CN212655712U

CN212655712U - Household waste fermentation device

Info

Publication number: CN212655712U
Application number: CN202021171381.7U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 叶松; 翁士桢
Original assignee: Zhejiang Baisheng Tonghao Energy Development Co ltd
Current assignee: Zhejiang Baisheng Tonghao Energy Development Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-06-22
Filing date: 2020-06-22
Publication date: 2021-03-05
Anticipated expiration: 2030-06-22

Abstract

The utility model provides a domestic discarded object fermenting installation belongs to fermenting installation technical field. The household waste fermentation device comprises a shell, a spiral separation mechanism, a fermentation tank and a crusher. The upper part of the shell is provided with a feed inlet. During the use, put in the discarded object to shell upper portion feed inlet, through grease and moisture separation in the discarded object of spiral separator, solid waste transports to rubbing crusher, it rotates to pass through the gear drive grinding roller through crushing motor output, smash the operation to the solid waste who lies in the grinding roller surface, the solid waste who smashes the completion falls into the fermentation cylinder, the agitator overturns solid waste in the fermentation cylinder, simultaneously air supply spare with outside air pump send to the fermentation cylinder inside, it can carry out the deodorization with the combustion gas to air exhaust spare, the device is through combining rubbing crusher and fermentation cylinder, realize kitchen garbage integration fermentation operation, effectively improve the fermentation insufficiently, the problem of inefficiency.

Description

Household waste fermentation device

Technical Field

The utility model relates to a fermenting installation technical field particularly, relates to a domestic discarded object fermenting installation.

Background

Kitchen waste is a main component of household waste. The main components of the kitchen waste comprise rice and flour food residues, vegetables, animal and vegetable oil, meat and bones, waste tableware, plastics, paper towels, fruit peels, fruit kernels and other mixed solids and the like. Chemically, there are starch, cellulose, protein, lipid and inorganic salts. The kitchen waste is mainly characterized by being rich in organic matter content, high in moisture content and easy to rot, pathogenic bacteria, mosquitoes and cockroaches can be bred after the kitchen waste is stored for a long time, kitchen peculiar smell is increased, properties and smell of the kitchen waste can cause bad influence on environmental sanitation, and the health of residents and the home environment are influenced. Kitchen waste is a difficult point and management difficult point for municipal solid waste treatment.

At present, the kitchen waste is treated uniformly according to a solid waste treatment method. The treatment method mainly comprises crushing direct discharge treatment, landfill treatment, compost treatment and the like, and the basic technologies of kitchen waste compost can be divided into anaerobic fermentation compost and aerobic fermentation digestion, wherein the high-temperature aerobic compost can finish the curing process of material compost in a short period, but some organic solid wastes, especially kitchen residues, have substances with large volume, are difficult to fully compost and ferment, a crusher needs to be additionally purchased to crush the wastes, the occupied area of equipment is large, and the fermentation efficiency is low.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

In order to make up for above not enough, the utility model provides a domestic discarded object fermenting installation aims at improving the incomplete problem of discarded object volume influence fermentation.

The utility model discloses a realize like this:

the utility model provides a domestic waste fermentation device, which comprises a shell, a spiral separation mechanism, a fermentation tank and a crusher.

The fermentation tank comprises a shell, a stirrer, an air supply part and an air exhaust part, wherein the shell is fixedly arranged inside the shell, the upper part of the shell is connected with the shell in a through mode, the stirrer is rotatably arranged on the shell, the air supply part is connected with the shell in a through mode, and the air exhaust part is connected with the shell in a through mode.

The pulverizer comprises a pulverizing motor, a gear, a grinding roller and a lining plate, wherein the pulverizing motor is fixedly installed inside a shell, the grinding roller is rotatably installed on the shell, the gear is three, two grinding roller one ends are fixedly installed on the gear, the pulverizing motor output end is fixedly installed on the gear, two gears are meshed for transmission, the pulverizing motor output end is connected with the grinding roller through the gear in a transmission manner, and the shell is close to the two sides of the grinding roller and is fixedly installed on the lining plate.

In an embodiment of the present invention, a liquid outlet is disposed at a bottom end of one side of the housing, and a material outlet is disposed at a side of the housing close to the fermentation tank.

The utility model discloses an in the embodiment, spiral separating mechanism includes conveying motor, auger delivery axle, auger delivery section of thick bamboo and screen cloth, auger delivery section of thick bamboo fixed mounting in inside the shell, the feed inlet with auger delivery section of thick bamboo entry intercommunication is fixed, auger delivery section of thick bamboo bottom fixed mounting in the screen cloth, the rotation of auger delivery axle connect in the auger delivery section of thick bamboo, conveying motor fixed mounting in inside the shell, conveying motor output fixed connection in auger delivery axle one end.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the screen lower part is fixed with a liquid collection box, and the liquid collection box is fixedly installed inside the housing.

The utility model discloses an in one embodiment, the inside both sides fixed mounting of casing has the electric heating board, the casing with fixedly connected with heat preservation between the electric heating board, the casing cladding is fixed in the heat preservation is outside.

The utility model discloses an in an embodiment, the fermentation cylinder still includes accuse temperature spare, accuse temperature spare includes temperature controller, motorised valve and shower nozzle, temperature controller fixed mounting in shell surface one side, shower nozzle fixed mounting in the fermentation cylinder top, motorised valve fixed mounting in inside the shell.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the temperature controller is electrically connected to the electric heating plate and the electric valve, and the liquid outlet is fixedly connected to the liquid outlet of the liquid collecting box.

The utility model discloses an in the embodiment, the agitator includes gear motor, (mixing) shaft and stirring rake, the (mixing) shaft both ends rotate connect in the casing, gear motor fixed mounting in inside the shell, (mixing) shaft one end fixed connection in the gear motor output, stirring rake fixed connection in the (mixing) shaft surface.

The utility model discloses an in an embodiment, air supply piece includes air pump and intake pipe, air pump fixed mounting in inside the shell, air pump output end fixed mounting in the intake pipe, the intake pipe through connection in the casing.

The utility model discloses an in one embodiment, it includes deodorizer and blast pipe to air exhaust, deodorizer fixed mounting in inside the shell, blast pipe through connection in casing one side, deodorizer input through connection in the blast pipe.

The utility model has the advantages that: the utility model discloses a domestic discarded object fermenting installation that above-mentioned design obtained, during the use, put in the discarded object to shell upper portion feed inlet, grease and moisture separation in with the discarded object through the spiral separator, solid waste transports to rubbing crusher, it rotates to pass through the gear drive grinding roller through crushing motor output, smash the operation to the solid waste who lies in the grinding roller surface, the solid waste who smashes the completion falls into the fermentation cylinder, the agitator carries out the stirring to solid waste in the fermentation cylinder, air supply spare is pumped outside the air simultaneously inside the fermentation cylinder, gaseous through the piece discharge of airing exhaust in the jar, the piece of airing exhaust can carry out the combustion gas deodorization, the device is through combining rubbing crusher and fermentation cylinder, realize surplus rubbish integration fermentation operation in kitchen, effectively improve the fermentation inadequately, the problem of inefficiency.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and for those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without inventive efforts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a household waste fermentation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the present invention providing a first viewing angle;

fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of a first perspective cross-sectional view provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the present invention providing a second viewing angle;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pulverizer according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a position a in fig. 3 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

In the figure: 100-a housing; 110-a feed inlet; 120-a liquid discharge port; 130-a discharge outlet; 200-a spiral separation mechanism; 210-a conveying motor; 220-a spiral conveying shaft; 230-spiral delivery cylinder; 240-screen mesh; 250-a liquid collection tank; 300-a fermentation tank; 310-a housing; 311-insulating layer; 312-an electrical heating plate; 330-temperature control member; 331-temperature controller; 332-electric valve; 333-spray head; 350-a stirrer; 351-a reduction motor; 352-stirring shaft; 353-stirring paddle; 370-a blower; 371-air pump; 372-an air inlet pipe; 390-air exhaust; 391-deodorizer; 392-an exhaust pipe; 500-a pulverizer; 510-a crushing motor; 520-a gear; 530-grinding rolls; 540-liner plate.

Detailed Description

To make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the drawings of the embodiments of the present invention are combined to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and obviously, the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without creative work belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the accompanying drawings, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without creative work belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.

In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and to simplify the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically limited otherwise.

In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "fixed" are to be construed broadly and may, for example, be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; either directly or indirectly through intervening media, either internally or in any other relationship. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific situations by those skilled in the art.

In the present disclosure, unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, the first feature "on" or "under" the second feature may comprise direct contact between the first and second features, or may comprise contact between the first and second features not directly. Also, the first feature being "on," "above" and "over" the second feature includes the first feature being directly on and obliquely above the second feature, or merely indicating that the first feature is at a higher level than the second feature. A first feature being "under," "below," and "beneath" a second feature includes the first feature being directly under and obliquely below the second feature, or simply meaning that the first feature is at a lesser elevation than the second feature.

Examples

Referring to fig. 1-6, the present invention provides a technical solution: a home waste fermentation apparatus includes a housing 100, a spiral separation mechanism 200, a fermentation tank 300, and a pulverizer 500.

The spiral separation mechanism 200 is located at the upper parts of the fermentation tank 300 and the pulverizer 500, the pulverizer 500 is fixedly mounted at the upper part of the fermentation tank 300, the housing 100 is used for assembling the mechanisms into a whole, the spiral separation mechanism 200 is used for separating liquid and solid in waste, the pulverizer 500 is used for pulverizing solid waste, and the fermentation tank 300 is used for fermenting the solid waste into fertilizer, so that pollution caused by direct feeding to the environment is reduced.

Referring to fig. 1-4, a feed inlet 110 is formed at an upper portion of the housing 100, a liquid outlet 120 is formed at a bottom end of one side of the housing 100, and the liquid outlet 120 is used for discharging waste liquid in waste.

Referring to fig. 1, 3 and 6, the spiral separating mechanism 200 is fixedly installed inside the casing 100, the spiral separating mechanism 200 includes a conveying motor 210, a spiral conveying shaft 220, a spiral conveying cylinder 230 and a screen 240, the spiral conveying cylinder 230 is fixedly installed inside the casing 100, the spiral conveying cylinder 230 is bolted on the upper portion inside the casing 100, the feed inlet 110 is fixedly communicated with the inlet of the spiral conveying cylinder 230 so that the waste can directly enter the spiral separating mechanism 200, the bottom end of the spiral conveying cylinder 230 is fixedly installed on the screen 240, the screen 240 is bolted on the bottom of the spiral conveying cylinder 230, the screen 240 is used for separating liquid and solid inside the spiral conveying cylinder 230, the spiral conveying shaft 220 is rotatably connected to the spiral conveying cylinder 230, the conveying motor 210 is fixedly installed inside the casing 100, the conveying motor 210 is bolted on one side inside the casing 100, the output end of the conveying motor 210 is fixedly connected to one end, the lower part of the screen 240 is fixedly communicated with a liquid collecting box 250, the liquid collecting box 250 is fixedly welded on one side inside the shell 100, the bottom of the liquid collecting box 250 is arranged obliquely so as to facilitate liquid to flow out, the liquid collecting box 250 is fixedly arranged inside the shell 100, the liquid outlet 120 is fixedly communicated with a liquid outlet of the liquid collecting box 250, the spiral separating mechanism 200 drives the spiral conveying shaft 220 to rotate through the conveying motor 210, material transportation is achieved, meanwhile, liquid and solid in the spiral conveying cylinder 230 are separated through the screen 240 at the bottom of the spiral conveying cylinder, and the liquid waste and the solid waste are convenient to operate respectively.

Referring to fig. 1, 3, 4 and 6, the fermentation tank 300 includes a housing 310, a stirrer 350, an air supply member 370 and an air exhaust member 390, the housing 310 is fixedly installed inside the casing 100, the housing 310 is bolted inside the casing 100, the upper portion of the housing 310 is connected to the casing 100 in a penetrating manner, the stirrer 350 is rotatably installed on the housing 310, the air supply member 370 is connected to the housing 310 in a penetrating manner, the air exhaust member 390 is connected to the housing 310 in a penetrating manner, a discharge outlet 130 is formed at one side of the casing 100 close to the fermentation tank 300 for facilitating discharge of solid waste after fermentation, electric heating plates 312 are fixedly installed at two sides inside the housing 310, the electric heating plates 312 are bolted at two sides of the housing 310 for facilitating heating inside the fermentation tank 300 in cold seasons for facilitating microbial fermentation, a heat insulation layer 311 is fixedly connected between the housing 310 and the electric heating plates 312, the, the fermentation speed is maintained, the fermentation tank 300 further comprises a temperature control member 330, the temperature control member 330 comprises a temperature controller 331, an electric valve 332 and a nozzle 333, the temperature controller 331 is fixedly installed on one side of the outer surface of the housing 100, the temperature controller 331 is fixed on one side of the outer surface of the housing 100 by bolts, the nozzle 333 is fixedly installed on the top of the fermentation tank 300, a pipeline is fixedly installed on the top of the fermentation tank 300, the nozzle 333 is arranged on one side of the pipeline for facilitating the water spraying treatment of the interior of the fermentation tank 300, the electric valve 332 is fixedly installed inside the housing 100, the electric valve 332 is installed on the pipeline, the temperature controller 331 is respectively electrically connected with the electric heating plate 312 and the electric valve 332, the temperature controller 331 controls the electric heating plate 312 and the electric valve 332 by detecting the temperature inside the fermentation tank 300, the control of the, the speed reducing motor 351 is fixedly installed inside the shell 100, the speed reducing motor 351 is fixed on one side inside the shell 100 through bolts, one end of the stirring shaft 352 is fixedly connected to the output end of the speed reducing motor 351, the stirring paddle 353 is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the stirring shaft 352, the stirring paddle 353 is fixedly welded on the outer surface of the stirring shaft 352, the stirring shaft 352 drives the stirring paddle 353 to rotate by starting the speed reducing motor 351, stirring of waste inside the fermentation tank 300 is realized, uneven fermentation and mixing are avoided, the air supply part 370 comprises an air pump 371 and an air inlet pipe 372, the air pump 371 is fixedly installed inside the shell 100, the air pump 371 is fixed inside the shell 100 through bolts, the output end of the air pump 371 is fixedly installed in the air inlet pipe 372, the air inlet pipe 372 is connected with the shell 310 in a penetrating manner, the air pump 371 sends air into the, deodorizer 391 is bolted to the inside of casing 100, exhaust pipe 392 is connected to the side of casing 310, and the input end of deodorizer 391 is connected to exhaust pipe 392, and the discharged gas is deodorized by deodorizer 391.

Referring to fig. 1 and 5, the pulverizer 500 includes a pulverizing motor 510, a gear 520, three grinding rollers 530 and a lining plate 540, the pulverizing motor 510 is fixedly installed inside the housing 100, the pulverizing motor 510 is bolted to one side inside the housing 100, the grinding rollers 530 are rotatably installed in the housing 100, three grinding rollers 520 are provided, one ends of the two grinding rollers 530 are fixedly installed on the gear 520, an output end of the pulverizing motor 510 is fixedly installed on the gear 520, the two gears 520 are in meshing transmission, the gear 520 is in key connection with one end of the grinding roller 530, an output end of the pulverizing motor 510 is in transmission connection with the grinding rollers 530 through the gear 520, the housing 100 is fixedly installed on the lining plate 540 near two sides of the grinding rollers 530, the two grinding rollers 530 relatively rotate to crush solid waste, the surface of the lining plate 540 is provided with protruding hard blocks, a gap.

Specifically, the working principle of the household waste fermentation device is as follows: in operation, the waste is thrown into the feeding inlet 110 on the upper portion of the housing 100, the screw separation mechanism 200 drives the screw conveying shaft 220 to rotate through the conveying motor 210, so as to transport the material, and simultaneously separate the liquid and solid in the material through the screen 240 at the bottom of the screw conveying cylinder 230, so as to facilitate the separate operation of the liquid waste and the solid waste, the solid waste is conveyed to the crusher 500, the output end of the crusher motor 510 drives the grinding rollers 530 to rotate through the gears 520, the two grinding rollers 530 rotate relatively, so as to crush the solid waste, the surface of the liner 540 is provided with the convex hard blocks, so as to reduce the gap between the grinding rollers 530 and the liner 540, so as to prevent the solid waste from falling, the crushed solid waste falls into the fermentation tank 300, the electric heating plate 312 is convenient for heating the interior of the fermentation tank 300 in cold seasons, maintain fermentation speed, through detecting the inside temperature of fermentation cylinder 300, temperature controller 331 controls electrical heating board 312 and motorised valve 332, realize the control to the inside temperature of fermentation cylinder 300 and humidity, through starting gear motor 351, stirring shaft 352 drives stirring rake 353 and rotates, the realization is to the stirring of the inside discarded object of fermentation cylinder 300, avoid the fermentation to mix unevenly, air supply member 370 simultaneously pumps outside air to fermentation cylinder 300 inside, air pump 371 sends into fermentation cylinder 300 with the air, realize aerobic microorganism's fermentation demand, the interior gas of jar is through exhausting 390 discharge of airing exhaust, it can deodorize the gas of combustion to air exhaust 390.

It should be noted that the specific model specifications of the conveying motor 210, the electric heating plate 312, the temperature controller 331, the electric valve 332, the decelerating motor 351, the air pump 371, the deodorizer 391 and the pulverizing motor 510 need to be determined according to the actual specification of the device, and the specific model selection calculation method adopts the prior art in the field, so detailed description is omitted.

The power supply and the principle of the delivery motor 210, the electric heating plate 312, the temperature controller 331, the electric valve 332, the deceleration motor 351, the air pump 371, the deodorizer 391 and the grinding motor 510 will be apparent to those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail herein.

The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A household waste fermentation device is characterized by comprising

The device comprises a shell (100), wherein a feed inlet (110) is formed in the upper part of the shell (100);

the spiral separation mechanism (200), the spiral separation mechanism (200) is fixedly installed inside the shell (100);

the fermentation tank (300) comprises a shell (310), a stirrer (350), an air supply part (370) and an air exhaust part (390), wherein the shell (310) is fixedly installed inside the shell (100), the upper part of the shell (310) is connected with the shell (100) in a penetrating way, the stirrer (350) is rotatably installed on the shell (310), the air supply part (370) is connected with the shell (310) in a penetrating way, and the air exhaust part (390) is connected with the shell (310) in a penetrating way;

rubbing crusher (500), rubbing crusher (500) are including crushing motor (510), gear (520), grinding roller (530) and welt (540), crushing motor (510) fixed mounting in inside shell (100), grinding roller (530) rotate install in shell (100), gear (520) are equipped with threely, two grinding roller (530) one end equal fixed mounting in gear (520), crushing motor (510) output fixed mounting in gear (520), two mesh transmission between gear (520), crushing motor (510) output with grinding roller (530) pass through gear (520) transmission is connected, shell (100) are close to grinding roller (530) both sides fixed mounting in welt (540).

2. A domestic waste fermentation device according to claim 1, wherein said housing (100) has a liquid outlet (120) at a bottom end thereof, and said housing (100) has a drain (130) at a side thereof adjacent to said fermenter (300).

3. The household waste fermentation device of claim 2, wherein the spiral separating mechanism (200) comprises a conveying motor (210), a spiral conveying shaft (220), a spiral conveying cylinder (230) and a screen (240), the spiral conveying cylinder (230) is fixedly installed inside the housing (100), the feed port (110) is fixedly communicated with an inlet of the spiral conveying cylinder (230), the bottom end of the spiral conveying cylinder (230) is fixedly installed on the screen (240), the spiral conveying shaft (220) is rotatably connected to the spiral conveying cylinder (230), the conveying motor (210) is fixedly installed inside the housing (100), and an output end of the conveying motor (210) is fixedly connected to one end of the spiral conveying shaft (220).

4. A domestic waste fermentation device according to claim 3, wherein said screen (240) has a liquid collection tank (250) fixed to the lower portion thereof, said liquid collection tank (250) being fixedly installed inside said housing (100).

5. The household waste fermentation device according to claim 4, wherein the electric heating plates (312) are fixedly installed on two sides inside the housing (310), the heat insulation layer (311) is fixedly connected between the housing (310) and the electric heating plates (312), and the housing (310) is wrapped and fixed outside the heat insulation layer (311).

6. The household waste fermentation apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the fermentation tank (300) further comprises a temperature control member (330), the temperature control member (330) comprises a temperature controller (331), an electric valve (332) and a nozzle (333), the temperature controller (331) is fixedly installed at one side of the outer surface of the housing (100), the nozzle (333) is fixedly installed at the top of the fermentation tank (300), and the electric valve (332) is fixedly installed inside the housing (100).

7. The household waste fermentation apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the temperature controller (331) is electrically connected to the electric heating plate (312) and the electric valve (332), respectively, and the liquid outlet (120) is fixedly connected to the liquid outlet of the liquid collection tank (250).

8. A household waste fermentation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said agitator (350) comprises a speed reduction motor (351), an agitator shaft (352) and an agitator paddle (353), both ends of said agitator shaft (352) are rotatably connected to said housing (310), said speed reduction motor (351) is fixedly installed inside said outer casing (100), one end of said agitator shaft (352) is fixedly connected to the output end of said speed reduction motor (351), and said agitator paddle (353) is fixedly connected to the outer surface of said agitator shaft (352).

9. The household waste fermentation device of claim 1, wherein the air supply member (370) comprises an air pump (371) and an air inlet pipe (372), the air pump (371) is fixedly installed inside the housing (100), the output end of the air pump (371) is fixedly installed in the air inlet pipe (372), and the air inlet pipe (372) is connected to the housing (310) in a penetrating manner.

10. A domestic waste fermentation device according to claim 1, wherein said exhaust member (390) comprises a deodorizer (391) and an exhaust pipe (392), said deodorizer (391) is fixedly installed inside said housing (100), said exhaust pipe (392) is connected to one side of said housing (310) in a penetrating manner, and an input end of said deodorizer (391) is connected to said exhaust pipe (392) in a penetrating manner.