

- to use planting stones with integral bottoms separately,

to thereby form an acoustically favorable, projecting and receding surface,

- To articulate the walls exactly over stone integral composite organs and to connect curved walls,

- to initiate water into the substrate through holes and corresponding conical subsoils

Planting plant walls, which are also suitable as air humidifying plant climate walls for interiors, which are clamped for this purpose with adjusted pipe stands between floor and ceiling (see description below), and which, due to the hygroscopic properties of sand-lime brick, the moisture on a large surface to distribute,

- Build walls that match the grid system of the remaining wall stones of a house, eg. B. Windbreak walls on terraces;

- To use the stones at the same time as console stones for reinforced consoles in a masonry;

State of the art i. H. a. Supplementary and connecting elements, in particular of metal, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

The solutions proposed here, which promote the technical integration and the aesthetic differentiation of modern buildings, are unknown in shell stone construction; corresponding elements of Haustein are in historical buildings of technical and aesthetic standard; In precast concrete construction, they are in principle now self-evident. The use of sheet steel brackets, however, allows the minimum unit sizes customary in concrete skeleton construction (200mm) to be undercut so as to provide brackets with the minimum depth of 125mm.

Prior art i.h.a. the bendable composite of composite elements, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

The proposed technique of joining molded brick components with each other and with foundations on the reinforcement and sleeves is unknown; proven are screw and Preßfittingmuffen in Ortbetonbau; the proposed method is particularly useful when pillars, skeletons or even walls of great height are to be built, in which later only the ceilings are hung.

State of the art in prefabricated wall elements, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

Are known numerous methods to prefabricate walls or wall parts in the factory and to make them transportable by reinforcement, but which are all characterized by more or less complex joint grouting. Also known are precast concrete parts, the production of which is tied to expensive molds and the need to amortize the high volume mold making investments, apart from the poor physical properties of concrete. Not known is the industrial production of transportable Schalensteinwandtafeln, whether empty, partially or completely filled. Unknown is also the use of displacement bodies, in particular at the same time acting as a reinforcing pipes.

The advantages of the factory-side, in particular NC-controlled, machine-based creation of wall panels together with facing or

Facade cladding, absorber equipment and devices for accelerated final assembly, by reinforcement

are stiffened and therefore can be very slim, v. a. made of exposed masonry and in object-specific sizes of austenitic shaped stones are obvious. Particularly noteworthy is the possibility of blank panels and partial filling, as this means weight savings and thus increases the viable transport radius of such prefabricated walls.

State of the art in anchor technology, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

I. b. a. the state of the entire anchor technique is that anchors are either incorporated in the joint grouting, which requires the time-consuming, artisan bricking process and is necessarily imprecise, or that anchor components, e.g. U-rails, consuming be installed in a concrete formwork or that even more expensive-numerous anchors are subsequently doweled (screw, mortar, adhesive bucket), which also must be imprecise, so that the anchors are built according to elaborate, this again by Balance adjustment possibilities.

This is not required by the system by anchors - in particular by vending machines - are inserted into corresponding notches or slots, the factory with great precision, v.a. Already during the molding process, are attached to the stone and position the anchor exactly, so that readjustments omitted. The anchors dig into the core concrete, virtually any force can be introduced.

This is known for Styrofoam pebbles, but not for other pebbles.

State of the art in lattice panels, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

Known and common are uniaxially directed ceilings, z. Example of lattice girders in conjunction with Ausfachungskörpern for the creation of concrete floors, whole ceiling slabs, which are stiffened with lattice girders and are used as permanent formwork for in-situ concrete reinforced Holmenkanaldecken concrete, reinforced ceiling tiles made of special bricks, panels that are connected with zigzag metal strips, and so-called lightweight ceilings in which using formworks a pressure-absorbing, matt-reinforced in-situ concrete layer is produced, which is supported by open lattice girders with Unterzugfunktion. According to the advertisement, "4 advantages" are already achieved: "60% less concrete, 60% less steel, 60% less weight, 60% less construction time".

Single- and biaxial tensioned ceilings are usually made in the form of concrete ribbed ceilings, either in-situ concrete - with huge effort on formwork, formwork support, displacement bodies, release agents and working time of which whole industries live, or in ready-mixed concrete in the form of so-called T or TT Ceilings or vats, also with great effort on mechanically movable, reusable steel molds, but already with reduced working time. The still massive use of concrete in the joist area as stiffening and protective material, v. a. against fire, however, is oversized, especially since these ceilings are usually provided with suspended ceilings, which can take over the fire protection function.

Also known are attempts to connect lattice girders with mats as Gurtgittern. There are also attempts to construct biaxially oriented lattice girder systems by placing them crosswise like a grate / 1 /. Of importance here is also an approach / 2 /, statically highly effective spatial lattice work of wire mats to form, the "triangulation or trapezium forming in a suitable manner ... connected" to be unfolded and "connected again" so that "A crosswise reinforcement of the straps" results, "which causes a minimum bending moment height in the straps". The concept obviously does not aim at a biaxial directionality, since the reinforcing reinforcements, as can be seen from drawing 6, have trapezoidal bends, which make them appear to be suitable neither for tensile nor compressive loads, but only as concrete beams. Incidentally, a decisive technical problem is circumvented by the phrase "suitably" or given only as an unresolved problem, namely how the mats are to be concretely constructed A crossed interweaving of straight bars would be for example both for the production of mats by robots and In addition, thicker steel wire, such as mild steel, can not be sharply bent, but is known to have only one bending roll, usually four times the diameter of a wire, but the mat creases in drawing 1 are sharp; Drawings 4 and 5 indicate double taping, however, the mats no longer had "triangular or trapezoidal" stitches, but contained hexagons with two round corners, the bending points of the zigzag bars.

Also, the other variants proposed here, the Strebewerks, Vergurtungsgestaltung and stiffened multi-layer structures are not included in the invention, the only a "lightweight, two-shell ceiling or support structure with fabric-free axis" or a backfilling by "large-scale perforation in one of the two formwork surfaces "provides. However, the proposed reinforcements of the braces are important when working with thin wires or thin bending roll diameter, so an approximately sharp bend is to be achieved, so that the pressure and tensile forces acting in the struts are as straight as possible transferred to the straps. In any case, the straightness of the struts is doubled when the girth is doubled since the bending of the zigzag bars i.d.F. outside the Gurtebene lies.

The proposed variants further offer the advantages of biaxial directed or undirected lightweight structures that are stiffened by filigree, multi-layered construction with minimal, functionally differentiated material costs and fire and corrosion protection, which can be installed without installation support and formwork and also can be advantageously connected with composite stone walls.

State of the art stiffened panels or polyaxial panels and their production, criticism, solution to the problem and their advantages:

Known are simple and composite panels, mainly with uniaxial stiffening, such as corrugated, trapezoidal or dovetail panels, which can also be frictionally connected with flat panels. Also known composite panels with biaxial stiffening, which is achieved by connecting uniaxial profiles with or without connection to flat profiles crosswise. Much used are facade panels from large-scale deformed and thereby ausgestied panels, which are not suitable for a cost-Takttiefzieh or rolling process. In addition, non-slip treads made of die-cut perforated sheet metal, which are stiffened on one or two axes, which come close to the polyaxial arc profiles, whose reinforced surface is, however, undermined by the perforations, are also commonly used. Finally, flat so-called sandwich panels with insulating fillers have been proposed or commercially available. The state of the art also includes the principle of the "stressed skin panel", usually with honeycomb lamellae, rarely with stiffening panels made of a slightly thermoformable surface, in no case such panels, which themselves are stiffened biaxially.

"It is (further) known that plates, in particular metal sheets, which are corrugated in two mutually perpendicular directions or in several oblique directions, have substantial static and, for further use, useful advantages over flat or unidirectional corrugated plates (corrugated sheet) respectively. While one-directional corrugated plates, in particular corrugated sheets or the like, have been manufactured and used for a long time worldwide, multi-directional corrugated plates or sheets have heretofore been produced on a trial basis and are therefore not available on the market today, "said Offenlegungsschrift 3146432, in the 1981 an endless thermoforming process for such sheets is proposed.However, from the description of the sheets is not clear, whether it is in our sense to parallel or interfering profiles, Kreuzwellpaneele or sheet panels are composite panels from the patent sheets are not proposed; the unclear surface definition may not be enough even to describe other profiles that would use the following profile composite ^third

1 s. Offenlegungsschrift 2406852 and Weller a. supra, p.61.

2 s. Laid-Open Publication 2113245.

3 "Such a plate formed by deep-drawing, corrugated in two or more directions, represents a surface of space that is difficult to define with mathematical mean in space geometry." (P.6).

Also known are so-called "bump plates", for example, with distal rows of embossed truncated cones, which are not stiffened, but only compression resistant and their strength only by the combination with other panels, eg., Sheet metal or other Hucker plates obtained it is well known to the author that student works were written on "humpback plates" with irregular profiles.

Except for the panels in the aforementioned patent, none of the proposed polyaxial panels is known for static purposes. However, it has been proposed a panel with the profile of a curved panel, but not with static function, but as a plaster carrier.

With bump composite metal sheets, the mirror-symmetrical composite panels are comparable to paraboloidal, one-sided sheet metal sheets; However, bumpers with flat, bendable strips between the bumps have the disadvantage of not being as crush resistant as a continuous arched panel which, when under pressure tends to bend and bulge, is stiffened by the second panel, which is stiffened with its Attaches foot points in exactly the line between the paraboloid, which would be the only not kink resistant and therefore easily bulge; however, buckling resistance is crucial in a composite panel in the pressure zone.

Particularly advantageous mirror-symmetrical pattern rib strip panels of serpentine zigzag profiles, in which serpent-like wavy zigzag profiles, e.g. made of sheet metal in connection with welded flat sheets, the principle of the Stressed Skin Panel:

1. There is no straight line, such as B. in bumpy panels in which a flat cover panel under pressure on or could buckle, since the serpentine contours of the panel form from all side views ago no straight through valley;

2. If the stiffening profile compressed under pressure in one direction, the deformation pressure is transferred to the top panel, which is placed under tension, since the mirror-symmetrical waves arising at the connecting lines of the strips would definitely have to be in one direction, against tensile forces However, flat sheets are much more resistant than compression.

3. The continuous corrugated slats are perfectly resistant to pressure and shear forces. The advantageous properties of system lightweight panels are supported by the proposed, stiffening fillings, be it heavy fillings in the extreme zones or foam fillings in the zero zone, which also bring corrosion and fire protection.

The basic advantage of lightweight panels made of sheet metal is that the roof structure significantly reduced and simplifies the assembly, as it turns out a steel beam to plate, making it a panel of several meters span and so z. B. saves the trapezoidal sheets, which are usually designed as useless weight between carriers.

This design is particularly advantageous when lightweight panels are connected via Expanderangeln to undirected structures.

The proposed liquid mechanical clock-deep drawing method is comparable to methods such as the Gummikissentiefziehen or the Hydro-Mec method, which are not suitable for Takttiefziehen and are much more wear-prone or more expensive (rubber wear, pressure chamber). The problems of tearing and crushing that occur during mechanical deep-drawing are minimized here. A simultaneous anti-corrosion coating of the panels incorporates two operations.

State of the art in the stiffening of hollow sections and rod heads of latticework rods, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

The advantages of stiffening hollow profiles made of highly pressure-resistant and resistant materials are obvious, since their properties do not come into play sufficiently when buckling or breaking out of the loaded area precedes their utilization. No structural profile in the living nature, the not concentrated, kraftaufnehmende strands and / or bowls and loosened up, stiffening Markzonen exhibit. However, in construction practice, at most, the stiffening of steel through concrete is used; even more inventive is the construction of iron cement ships, whose shells reach the strength of steel at a much lower weight; pressure-loaded tubes of spatial gridworks e.g. stay

i. d. R. hollow. This has its reasons v. a. in corrosion protection techniques, since the parts are usually hot-dip galvanized and painted after the welding of the orifices or corners. The problem can be solved by screwing and / or galvanic galvanizing and final painting.

Particularly advantageous here is the proposed, closed form of rod heads, since alone by them the corrosion problems and the aesthetic irritation of the usual holes in the pipe walls for the purpose of screw insertion is avoided. Klobig is also the solution of the Kebakeilkopfsystems, whose heads are indeed welded around, but no simultaneous fixation of both pipe ends by rotation of the entire tube. In particular, this form allows very compact nodes, since the usual outer nut and the mounting space are not necessary for it.

The wrapping of tubes with fins is known for heat exchanger purposes, but not in connection with bivalve tubes and the known hydraulic expansion method for the purpose of stiffening.

State of the art in Fugensteinen, criticism, solution of the problem and its advantages:

Spacers in approximately featheropperiförmiger expression are known. However, these spacers do not form joints sufficiently sized for plant growth or heat exchanger conduits. For this purpose, one uses separate spacers pieces of wood chips or plastic, which must be time consuming to be laid by hand or not machaschinversetzbar. In contrast, the integration of the spacers in the stone is an improvement.

Unknown is an opposite groove that makes the plaster bandage immovable. Similarly, the shortening of the spring tuft to the knob, which gives the plaster bandage, an improvement.

The advantages of the climatic plaster, which can be formed from joint stones by inserting absorber lines are to use such a patch both as an absorber and for short-term heating to defrost, which increases the absorber performance and road safety.

It should be mentioned here extra that can advantageously build with Fugensteinen storage ponds and Gewässerbetten with Wärmetauscherleitungen by these trough-shaped and curved designed to be provided with heat exchanger lines and, if necessary, with reinforcement and grouted with mortar. This can be straight-sided tubs with

Reinforced wall termination be made of masonry blocks (Armierungsverbund) or e.g. Tubs with a circular axis, the joints widening outwards; The structure is ideal because the joints of the stones make the insertion of hoses and reinforcement easy, or if a storage pond floor in embankment and / or sidewalk pavement should go over and if no expensive shotcrete machine is to be used.

List of figures:

The stronger, solid lines represent visible edges in all figures except Fig. 12, the finer visible contour lines or boundaries of wave profiles or curves, the dashed lines invisible contour lines, rounding and wave boundaries and edges esp. On the underside of the stones ; in Fig. 12, dashed lines represent rounding u. Wave boundary lines, dotted invisible edges and boundary lines; Hatching indicates cut surfaces or shadows.

Fig. 1: wall of pebbles with Polyaxialpaneel, underside and edge of sheet metal, the upper side with steel mesh and concrete layer, filled with light bulk material, inserted into the wall via a steel binding element, which is placed centrally on a T-iron

Fig. 2: Wall of central knobs with lattice girder reinforced with ceiling of lattice panels with underside concrete layer and lattice beam reinforced as self-supporting formwork Ortbetonverguß

Fig. 3: rotor stone with honeycomb-shaped vertical channels in a perspective view obliquely from above Fig.4: rotor stone with honeycomb-shaped vertical channels in a perspective view obliquely from below Fig. 5; Supervision of runner stone with right-angled vertical channels

Fig. 6: supervision runner stone with honeycomb vertical channels

Figure 7; Overhead box stone with right-angled vertical channels

Fig. 8: Top view box stone with honeycomb vertical channels

Fig. 9: Side view of a runner's stone

Fig. 10; Cross section through the center of the box block with honeycomb vertical channels Fig. 11; Top view 45 ° angular stone without representation of the bearing surface profiling Fig. 12: Top view of joint stone with burls, mortar cannulas, vertical filling channels, webs, positioning grooves and chamfer Fig. 13: Side view of a shell stone with reinforcement, profile-following spacer and clamping hook

Fig. 14: Side view of a clam shell wall made of stone blocks with reinforcement, insulation, composite organ between front and rear wall and inserted in the facing Absorberleitungen

Fig. 15: Bowl stones interlocked in the right-angled offset

Fig. 16: three bowl stones with reinforcement and installation

Fig. 17: Longitudinal section through shell stone with honeycomb-shaped vertical channel cross section Fig. 18: Central knobbed stone with overlapping as grip aids

Fig. 19: Side view and top view of central knob stone for dry masonry Fig. 20: Central knob stone wall with tendon and roof beams

FIG. 21: perspective view of a polyaxial profile or a sheet panel FIG. 22: perspective top view of a polyaxial panel or a zigzag coil panel FIG. 23: plan view of a double cross panel

Fig. 24: Overhead double axled panel

Fig. 25: Cross section of tube head with screw for screwing by rotation of the tube Fig. 26: Cross section of tube head with screw for screwing by rotation of a sleeve nut Fig. 27: Cross section of tube head for attachment to webs

Fig. 28: Knot of a lattice panel with prefabricated Strebewerk of pairs welded together, zigzag curved bars in two views

Fig. 29: 2 sections through latticework of zigzag carriers with struts squeezed out tubes.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

poor = Reinforcement asp = Recess ks = Concrete beams bet = Concrete bpa = Concrete panels with lattice work reinforcement bre = Board bsm = Welded steel mat Daem = Insulation dpg = Double transverse belt fas = Fasung fed = Spring FLZ = Fold fnp = Spring tuft fut = Lining wood grh = Grip aid gtr = Latticework / lattice girder hak = Reinforcing hook hkl = Hollow wedge hpr = Mounting profiles Mr = Hook groove

hVR = Horizontal Vergussrille HZK = Horizontal filling channel кап = Kannelur klh = Clamping hook kno = Node was = Longitudinal belt loc = Perforation moek = Mortar cannula / pan courage = Mother nos = Nail plate пор = Knob or spring cup nut = Groove obn = above pfa = Pan pre = profile-following spacer Per = Profile qug = Cross belt r = Radius ran = Edge ril = Positioning groove rin = Ring beams raw = Pipe ro к = Pipe head sb = Base beam sRA = Screw srk = Screw head SSZ = Dovetail stb = Bridge base stg = Bridge str = Strut SWSS = Welding electrode utn = below vhk = Vertical half channel vsn = Offset groove vvk = Vertical full channel vvr = Vertical casting tube or channel zng = Toothing zr = Central tube for tendons

Claims (54)

1.4. Screwed, spatial pipe truss panels for light, wide-span tensile structures, especially for joists on profile composite and lattice panels, characterized in that the screw is pre-installed either together with a pipe head in the pipe and that a spring in the screw Direction of the tube axis from the pipe head presses against a thread to be connected or that the screw is screwed transversely or obliquely to the tube axis from the outside by a pipe head and a web to be connected (Fig. 25-27). 1.3. Irreversible composite, spatial truss or lattice panels for light, widely exciting, esp. Translucent surface structures, characterized in that zigzag pre-bent and preassembled rods form the Strebewerk and that further, flat or lattice-like elements form the straps, especially sheets or wire mesh, and that the latticework panels are tensioned at least biaxially and that they are in particular connected by machine welding (Figures 28, 29); 1.2. Elongated composite profile panels for light, wide-span tensile structures, characterized in that the element which forms the static height of the panel consists of a flat material, which is stiffened by regular spatial formation in at least two axes, esp. But polyaxially stiffened, in that the surface no longer has a straight crease-axis due to the spatial shaping, at which it only has the thickness of the flat material itself, and in that this element is stiffened by at least one, in particular two further elements in at least one belt zone, esp. further stiffened in both belt zones (Fig. 21-24); 1.1. Composite bricks for dry mounting with molded, concave and convex composite organs and precast parts of such composite bricks for heavy, high pressure resistant, esp. Vertical structural parts, characterized in that the composite bricks have composite organs on the bearing surfaces and the composite organs no sharp, risk of collision, but only rounded, have edge-resistant edges, in particular half-wave, circular arc and other fillets (Figures 1-20); 1. Building system made of molded bricks and lightweight structures for the creation of environmentally friendly buildings by industrial prefabrication and / or self-help, especially for high-rise and hall buildings with large, column-free spans and for the factory prefabrication of individually dimensionable components made of heavy mineral and light metallic composite materials, consisting of structural elements characterized as follows : 2. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the edges are rounded in the cross sections of the composite organs with a radius of> 2.5mm (Fig.9,10). 3. construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the floor plans of the composite structural elements at the ends with a radius of> 2.5mm, in particular with a radius of 10mm, rounded stop edges (Figure 3-8) show; the forms of the composite organs are in particular the following: - in so-called nubs or pans (FIGS. 12, 17), the layouts are full-circle or oval, - In spring-IMOPpen or groove pans (Figure 3-8) oblong with a length of less than four times the width, in particular with parallel flanks and half or quarter circularly rounded ends; - At tongue and groove oblong with a length of more than four times the width or infinite circular shape, in particular annular (Fig. 12) or arcuate. 4. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that the composite members are flattened (Fig.9,10), by means of - a flat top surface and / or - a limited height, in particular to 2.5 to 5mm. 5. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the rounded entrance edges of the convex composite members are less flat rounded than the shallow rounded entrance edges of the concave composite organs. 6. construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the concave composite organs - have steeper input profiles than the convex and - That between concave composite organs game is installed, which ensures the accuracy of fit of the composite organs even after some abrasion of the mold (Fig.6,8). 7. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite members do not extend like tongue and groove with open ends over the entire length of an element, but that they are bounded in the running direction and transversely to the running direction at least outwardly (Fig -8th). 8. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the abutment surfaces have concave composite organs, in particular groove-like, for receiving convex composite organs of horizontal or standing stones. 9. construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite organs for angled, unrotatable offset of stones on each other and in fixed screen angles - Do not extend like tongue and groove over the full length of an element, but are so interrupted or limited in their longitudinal extent and in any direction of rotation that they congruent both in the rotor association and in angled teeth of the stones, especially at right-angled teeth ineinanderrasten (Fig. 15), wherein even parts of the bearing surfaces do not meet in transverse offset on convex composite organs; the congruence of the composite organs after twisting is given by the fact that they - either on a straight line through the center of rotation and / or - mirror symmetry next to such a line and / or - simply and in the same direction of rotation next to such lines - and that they have the same distance from the center of rotation - and that the angle between the diacentric lines defines the screen angle, - wherein the diazentrischen straights are in particular diagonals and corner angle-halving. 10. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that in composite organs for angled, articulated offset of stones on each other with conditionally freely selectable angle at least the concave composite members rotationally symmetric, continuous shape (Fig. 12) and they are either of a circular outline in the common axis of rotation, forming the head and the socket, as in the case of a ball-and-socket joint, - Or the composite organs are eccentric and are arranged on a ring, wherein at least the concave composite members are continuous, so that the concave composite members are displaceable in a ring groove. 11. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that composite organs for angled offset of stones (Figure 3-8) on each other and the T-shaped toothing of a wall with another on all stone types, such. As runners stones, and not only on special cornerstones, are attached. 12. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the composite members for the angular offset of stones of any width on stones of any other width are characterized in that either - Follow separate composite organs in the same grid steps successive, in which the stone widths increase (Fig. 17), or / and - That the convex composite organs come to rest on angled stones only in the range of concave Verfüllhohlräumen (Fig. 3-8), and / or - That concave composite organs extend over a larger space so that they can accommodate the convex composite organs of stones of several widths (Fig. 3-8). 13. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that shaped bricks for the construction of dry stone are characterized by the following features: - They are equipped with vertical perforations, which are provided for the introduction of tendons (Figures 18-20), which are in particular expanded for the introduction of tendons with countersunk nuts and pressure distribution elements at the openings. - The holes are not greater than necessary for the introduction of tendons; - The stones carry on the visible edges fangs to seal the joints with parallel or undercut Fasungseingängen; - The stones are especially equipped with grip aids on the butt sides. 14. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite stones for filling with mortar are characterized in that - whose filling channels are not larger than those required for backfilling with pourable mortar or a similarly viscous and equal-grained filling material, if necessary in combination with reinforcing bars; horizontal fill channels are either sized - That they have only sealing function, especially in conjunction with inlaid, non-viscous sealing materials, eg. Cardboard; or - that they assume a predominant part of the loads when filled; - Full vertical filling channels are inside, especially in the middle, half at the edge. 15. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the shaped blocks are formed as shell stones with sufficiently large channels for backfilling with composite masses with a granularity of> 8mm, especially fluid concrete; - The stone blocks are made of a material with a gross density of <1.8kg / kbdm. 16 construction system, in particular according to claim 1 and the above, characterized in that the shaped stones are characterized as supporting shell stones for forming a statically equivalent bond between trays shell stones and filling material, in particular heavy concrete, by the following features: - The stones are made of a material with a bulk density of> 1.8kg / kbdm, with equivalent or greater elasticity i.b.a. made the selected core material, equivalent or lesser shrinkage, in particular sand-lime brick with a Scherbenrohdichte of 1.8 to 2.2 kg / kbdm, so that the stones in combination with a filler of equivalent density, especially heavy concrete, also a heavy, especially monolithic dressing with an overall density in the range of> 2 kg / kbdm; - The walls carry with, without in addition to the filling process separately composite materials are introduced into the bearing joints, i. e.g. without grouting in a separate operation; - The stones are made in a single molding process with nominal deviations that allow the offset without bonding compounds in the bearing joints, in particular <± 0.5mm in height and <+ 2mm in length. 17. Bausystem, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized, Schalensteinwandungen, in particular Tragschalensteinwandungen, for non-positive teeth and wedging with the filler core recesses in walls and bearing surfaces of the stones having - open from the outside in, in particular increasingly, and - In particular wave-shaped cross section and / or wedge shape or trapezoidal shape, in particular both in cross section and in longitudinal section; - In particular, such mortar cannulas or nose-like hollow wedges (Fig, 3-8, 12, 14, 17) installed in the upper and lower bearing surface in the opposite direction, so that two coincident on a bearing joint hollow wedges complement each other in mirror symmetry. 18. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1 and the preceding claim, characterized in that the hollow wedges as concave composite members (Fig 3-10,14) are formed, engage in the bearing surface side opening the convex composite members. 19. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that the outer walls of the support shell stones by dovetails (Fig. 9, 10) are clawed to the Füllmassekern; the dovetails are formed by grooves undercut the walls or parts adjoining the walls wedge-forming. 20. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that - The bearing surfaces of the composite stones, which carry the convex composite organs, for the purpose of reversibility of the stones (Fig. 3-10), in particular for producing a bearing joint without convex composite organs, concave recesses which receive the convex composite organs of fallen stones, which in particular following Arrangement of composite organs on the upper bearing surface is required: two pairs of convex composite organs are in the outer 2 quarters of a stone, two pairs of concave composite organs are in the inner two quarters of a stone. 21. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the shell stones have webs which connect the walls between vertical filling channels, wherein the webs are in particular mirror-symmetrical on or around the halving lines of the stone halves, wherein a central, vertical filling full Channel and two marginal, vertical filling half-channels, which open to the impact surface (Fig.3-8). 22. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that the composite stones horizontal Verfüll-half-channels, which open to at least one storage joint out, in particular to both storage joints and complement each other in the stone composite to full channels and that the cross section of the horizontal filling half-channels opens trapezoidally towards the outside (FIGS. 9, 10, 14). 23. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that shaped bricks for arbitrary shortening of a wall without violating the marginal, vertical filling half-channel by removing corresponding stone sections inside the wall concave, groove-like composite organs have to accommodate the grid position from shifting, convex composite members: these offset grooves (Figs. 3-8) are formed by removing parts which, in accordance with the grid, separate the composite members; the offset groove extends in particular over the inner two quarters of a stone. 24. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite stones for the fixed insertion of horizontal Armierungsstangen at defined distances from the stone walls, which are necessary to achieve various standard Füllmassendeckungen according to the climatic conditions, positioning grooves (Fig.9,10,13 , 14) on and / or under the webs; - The sequence of positioning grooves is the same in the near-edge area for stones of different thicknesses. 25. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that profile-following spacers (FIG. 9) for inserting horizontal reinforcing rods are characterized at a distance from the stone bridges, characterized - That they have a groove on the underside, which is positively to the positioning grooves on the webs, and - That they have on the top of notches for positioning steel rods of different thickness at the same distance from the wall, the outwardly perpendicular walls, inwardly sloping walls show, and - That they are in particular made of extruded cement and - That they are profiled to ensure the immobility in the direction of the wall either vertically so that they engage around the web edges around, or that elements are installed, which strike the webs, in particular of wire. 26. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that vertical Armierungsstangen for fixing to horizontal Armierungsstangen by clamping hooks (Fig. 9) are clamped, wherein the clamping hooks are in particular made of plastic and are even clamped to the Armierungsstangen. 27. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that stones for the creation of fair-faced brickwork without contamination by leaking filler mass on the visible sides peripheral Kantenfasungen (Fig. 3-10) for introducing sealing compounds whose inputs to achieve a bond between stone and Sealant are parallel-walled or undercut. 28. Bausystem, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite stones as angle blocks (Fig. 11) for the construction of non-rectangular wall angles are characterized in that - The Winkelbildezwickel fills the space between two stone elements, which are set at a corresponding angle to each other so that their abutting edges form the Winkelelfußpunkt, and that - The Zwickelwandungen extend the outer walls of the stones, either to the bisecting line, or - The gusset is shortened at the bisector perpendicular to this wall width and that - Specify the angle stones in particular angle of 135 ° and the angle in a right-angled, so-called Pythagorean triangle with side lengths of 3.4 and 5 whole length units. 29. Construction system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite stones, in particular peel stones as box stones or stones for the construction of soffits or pillars or pilasters (Fig. 7, 8) are characterized in that at least one abutment side of the stones a wall is closed in full height; The stones have either two bars around a central filling channel or a bridge in the middle; Semi-box stones carry convex composite organs, in particular towards the open side, whereas concave composite members on a bearing surface extend towards the closed side. 30. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite stones for the construction of steel stone ceilings have the following features: - By a recess on the edge, in particular by omitting a marginal flank of shell stones, insertion stones are formed for insertion on and between composite support, wherein the recess has the height of the support bar of the carrier; - From box blocks are for the construction of composite beams with support foot bar and with reinforcement, in particular in the form of lattice girders and reinforcing baskets, in conjunction with potting, shortened stones, in particular formed in a U-shape or square shape, the height of the recess in the insertion rocks to have. 31. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that support shell stones are marked as special pillar stones in that the outer walls of the stone in the plan view in particular double-square, wide U-shape, wherein the "U" braced by three webs is: one connects the short side walls parallel to the long outer wall at a distance from the butt joint ensuring the butt joint filling, and is connected at right angles to the other two webs with the long outer wall, the short webs are over the long web out to the The ridges are arranged so that they are in a square pillar with two stones per layer and rotated by 90 ° layers in the vertical direction or that a long bridge is congruent over two short bars and their extensions. 32. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite stones, in particular support shell stones, as multi-layer stones are characterized in that in addition to a first Verfüllebene at least a second is created by at least two stones assembled into a stone with a common partition wall are. 33. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite bricks wear as cover course stones factory-applied cover layers, in particular glued tiles, flagstones and insulation, which is additionally secured in particular by dowels, wherein the dowels are frictionally engaged in the following manner: - To the rear of the dowel protrudes into the filler core, in particular by notches, slots or holes with conical openings, and to the stop on the other side; - To the front, the dowels carry either hinged reinforcement mats for plastering, or - They are clawed in a mortar plug sitting in a hole in a cover element, wherein the hole shows a parallel-walled or undercut entrance profile, or - They carry other facade elements, especially lattices; - The dowels are in particular made of glass fiber reinforced resin. 34. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite blocks are characterized as cover plates by the following features: - their dimensions correspond to those of the right-angled wall parts of pebbles or those of the floor plans; - The shock and / or bearing surfaces carry recesses which receive the convex composite organs of trays shell stones when the cover plate is inserted homologous to stone walls in a bandage; - The backstones contains recesses that receive the composite organs, when the cover plate is as a cover on support shell stones, and holes for receiving the dowel mortar plugs; - the front edges are beveled. 35. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that stones are characterized as Kalziumsilikatdämmsteine characterized in that they carry an insulating layer of Kalziumsilikatdämmstoff; the insulation layer is either - glued on or - molded. 36.4. The spacers are shortened to achieve a hinged rock formation on two opposite sides, in particular by draw plates, knob-like. 36.3. The spacers do not protrude beyond the upper edge of the substrate or allow the insertion of temperature, transport, media lines in the joints. 36.2. The spacers extend at least over the lower or rear half of the molded block and provide the adjacent stones on two opposite sides at least three non-tilting support points for the purpose of gripping stone constructions with lifting tongs. 36.1. The stones carry at their buttocks feather pens or springs as spacers that keep gaps between the stones whose width is sufficient at least for a traffic-resistant planting with grass and or the insertion of temperature, transport, media lines. 36. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that composite stones are marked as joint paving stones by the following features: 37. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that composite prefabricated concrete parts, in particular supporting shell stone prefabricated parts, are characterized by the following features: - they are composed of several composite stones; - they are prefabricated in the factory; - They are equipped with transport reinforcement - they are partially or completely filled. 38. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that supplementary parts or connecting parts, in particular made of concrete and / or steel for installation in composite prefabricated bricks are characterized - that they are adapted to the grid dimensions of the stones, - That they are equipped with composite organs, preferably with tongue and groove - And that they contain, if necessary, at least in the edge region systemic recesses for filling or clamping; - The body consists of a braced with webs box and contains in particular threaded sockets for attaching composite organs, in particular consoles, or - firmly attached composite organs, in particular bearing plates in capital elements. 39. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that components, in particular finished parts of supporting shell stones, are connected to each other by the following connecting means: Armierungsstäbe, which are inserted in freed vertical channels and which carry a thread at the lower end, in particular a conical, which is screwed into a threaded sleeve, which sits in particular at the upper end of the next lower bar; - Cylinder sleeves, which include a piston and with her glochten ground with a game a rod on the piston and are screwed onto a piston to be connected; - Components carry perforated webs or pipe sections, especially on rigid bases, z. B. on L-profiles, or eyelets, especially in threaded sleeves or dowels screwed eyelets that overlap or interlock axially aligned; - Fishing rods are inserted through these composite organs; - Components which are placed between vertical structural parts, especially composite prefabricated parts, are made by a filling compound, especially in the edge region so pressure resistant that they can pass on the loads of the vertical structure. 40. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that extendable by thread fishing for connecting components have the following structure: - On threaded rods, which are rotatable from above by a profile and by means of keys, sit in the amount of the piercings wedge screws, with the following structure from one side to another: a co-rotating base, z. B. a welded nut; a wedge in which the threaded rod rotates freely; two webs with trapezoidal cross-section, the flanks of which rest parallel to the flanks of the wedge, prefixed z. B. of expandable adhesive tapes or a breakable bond; a threaded wedge, parallel to the flanks of the trapezoidal webs fitting, which is held unrotatable upon rotation of the threaded rod of the trapezoidal webs, wherein the webs are again held by non-circular perforations of the perforated webs, so that the threaded wedge is screwed in the direction of the wedge and hole the trapezoidal webs apart and against the Lochsteglochungen presses; 41. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, with angling for connecting components, characterized in that they are expandable by flow pressure and have the following further features: - The expansion of Expanderangeln is by pumping a particular later solidifying liquid, eg. As cement or synthetic resin, in an expandable, highly tear-resistant expander tube, which is either hard but spreadable sheathed, - In particular from profiled, z. B. grooved sheet my particular flattened tube, which is slotted in the region of the perforated webs, or - in the core of a rope, in particular of steel; or - The expander tube surrounds a reinforcing rod; - The filler neck, in particular a valve, in particular screwed to the Expanderschläuche, wherein the hose between two annular, parallel conical screws is clamped through which can be filled, wherein the first one pushed over the hose and this was then widened, after which the other inserted and both were tightened by screwing. 42.2. the web perforations are offset from each other at both ends, in particular in the form of a Z with shallow angles, and overlap mirror-symmetrically, so that the Expanderangel sets the webs under pressure at one end and under train at the other. 42.1. are mirror-symmetrical and the webs overlap offset in such a way that they receive either uniform train or pressure, or 42. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, with perforated webs for the connection of components, in particular by means of Expanderangeln, characterized in that they - Wear elongated perforations shaped in such a way that the webs are frictionally fixed either by tension on an expander hinge (a.a.O.) either on both sides, or on one side on tension and on the other on pressure; This is ensured by the holes either 43. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, with a hook traverse for lifting compound stones, in particular peeling stones, and in particular of whole, unfilled wall panels, which is characterized in that it carries interchangeably fixed hooks on a Traverse, which engage in the vertical channels of the wall panels and hook under the webs of the lowest stone layer. 44. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, with a pestle for compressing filling materials, which is characterized in that it carries a two-handle rotary handle above and consists of a rod, in particular of steel, which is shaped so that when turning the Crank moves a surrounding filling material, in particular zigzag, wavy, spiral or threaded. 45. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, characterized in that multi-axis stiffened panels, short polyaxial panels have the following features: The panels show - continuous contour lines or - discontinuous contour lines, wherein the circumscribed by the contour lines stiffening elements are interlocked so that no ungausgesteifteen, straight line is formed in the panel; the panels are - spatially formed either from parallel profiles, or - composed of different, interfering profiles that are not congruent and not parallel in the projective representation of the panel. 46. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that parallel polyaxial panels are divided into - watchful (seen from above or below) and from the side (from one side) straight-lined and - nichtgeradachsige or profilachsige, z. B. wave-axis profiles (Figure 22), resulting in combinations: e.g. supervisory straight-axis and laterally wave-like wave profiles; careful wave-axis, laterally straight-axis wave profiles; guarded and lateral wavy wave profiles; - supervised profile-axis panels are so-called pattern rib panels (Fig. 22). 47. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that in pattern rib strip panels (Fig. 22) strips of pattern rib panels are mirror-symmetrically opposed to each other connected to a Polyaxialpaneel. 48. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, with Polyaxialverbundpaneelen, characterized by the following features: - Polyaxialpaneele, especially biaxial and curved panels, serve as stiffening spacers for uniaxial profile panels with non-crossed profile axes, which preferably have the same profile and on one side of the Polyaxialpaneels parallel to one axis and on the other side parallel to the other axis, or even on both sides parallel , are inserted and fixed in a form-fitting manner, so that a non-directional compression-resistant and rigid composite profile is formed, which is preferably used for the pressure zone of multilayer cross-sectional composite panels or in turn, for example is bounded at the bottom with a flat plate, z. B. a cross corrugated profile in conjunction with two corrugated and two flat sheets; - Polyaxialpaneele are with other panels on tape, z. B. punches, connected, in particular welded through; - Polyaxialpaneele are particularly connected to straps made of sheet metal and mild steel mats, the latter being reinforced in particular with concrete (Fig. 1 a) - Polyaxialverbundpaneele are stiffened in particular by porous, foam-like materials, in particular foam glass. 49. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, with mirror-symmetrical Polyaxialverbundpaneelen, characterized in that two polyaxial panels are mirror-inverted rotated against each other and in particular against each other offset aufeinanderoderineeinandereinander; This is ensured by the fact that the panels have surfaces or lines for fixing the highlights, surfaces or lines of the other panel. 50. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, with lattice panels (Figure 2), characterized in that the Strebewerk whole and straps are partially formed of a structural steel mat, which is welded in a flat plane of straight and zigzag bars and then bent zigzag; - The strap bars form when bending the mat either a simple bending axis for the zigzag struts or - The strap bars are doubled in parallel, so that they run along the break points of the zigzag bars along; The bending axis runs here as a vector through the break points, which lie after bending outside the belt plane and either - do not touch, so that the mat forms a trapezoidal pattern, or - Touch, so that the zigzag bars, seen in the direction of the zigzag bars, outside the belt plane form small triangles; - In parallel to the belt bars are in the mat in particular bars or intermediate straps arranged to stiffen the zigzag struts by forming one or more Zwischengurtebenen; - Transverse to the belt bars in the mat, in particular between the zigzag bars straight bars are arranged, which are after the bending of the mat as so-called linear struts part of the Gitterstrebewerks; - In particular several zigzag bars are arranged with different angles in the mat, in particular mirror-symmetrical about straight bars or linear struts around, wherein the strut system is preferably stiffened by intermediate straps; - The mats are bent so that the straps are either inside or outside the Strebewerks the spacers. 51. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, with lattice panels, characterized in that - Zigzagged pre-bent rods are in particular in pairs and pre-fixed by machine welding V-shaped, which are then connected to grid mats, which in particular have simple longitudinal straps and parallel double transverse straps, which lie together so closely that the V-shaped break points of the Strebewerks during fixing, in particular welding, be connected with all three types of belts (Fig.28) or that - That in pairs V-shaped prefixed zigzag lattice girders are connected with cross straps, in particular welded, in particular, the struts of pipe sections with flattened ends and the straps for connection to concrete of structural steel are made (Fig. 29). 52. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, with lattice composite panels (Figure 2), characterized in that they are connected stiffening with other materials, - In particular, with concrete in the belt, in particular, the upper belt level consists of a sheet on which in turn a lattice is fixed to the claw with the concrete, and / or - With porous, foamy, low-mass materials for stiffening the Strebewerks, in particular with pore lightweight concrete or foam glass. 53. Building system, in particular according to claim 1, with screwed, spatial tubular frameworks, in particular in conjunction with composite stone elements, characterized in that to avoid mounting holes in the tubes for introducing a screw - The screw is either pre-installed in the pipe together with a pipe head and that a spring pushes the screw in the direction of the pipe axis from the pipe head against a thread to be connected, the screw either by a profile in the pipe head (Fig. 25) and a correspondingly profiled head on the screw is driven by the rotation of the tube, or by a sleeve nut subsequent to the tube head and a corresponding profile on the screw (Figure 26), the sleeve nut in particular undercuts a thickening of the screw with a perforated bottom, - Or that the screw is screwed transversely or obliquely to the tube axis from the outside by a pipe head and a web to be connected, the head is in particular divided into two and a part is fixed to the pipe and carries a thread and a toothing for transmitting tensile forces between the headboards ; the other carries a screw hole and a toothed counterpart and proposes to transmit compressive forces to the first (Figure 27). 54. Building system, in particular according to claim 1 and above, characterized in that the truss pipes are stiffened by the following means: There are filling profiles, in particular made of wood, inserted and, in particular after insertion with the profile by a filling material positively connected, either - by voids between profile and / or filler with another filling material, e.g. Polyester or mortar to be pressed, z. B. the clearances between a pipe and a square bar, wherein gaskets are used with holes into which the Füllstoffdruckleitungsmündungen be inserted or screwed, or - By the filler profiles are divided and provided with a tubular conduit which extends in the or the division planes, that is shared by this / n, and serves for backfilling, wherein the pressurized mass in the line presses the profile parts to the profile walls, or - By in the filling profiles across, longitudinally not over the full profile length continuous, preferably only concentrated in the profile center zone recesses are mounted, which is via one or more longitudinally passing filling channels, especially a central channel in a two-half profile, fill with filling compound and so one or more stiffening webs, in particular in a cross or star profile, form or - By the filler, in particular cement or synthetic resin, is pressed between two layers, in particular between two concentric tubes, in particular only parts of these layers, which are separated in particular by rings, are filled or - In particular by round tubes are braced to stiffen with spirals, then pushed into a second, form-fitting tube and then hydraulically expanded to the force fit. 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