CN88100263A - 塑料绝缘材料 - Google Patents

塑料绝缘材料 Download PDF

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CN88100263A
CN88100263A CN88100263.1A CN88100263A CN88100263A CN 88100263 A CN88100263 A CN 88100263A CN 88100263 A CN88100263 A CN 88100263A CN 88100263 A CN88100263 A CN 88100263A
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CN1019060B (zh
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约翰·沃图施
沃纳·哥茨
霍格·安德里斯
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Licentia Patent Verwaltungs GmbH
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/17Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
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    • H01B7/2813Protection against damage caused by electrical, chemical or water tree deterioration
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    • C08L23/00Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • H01B3/441Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
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    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/14Extreme weather resilient electric power supply systems, e.g. strengthening power lines or underground power cables
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
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    • Y10T428/31652Of asbestos
    • Y10T428/31663As siloxane, silicone or silane

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  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
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  • Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)

Abstract

以聚烯烃为基础并含4价元素X的一种或多种可水解烷氧化合物构成的稳压剂的塑料绝缘材料中,烷氧化合物常态下为液态并按下式含至少一个杂原子,其中n=1-10,y=0-3,z=0-2,R为带碳链和至少一个杂原子Y的基团,X和X′为4价元素,Rb和Rd为1-30碳饱和或不饱和脂族或芳族碳链,其中由H和/或官能团使自由价达到饱和且每一括弧中R,Rc和Rd可相同或不同,而Ra,Rc和Re为1-18碳烃基。

Description

本发明涉及权利要求1前序部分所述的塑料绝缘材料。这些塑料绝缘材料主要应用于高压电缆绝缘。其中加压时会发生所谓的“树枝丛生”现象,这是绝缘材料在显微镜下可观察到的树丛状或簇状毁坏现象。而更为重要的是高场强下会于缺陷处出现“树枝状水簇”,其中水会浓缩。为避免出现树枝状水簇或阻止其生长就须添加绝缘材料稳定剂。
DE-PS2737430已提出向聚烯烃绝缘材料中添加烷氧硅烷稳压剂,烷氧硅烷通式为Rx-Si(O-R)4-x,其中X=0-3,其中的R还含脂族、芳族或环脂族烃基且必要时还可由氨基,环氧基或其他基取代,R特别是羟烷基。
但已知稳压剂不能总是与基础聚合物达到足够的可混性,因此难以制成绝缘材料。如稳压添加剂在混合物中不均匀,其效率就会受到很大的限制,因为一旦出现损坏,则向树枝状水簇转移的途径就会太长。此外,某些已知本身效果良好的稳定剂也还有使VPE熔体不透明的缺点,因而不可能按更新的VDE要求控制绝缘材料的洁净性和均匀性(VPE=交联聚己烯,VDE=西德电气工程师协会)。
本发明目的是提出塑料绝缘材料,其基础材料中可混入更有效的稳压添加剂,同时还可保证熔体具有更好的透明性。
根据本发明,这一目的是通过权利要求1所述特征来达到的。
本发明其它优点见于各从属权利要求。
本发明绝缘材料不仅具有很好的长期稳定性,而且稳定剂易于混入绝缘材料中。在应用交联的塑料基础材料时,不会因添加稳定剂而影响交联。而且,如果能使VPE中避免出现可重结晶物质,则不仅足以保证防止树枝状水簇的出现和生长,而且还可因而阻止“树枝状电簇”的出现,这样一来就可更安全地防止电击穿。此外,采用适宜的组合物如预先将相应的官能基引入稳定剂还可对热老化特性有良好的影响。
添加剂在促使使用寿命延长的同时不会或至少是不会明显地挥发。而应用本发明稳定剂制得的绝缘材料因其溶体的透明性而可达到VDE要求的纯度控制指标。
本发明稳定剂的作用在于它缺少亲水基团而使稳定剂可很好地混入基础聚合物中并相应地使这样稳定的VPE能够很好地进行加工,其中据认为这样可达到最低限度的极性或亲水特性,而按目前已知的机理,这又有助于防止产生树枝状水簇。
另一方面,稳定剂还会与水反应而释放出亲水物质,这也可“阻止树枝状水簇”。制备条件下存在的水或在绝缘材料应用过程中渗入其中的水即可这样除掉(通过化学反应或以物理方式结合)。如果在绝缘材料中存在稳定剂分子的位置开始形成树枝状水簇,则除了通过硅烷(钛酸盐或与此类似的基团)本身阻止树枝状水簇生长而外,还可消耗掉水,从而活化稳定剂。而活化稳定剂又会进一步防止缺陷的生长。
为了使例如重金属化合物失去电性能,须在稳定物质中适宜的位置引入杂原子。杂原子出现在适于形成络合物的众多基团之一中。
以下为表明稳定剂及其作用的实施例。
本发明以聚烯烃为基础的塑料绝缘材料包含下式的稳压剂
(RaO)yRb3-yx-〔R-X′(ORczRd 2-zn-ORe
其中
n为1-10,
y为0-3,
z为0-2,
R为带碳链和至少一个杂原子Y的基团,
X和X′为4价元素,
Rb,Rd为1-30碳饱和或不饱和脂族或芳族碳链,其中由H和/或官能团使自由价达到饱和并且R,Ra,Rb,Rc和Rd的结构可相同或对于每一n,y和z值而各不相同,以及Ra,Rc和Re为1-18碳烃基。
在这一种化合物中,优选的是-R-为-R1-Y1-R″-构型,其中Y1为带有至少一个杂原子Y的基团,R1和R″为2-40碳脂族和芳族碳链,其中由H和/或官能团使自由价达到饱和,而R′和R″的结构可相同或不同。R′=R″的例子为甲基叔丁基苯氧基。
稳定添加剂的另一种可能性在于,-R-为-R构型,其中R为主要由碳氢构成的肪族基团,而Y′为带至少一个杂原子Y的基团。Y首先为S,但也可为例如O。
本发明烷氧硅烷例如可为下式的双(3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基)-硫化物。
(CH3O)3Si-(CH23-S-(CH23-Si(OCH33
OCH3还可由OC2H5代替,优点是挥发性更小。按照上述选定的表述方式并根据权利要求1的基本表达式,选取Y=S和n=1。若n=2,则化合物的挥发性更低。
这些烷氧硅烷化合物在水作用下可形成低碳醇和硅烷醇化合物。OH做为“树枝状水簇稳定剂”是极有效的。此外,对于绝缘材料中产生的有害过渡金属杂质来说,分子中的硫醚桥健适宜作为络合物配位体。因而使杂质不影响电性。
上述于凝胶含量为83%的交联聚乙烯中带甲氧基的稳定剂的效果可以从非均匀分布电场中进行的试验(所谓针测试验)中看出。若所制得的未加稳定剂的样品中树枝状水簇的长度平均为100mm,最大185mm,则添加1%上述结构稳定剂后的相应值为50-70mm以及70-170mm。但是,如果分出只是暂时有稳定作用的过氧化物热裂产物,则可首先在热处理样品中看出对VPE混合物的改性效果。其中就树枝状水簇的长度来说,测出未加稳定剂的样品为290mm且最大440mm(目前的商品),而加稳定剂之后的的样品则平均为55mm且最大100mm。聚合物改性但未加稳定剂的VPE商品在热处理之后其树枝状水簇的生长长度仍为150mm(平均值)和325mm(最大值)。适宜的钛酸盐化合物同样也有很好的稳压作用。
而且在人为模拟的苛刻工作条件试验中,加稳定剂的混合物具有明显的抗击穿优点或可进行长期储存。
上述结构式中,CH3基至少是部分可用能够提高相容性的辛基来代替,以此为基础即可改变烷氧硅烷化合物的结构。此外,重排一定量的分子组成部分(n=2,3等)就可得到齐聚化合物,其扩散速度慢即可保证提高VPE中的保藏时间。然后,在取代基Rb和/或Rd中引入带C=C双键的官能团(例如乙烯基),这样就可将稳定剂连接到聚合物分子上。而且,取代基R1和/或R″中的其它官能基又可延缓树枝状水簇的形成并同时阻止聚合物发生氧化。
为了混入烷氧硅烷,不但要考虑与基础聚合物的相容性和可混性,还应考虑上述稳压剂的稠度。优选采用液态烷氧硅烷。为了达到长期稳定,优选是使其分子大小或分子量能够将材料中稳定剂的扩散损失限定在忽略不计的范围内。因此,稳定剂或其水解产物优选应具有140℃以上的沸点。
要求保护的烷氧硅烷的液态聚集体以及其良好的可溶和扩散性能为以扩散/吸收为基础的稳定混合物的制备方法提供了前提条件,其中硅烷中可溶入抗氧剂(只要不发生键合反应就行)和交联剂并可在适宜的条件下涂到聚合物颗粒上。这种谨慎而又无杂质掺合的“混合”方法对于高压绝缘材料的超洁净要求来说是至关重要的。
确定足以达到稳定效果的高分子量硅烷的另一种可能性在于,在分子中引入仲氨基来代替硫醚桥键,正如下式所示:
(C2H5O)3-Si-(CH23-NH-(CH23-Si-(OC2H53
R′和R″为未支化的3碳烷基。
Y′为仲氨基;n=1,z=2和y=3。
还可用仲氨基通过齐聚而将例如乙烯基硅烷与2,2,4-三甲基-3,4-二氢喹啉连起来。就氨基硅烷而言,重要的是无自由NH2基存在,因为这会与来自交联热裂产物的酮一起形成席夫碱,而席夫碱可使VPE不透明并以固态成为“电”和“弧带状树丛”的起始点。后者因绝缘材料体积中的不均匀性而产生。
优选的Y′基为烷基-巯基,烷基-羟基,以及带杂原子的噻吩,呋喃和吡咯。
R′和/或R″中的官能基可阻止树枝状水簇或树枝状电簇的形成和生长。
例如,R′和R″可为下式的酮基:
Figure 88100263_IMG1
而这又可经过互变而转化成烯醇式。特别是通过形成苯乙烯或二乙基苯基来代替R′或R″即可利用例如能够共振的芳族体系达到稳定效果。很显然,作为官能团,还可代用目前已知的所有具有稳定作用的基团如羟基。
而且,还可采用各稳定剂的混合物。
作为基础聚合物,可采用聚烯烃如聚乙烯或乙烯共聚物并且可未交联或交联达到0-100%的交联度或用高弹体。还可用基础聚合物的共混物如乙烯的均聚物和共聚物共混物。
有了以上所述的稳压添加剂即可提供电气工程所用的抗击穿性能得到改善的绝缘材料。这对高压电缆的绝缘具有极其重要的意义。

Claims (20)

1、以聚烯烃为基础并含有由4价元素X的一种或多种可水解烷氧化合物构成的稳压剂的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,烷氧化合物在约-25℃至至少140℃下是液态的并按下式含有至少一个杂原子
(RaO)yRb 3-yX-[R-X1(ORc)zRd 2-z]n-ORe
其中
n为1-10
y为0-3
z为0-2
R为带碳链和至少一个杂原子Y的基团,
x和x′为4价元素,
Rb,Rd为1-30碳饱和或不饱和脂族或芳族碳链,其中由H和/或官能团使自由价达到饱和并且R,Ra,Rb,Rc和Rd的结构可相同或对于每-n,y和z值而各不相同,以及
Ra、Rc和Re为1-18碳烃基。
2、按权利要求1的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,-R-为-R′-Y′-R″-构型,其中Y′为带有至少一个杂原子Y的基团,R′和R″为2-40碳脂族和芳族碳链,其中由H和/或官能团使自由价达到饱和,而R′和R″的结构可相同或不同。
3、按权利要求1的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,-R-为-R-构型,其中R为主要由碳氢构成的脂族或芳族基团,而Y′为带至少一个杂原子Y的基团。
4、按权利要求1-3之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,Y为S。
5、按权利要求1-3之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,Y为O。
6、按权利要求2的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,R含仲氨基。
7、按权利要求2的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,R′=R″,为甲基叔丁基苯氧基。
8、按权利要求1的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,X和/或X′为Si。
9、按权利要求1的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,X和/或X′为Ti。
10、按权利要求3的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,R为杂芳基。
11、按权利要求1的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,Ra-e类取代基中至少有一个为辛基。
12、按权利要求3的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,R′和/或R″中的官能团为羰基和/或羟基。
13、按权利要求1-10之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,采用二聚或齐聚硅氧烷,这是由单体(n=1)经部分水解并在此之后进行缩合而形成的。
14、按权利要求1-4之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,采用烷氧硅烷,其中
X=X′=Si
Y=S
n=1
y=3
R′=R″=C3H6
Ra,Rb,Rc,Rd和Re为CmH2m+1(m<10)。
15、按权利要求1-14之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,Rb和/或Rd具有乙烯基。
16、按权利要求1-15之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,稳压剂为不同稳定化合物的混合物。
17、按权利要求1-16之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,基础聚合物为聚烯烃。
18、按权利要求1-17之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,绝缘材料中采用交联度为0-100%的聚乙烯为基础聚合物。
19、按权利要求1-18之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,采用交联均聚或共聚乙烯或其混合物作为基础聚合物。
20、按权利要求1-19之一的塑料绝缘材料,其特征是,稳压剂与防老剂和/或交联剂一起按扩散法加入聚合物中。
CN88100263A 1987-01-26 1988-01-23 塑料绝缘材料 Expired CN1019060B (zh)

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DE19873702209 DE3702209A1 (de) 1987-01-26 1987-01-26 Kunststoffisolierung und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
DEP3702209.1 1987-01-26
EP19870114730 EP0279905A3 (de) 1987-01-26 1987-10-08 Kunststoffisolierung und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
EP87114730.2 1987-10-08

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CN88100263A true CN88100263A (zh) 1988-08-10
CN1019060B CN1019060B (zh) 1992-11-11

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EP (1) EP0279905A3 (zh)
JP (1) JPS63200408A (zh)
KR (1) KR970003329B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN1019060B (zh)
AU (1) AU602385B2 (zh)
BR (1) BR8800251A (zh)
CA (1) CA1324228C (zh)
DD (1) DD267346A5 (zh)
DE (1) DE3702209A1 (zh)
DK (1) DK682387A (zh)
FI (1) FI880016A (zh)
IN (1) IN169928B (zh)
NO (1) NO880327L (zh)
NZ (1) NZ223128A (zh)
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CN102682905A (zh) * 2011-03-08 2012-09-19 尼克桑斯公司 中压或高压电缆
CN102682904A (zh) * 2011-03-08 2012-09-19 尼克桑斯公司 中压或高压电缆

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US5372840A (en) * 1993-04-20 1994-12-13 Dow Corning Corporation Method for enhancing dielectric strength of cable using fluid having a high diffusion coefficient
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CN106603095B (zh) * 2016-12-05 2018-11-20 清华大学 一种高速低功耗pam4发射机

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CN102682904A (zh) * 2011-03-08 2012-09-19 尼克桑斯公司 中压或高压电缆
CN102682905B (zh) * 2011-03-08 2016-09-21 尼克桑斯公司 中压或高压电缆
CN102682904B (zh) * 2011-03-08 2017-05-17 尼克桑斯公司 中压或高压电缆

Also Published As

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DE3702209C2 (zh) 1990-05-23
AU1067788A (en) 1988-07-28
US4897312A (en) 1990-01-30
NO880327L (no) 1988-07-27
DD267346A5 (de) 1989-04-26
BR8800251A (pt) 1988-09-13
AU602385B2 (en) 1990-10-11
DK682387A (da) 1988-07-27
FI880016A (fi) 1988-07-27
KR970003329B1 (en) 1997-03-17
JPS63200408A (ja) 1988-08-18
IN169928B (zh) 1992-01-11
EP0279905A3 (de) 1988-12-21
DE3702209A1 (de) 1988-08-04
KR880009393A (ko) 1988-09-15
EP0279905A2 (de) 1988-08-31
PT86630B (pt) 1991-12-31
NZ223128A (en) 1991-05-28
NO880327D0 (no) 1988-01-26
PT86630A (pt) 1988-02-01
CN1019060B (zh) 1992-11-11
FI880016A0 (fi) 1988-01-05
CA1324228C (en) 1993-11-09
ZA8818B (en) 1988-11-30
DK682387D0 (da) 1987-12-22

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