CO4970759A1 - Metodo y aparato para transferencia de calor - Google Patents

Metodo y aparato para transferencia de calor

Info

Publication number
CO4970759A1
CO4970759A1 CO98012762A CO98012762A CO4970759A1 CO 4970759 A1 CO4970759 A1 CO 4970759A1 CO 98012762 A CO98012762 A CO 98012762A CO 98012762 A CO98012762 A CO 98012762A CO 4970759 A1 CO4970759 A1 CO 4970759A1
Authority
CO
Colombia
Prior art keywords
working fluid
heat transfer
fluid
container
bed
Prior art date
Application number
CO98012762A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Conochie David Stewart
Mark Jason Greenwood
Original Assignee
Kfx Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kfx Inc filed Critical Kfx Inc
Publication of CO4970759A1 publication Critical patent/CO4970759A1/es

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
    • F28F1/22—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
    • B01J8/0285—Heating or cooling the reactor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/08—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with moving particles
    • B01J8/12—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with moving particles moved by gravity in a downward flow
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/18—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion with moving charge
    • C10B47/20—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion with moving charge according to the moving bed type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B17/00—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement
    • F26B17/12—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement with movement performed solely by gravity, i.e. the material moving through a substantially vertical drying enclosure, e.g. shaft
    • F26B17/16—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement with movement performed solely by gravity, i.e. the material moving through a substantially vertical drying enclosure, e.g. shaft the materials passing down a heated surface, e.g. fluid-heated closed ducts or other heating elements in contact with the moving stack of material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B9/00—Machines or apparatus for drying solid materials or objects at rest or with only local agitation; Domestic airing cupboards
    • F26B9/06—Machines or apparatus for drying solid materials or objects at rest or with only local agitation; Domestic airing cupboards in stationary drums or chambers
    • F26B9/063—Machines or apparatus for drying solid materials or objects at rest or with only local agitation; Domestic airing cupboards in stationary drums or chambers for drying granular material in bulk, e.g. grain bins or silos with false floor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
    • F28C3/00—Other direct-contact heat-exchange apparatus
    • F28C3/10—Other direct-contact heat-exchange apparatus one heat-exchange medium at least being a fluent solid, e.g. a particulate material
    • F28C3/12—Other direct-contact heat-exchange apparatus one heat-exchange medium at least being a fluent solid, e.g. a particulate material the heat-exchange medium being a particulate material and a gas, vapour, or liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits having a single U-bend
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0006—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the plate-like or laminated conduits being enclosed within a pressure vessel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
    • B01J2208/00115—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements inside the bed of solid particles
    • B01J2208/00132—Tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
    • B01J2208/00115—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements inside the bed of solid particles
    • B01J2208/00141—Coils
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
    • B01J2208/00115—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements inside the bed of solid particles
    • B01J2208/0015—Plates; Cylinders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00796—Details of the reactor or of the particulate material
    • B01J2208/00823—Mixing elements
    • B01J2208/00831—Stationary elements
    • B01J2208/0084—Stationary elements inside the bed, e.g. baffles

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)

Abstract

Un método de calentamiento o enfriamiento de una carga de unmaterial sólido, método que incluye los pasos de: alimentación de la carga del material para formar un lecho empacado de sólidos dentro de un recipiente de procesamiento que tiene uno o más pasajes a través de los cuales puede fluir un fluido de transferencia de calor; paso de un fluido de transferencia de calor a través de uno o más pasajes; suministro de un fluido de trabajo a dicho recipiente; y circulación del fluido de trabajo a través de dicho lecho, en donde el paso de circulación incluye la remoción de por lo menos parte del fluido de trabajo desde una o más secciones del recipiente y posterior retorno del fluido de trabajo a otras secciones del recipiente, método a través del cual la transferencia indirecta de calor ocurre entre el fluido de intercambio de calor y la carga y entre el fluido de intercambio de calor y el fluido de trabajo, y mediante el cual la transferencia directa de calor ocurre entre dicho fluido de trabajo y la carga a medida que el fluido de trabajo circula a través del lecho.
CO98012762A 1997-03-05 1998-03-09 Metodo y aparato para transferencia de calor CO4970759A1 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPO5464A AUPO546497A0 (en) 1997-03-05 1997-03-05 Process vessel and method of treating a charge of material

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CO4970759A1 true CO4970759A1 (es) 2000-11-07

Family

ID=3799767

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CO98012762A CO4970759A1 (es) 1997-03-05 1998-03-09 Metodo y aparato para transferencia de calor

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US6249989B1 (es)
CN (1) CN1240988C (es)
AU (1) AUPO546497A0 (es)
CO (1) CO4970759A1 (es)
CZ (1) CZ300530B6 (es)
HU (1) HU223757B1 (es)
ID (1) ID25669A (es)
TR (1) TR199902174T2 (es)
WO (1) WO1998039613A1 (es)
ZA (1) ZA981815B (es)

Families Citing this family (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DK173654B1 (da) * 1998-04-06 2001-05-21 Asj Holding Aps Apparat til tørring af fugtigt materiale i partikelform i overhedet damp
KR100621713B1 (ko) 2000-09-26 2006-09-13 테크놀라지칼 리소시스 피티와이. 리미티드. 고체 물질의 품질개량 방법 및 장치
US7198655B2 (en) * 2004-05-03 2007-04-03 Evergreen Energy Inc. Method and apparatus for thermally upgrading carbonaceous materials
CN100363097C (zh) * 2004-09-29 2008-01-23 上海聚友化工有限公司 一种化工过程循环加热系统和方法
CN100357696C (zh) * 2005-10-21 2007-12-26 刘继清 竖式热管冷却机
GB2434195B (en) * 2006-01-12 2010-11-24 Dyson Technology Ltd Drying apparatus
CN100422677C (zh) * 2006-05-19 2008-10-01 登封电厂集团铝合金有限公司 煤粉干燥工艺及设备
US8021445B2 (en) * 2008-07-09 2011-09-20 Skye Energy Holdings, Inc. Upgrading carbonaceous materials
CN102089072B (zh) * 2008-07-11 2013-10-23 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 半结晶聚合物的热处理方法
CA2800166C (en) 2009-05-22 2018-08-21 The University Of Wyoming Research Corporation Efficient low rank coal gasification, combustion, and processing systems and methods
CN101703310B (zh) * 2009-11-06 2011-05-11 江苏牧羊集团有限公司 一种通道式饲料冷却器
CN102022932A (zh) * 2010-09-09 2011-04-20 郑用琦 一种固液热交换器
CN102072629B (zh) * 2011-01-11 2012-11-21 徐斌 一种对固体物料进行蒸煮的蒸煮器
EP2664370A1 (en) * 2012-05-18 2013-11-20 Michael Mogilevski Apparatus and process for concentrating a separable component of a slurry
CN102786977B (zh) * 2012-08-06 2014-12-24 山西鑫立能源科技有限公司 一种煤热解炉的入炉煤废气脱水器
DE102012108777A1 (de) * 2012-09-18 2014-03-20 Thyssen Krupp Uhde Gmbh Verfahren zur Kühlung von Feststoff und Anlage zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
CN102853640A (zh) * 2012-09-24 2013-01-02 中南大学 一种生物质立式烘干机
JP6216118B2 (ja) * 2013-01-11 2017-10-18 フタバ産業株式会社 熱交換器
CN103542739A (zh) * 2013-10-28 2014-01-29 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 一种高温细颗粒物料冷却排放系统
CN103712462B (zh) * 2013-12-27 2016-06-08 内蒙古蒙西鄂尔多斯铝业有限公司 一种粉煤灰石灰石煅烧氧化铝自粉化熟料间接冷却设备
US9562194B2 (en) * 2014-02-11 2017-02-07 Solex Thermal Science Inc. Torrefaction reactor
BE1022546B1 (nl) * 2014-03-21 2016-05-26 Bandit Nv Warmtewisselaar voor mistgenerator.
CN104296519A (zh) * 2014-10-14 2015-01-21 梁毅鸿 一种生物质燃料干燥装置
US10889067B1 (en) * 2015-04-13 2021-01-12 Lockheed Martin Corporation Tension-wound solid state additive manufacturing
CN106701107A (zh) * 2016-12-19 2017-05-24 湖南顶立科技有限公司 一种立式碳化设备
CN106766825A (zh) * 2017-02-13 2017-05-31 池州东升药业有限公司 一种药粉高效烘干装置
CN107629809A (zh) * 2017-11-03 2018-01-26 北京神雾电力科技有限公司 一种挂壁式快速热解装置
CN108676569B (zh) * 2018-03-05 2020-10-09 青岛伊诺威能源化工新技术有限公司 组合式固体有机物热解装置
CN110779318B (zh) * 2019-03-14 2022-04-01 邢台旭阳科技有限公司 一种湿煤干燥装置及利用其的湿煤干燥方法
CN110160353A (zh) * 2019-06-21 2019-08-23 沈林彬 一种用于炭材烘干设备的炭材干燥窑
CN112275219B (zh) * 2020-11-13 2024-05-14 江苏诚盟装备股份有限公司 一种聚合物高含量溶剂高效脱挥成套设备
CN113154818B (zh) * 2021-04-13 2023-03-17 定南大华新材料资源有限公司 一种用于氯化稀土的干燥装置
CN113340059A (zh) * 2021-06-03 2021-09-03 中山火炬职业技术学院 鱼皮浆铺贴烘干机
CN114909898A (zh) * 2022-05-31 2022-08-16 启东市芯成新材料科技有限公司 乳胶粉干燥塔余热回收装置

Family Cites Families (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1143880A (es) * 1967-06-16 1900-01-01
US3558111A (en) * 1968-12-17 1971-01-26 Barber Greene Co Method and apparatus for controlling the flow of a fluidized material from a low pressure chamber to a high pressure chamber
US3765102A (en) * 1972-09-21 1973-10-16 Patterson Kelley Co Rotary apparatus for treating particulate material
US3884649A (en) * 1973-10-29 1975-05-20 Inst Gas Technology Coal pretreater and ash agglomerating coal gasifier
US4307773A (en) * 1978-08-28 1981-12-29 Smith Richard D Fluid bed heat exchanger for contaminated gas
DE3013325C2 (de) 1980-04-05 1985-07-18 Carl Still Gmbh & Co Kg, 4350 Recklinghausen Verfahren zur Trocknung und Vorerhitzung von Kohle unter Ausnutzung der fühlbaren Kokswärme bei der trockenen Kokskühlung bzw. -löschung
US4506453A (en) * 1982-09-29 1985-03-26 Tennessee Valley Authority Enhanced heat transfer process by forced gas recirculation
US4601113A (en) * 1985-04-26 1986-07-22 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Method and apparatus for fluidized steam drying of low-rank coals
ES8801355A1 (es) * 1985-05-06 1988-01-01 Didier Eng Un metodo para generar coque con su correspondiente recipiente e instalacion
DE3600432A1 (de) * 1985-05-21 1987-02-05 Gutehoffnungshuette Man Verfahren zum vergasen eines kohlenstoffhaltigen brennstoffs, insbesondere kohle
DE3615622A1 (de) * 1986-05-09 1987-11-12 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zur durchfuehrung endothermer prozesse
US4822761A (en) 1986-05-13 1989-04-18 Ashland Oil, Inc. Method and apparatus for cooling fluid solid particles used in a regeneration system
FR2648550B1 (fr) * 1989-06-16 1995-01-27 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede et dispositif de regulation ou controle du niveau thermique d'un solide pulverulent comportant un echangeur de chaleur a compartiments en lit fluidise ou mobile
US5290523A (en) 1992-03-13 1994-03-01 Edward Koppelman Method and apparatus for upgrading carbonaceous fuel
DE4220953A1 (de) * 1992-06-26 1994-01-05 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zum Trocknen wasserhaltiger Feststoffe im Wirbelbett
US5409872A (en) * 1993-11-30 1995-04-25 Mobil Oil Corporation FCC process and apparatus for cooling FCC catalyst during regeneration
US5526582A (en) * 1994-03-31 1996-06-18 A. Ahlstrom Corporation Pressurized reactor system and a method of operating the same
DE19516311A1 (de) * 1995-05-04 1996-11-07 Graeff Roderich Wilhelm Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Aufbereiten eines ein Mittel, insbesondere Feuchte, enthaltenden Adsorptionsmittels

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CZ300530B6 (cs) 2009-06-10
HUP0000815A2 (hu) 2000-08-28
ID25669A (id) 2000-10-19
US6249989B1 (en) 2001-06-26
AUPO546497A0 (en) 1997-03-27
WO1998039613A1 (en) 1998-09-11
HUP0000815A3 (en) 2001-05-28
CZ9903136A3 (cs) 2001-04-11
TR199902174T2 (xx) 2000-02-21
CN1252865A (zh) 2000-05-10
ZA981815B (en) 1998-10-05
HU223757B1 (hu) 2005-01-28
CN1240988C (zh) 2006-02-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CO4970759A1 (es) Metodo y aparato para transferencia de calor
ES2112265T3 (es) Sistema de combustion de lecho fluidizado y metodo que tiene un termocambiador de reciclado externo multicompartimentos.
DE2967318D1 (en) Boiler
SE8307049D0 (sv) Kylare for marin framdrivningsanordning
CO4780057A1 (es) Metodo y aparato para el calentamiento o enfriamiento de un material solido dentro de un recipiente de procesamiento
DE3861898D1 (de) Waermetauscher, insbesondere zum kuehlen von spaltgasen.
CO5040164A1 (es) Metodo y aparato para el calentamiento con vapor de un material solido
ES2180670T3 (es) Unidad de esterilizacion por calor humedo y su proceso, en especial para instalar autoclaves usadas para la cirugia dental.
DE3661111D1 (en) Thermochemical method and device for storing and discharging heat
CN205225748U (zh) 一种卫生级无堵塞保温磁力传动泵
DE3267434D1 (en) Refrigerator having a regenerative heat exchanger
US3155595A (en) Preheating and cooling a nuclear reactor system
DE50012405D1 (de) Rotary-Die-Verfahren und Füllkeil zum Herstellen von Kapseln, insbesondere Weichkapseln
ES386826A1 (es) Perfeccionamientos en generadores de vapor tubulares con economizador.
BR112022025376A2 (pt) Método e sistema para processar sementes em um produto alimentar pastoso
JPS5779085A (en) Cooler for electric welding machine
BRPI0412561A (pt) sistema de gerenciamento de energia
CO5040163A1 (es) Metodo y aparato para el mejoramiento de la calidad de un material solido
GB1503037A (en) Continuous-operating autoclave
JPS55164005A (en) Cooling apparatus for furnace body of a blast furnace
JPS5790586A (en) Heat transfer device
GB1361661A (en) Method and apparatus for supplying wax in a plastic condition
CL2023001406A1 (es) Intercambiador de calor de lecho fluidizado y método
JPS56100292A (en) Cooler device
ATE284521T1 (de) Gaskessel mit mitteln für die speicherung und warmhaltung von brauchwasser