CN204122442U - The semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type - Google Patents
The semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type Download PDFInfo
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- CN204122442U CN204122442U CN201420565464.2U CN201420565464U CN204122442U CN 204122442 U CN204122442 U CN 204122442U CN 201420565464 U CN201420565464 U CN 201420565464U CN 204122442 U CN204122442 U CN 204122442U
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 15
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 206010002653 Anosmia Diseases 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- -1 air-blast device Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 15
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 10
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
The utility model relates to the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type, this device comprises three grades or more main reactors, the screw conveying device connecting main reaction at different levels, reactor outside coated insulation material, air-blast device, waste gas outlet place is provided with equipment for separating liquid from solid, and be connected with some exhaust gas thus flows backwards device, main reactor top covers corrugated cryosurface and water leg, the condensed water that water leg is collected and the condensed water of Separation of Solid and Liquid are sent to treatment unit for waste water.The utility model takes into full account the feature of biological respinse stage, carry out each perfecting by stage control, raise the efficiency, reverse double-helix groove structure can realize the conveying mixing of material in sealed reactor, effectively avoids the heat loss in conventional bar groove compost reactor whipping process and foul smell loss; Arrange corrugated condensing unit on main reactor top simultaneously, can collect condensed water, effectively prevent its wetting top material again, the material after finally stablizing mummification can be used as peat or prepares derivatived fuel.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of domestic garbage treatment, relate to the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type, that bioprocesses is controlled stage by stage, by microorganism generates its own heat or assist the moisture efficient removal device realizing high-moisture percentage organic materials in conjunction with hot blast.
Background technology
Along with Chinese society and the sustainable development of economy and improving constantly of people's living standard, domestic waste increases year by year, the characteristics such as high-moisture percentage, high organic and complicated component become its unmanageable key factor, and a kind of very economical, the Domestic Waste Minimization of energy-saving and environmental protection, stabilisation, resource technology are being sought in each department.
Biological dewatered technology relies on the aerobic fermentation activity of self microorganism to produce heat energy, does not need external heat source, by the forced-air blast of manual control, improves mummification efficiency, shorten the mummification cycle.Product moisture content is lower, and minimizing is obvious, and by common method final disposal or follow-up garbage derivatived fuels (RDF) of preparing such as burning, landfills, because of characteristics such as its economic environmental protection, this technology receives the concern of people gradually.Current people are mainly for biological dewatered process optimization, and research is launched in the aspect such as process control.As Chinese patent 200710038264.6 discloses the biological drying method of one way of life rubbish.The method adopts traditional trough composting reactor, then straw mattress and insulation composite sheet material are tied up in covering, are adhered to the open cell elastomeric exhaust collection pipe that cooling tube connects under coiled material.Within the 2nd day in drying process and the 4th day, remove covering and carry out turning operation.Although the method operating cost is low, there is the problem that top condensate return soaks material again, in turning process in addition, there is the pollution of foul smell loss.As Chinese patent 201110205682.6 discloses a kind of low-intensity continuous aeration quick biological drying method.By adding a certain amount of auxiliary material in dewatered sludge (moisture content is about 80%), after making to stir, material initial aqueous rate is at 50%-75%, and the aeration intensity of continuous aeration is dewatered sludge 0.5m per ton
3/ h-5m
3/ h, quick drying and other treatment in sludge organism mummification reactor, through the biological dewatered process of 6-15 days, material water ratio was reduced to less than 40%.It is large to there is supplementary product consumption in the method, and mix and blend weak effect, mummification cycle look drawback.As Chinese patent 201210185587.9 discloses the auxiliary biological dewatered method and system of urban original garbage aerobic of a kind of hot blast.The oxygen utilizing hot blast to provide and the hot environment formed, organic substance decomposing in urban original rubbish is moisture and other inorganic matters by the aerobic microbiological in urban original rubbish in the presence of high-temperature biological conditioner, and releases heat, hot environment and heat make most of moisture be heated to be evaporated to steam and discharge with damp and hot waste gas form, separately have portion of water to form percolate to discharge, reach the object that urban original garbage aerobic is biological dewatered.Although it is comparatively large that the method also exists course of reaction fluctuation, need parameter adjustment more frequently, also deposit the problem stirring difficulty during the course.As Chinese patent 201210038719.5 discloses one way of life rubbish biological mummification reactor and Biological dehydration method for garbage.Carry out on-line control gas flow and the frequency to entering air draft, and dehumidifying heating is carried out to air intake air, pipeline is arranged measuring instrument Real-Time Monitoring air epidemic disaster, pressure and other parameters; The unified process of the foul smell centralized collection that mummification produces; By the upper configuration interface setting of PLC industrial computer and adjustment turning frequency, accelerate the mummification of material; The temperature of taken at regular intervals different levels, different depth material, moisture data, periodic monitoring leachate generation and composition; Adopt and automatically control and Non-follow control two kinds of control modes, by the operation of upper Combining soft control and watch-dog instrument.This process control system is comparatively complicated, and the space availability ratio of reactor is low.As fully visible, the current biological dewatered bioreactor for representative mostly is one-part form, material in reaction wherein through the degradation period in the sluggish domestication of longer microorganism, hot fermentation phase, later stage, each cycle hockets, needing condition comparatively frequently to control adjustment for optimizing a stage, very easily causing the fluctuation of microbial activity to change; Material stirring in addition in process needs the upper cover opening reactor to stir more, not only causes the loss of heat, and causes odor pollution to control difficulty; Also the problem that top condensate return soaks top material is there is in reactor design.Therefore, developing a kind of applicable biological respinse phasic characteristics and solve the problem that sealing is stirred and in reactor, condensate return is collected, is the key of current process design and reactor development.
Summary of the invention
For the problems referred to above that traditional biological reactor exists, the invention provides the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type, by the segment design of process, subsection optimization control can be carried out to bioprocesses, improve reaction efficiency, develop a kind of reverse double-helix structure in addition, effectively solve the conveying of reactor content in closed system and be uniformly mixed problem, in the design of outer reactor simultaneously, also successfully solve the problem of reactor top condensate return.
The semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type of the present invention, comprises the reactor with reverse double-helix groove, stirring conveyor structure and condensation water collecting structure of more than three grades, realizes charging, discharging and mixing of materials one; Screw propulsion feeding device is adopted to connect between reactor is at different levels, the screw propulsion feeding device 11 of one-level to the screw propulsion feeding device 10 of secondary and secondary to three grades; The all coated insulation material in outside of each stage reactor and each screw propulsion feeding device, is provided with the unit such as storage tank 4, gas dispenser apparatus 9, air inlet 7, gas outlet 6, condensate drain outlet 5 and gas-liquid separation device 8 simultaneously; Storage tank 4 in A reactor 1 front end, for the storage of raw materials; Gas dispenser apparatus 9 is connected with the air inlet 7 of each stage reactor, and the gas outlet 6 of each stage reactor and condensate drain outlet 5 are in the upper end of each stage reactor, and gas-liquid separation device 8 is on waste gas row road.
Each stage reactor adopts the reactor groove casing 18 of coated insulation material, and inside arranges reverse double-helix conveying and rabbling mechanism realizes charging, discharging and mixing of materials one; Wherein double helix stirring structure direction of propulsion is contrary, and be provided with panel turnover mechanism 14 at transport screw device 12 end, the discharging opening of each stage reactor is provided with switch; Transport screw device 12 and reverse acting spiral device 13 are connected by screw drives machinery structure 15 and realize synchronous operation, and its speed is controlled by converter plant.The stirring vane that between blade in each stage reactor in reverse double-helix, addition is horizontal and vertical or puddler, its spacing be 0.1 ~ 1.0 meter not etc., its density degree adjusts according to reactor size and material characteristic.
The upper cover 16 installed above double helix groove casing with the ripple struction at inclination angle is housed in reactor, inclination angle is 20 ~ 70 degree, the condensed water that inner wall surface is formed can freely flow down, the parallel condensed water of pipe 17 in order to produce in collection process being provided with water leg or top cutting of inclination angle lower end; Also can set up circulating condensing chuck between the heat-insulation layer of upper cover outside and the cryosurface of inside and carry out forced condensation.
On the basis of three reactor system, set up the hot drying aid reactor of the fourth stage; Each stage reactor serial operation, timing agitation, intermittent screw propulsion conveying device of opening between reactor controls each stage of reaction time of staying.
Each stage reactor carries out reasonable Arrangement according to place situation, vertically lays from top to bottom, and the mass transport between each stage reactor also can adopt gravity transfer to replace screw propulsion conveying device; Or the level of employing is laid, and is connected between each stage reactor by screw propulsion conveying device.
The volume size of each stage reactor can carry out targeted design according to the concrete time of staying of material, also the number by setting up reactor at the same level adjusts, increase reactor be operated in parallel with stage reactor, carry out serial operation with the superior and the subordinate reactors, the method can improve the flexibility of technique.
During the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus process organic waste of above-mentioned multisection type, first proportioning is carried out in the discharging of the organic waste raw material in storage tank 4 and system and enter A reactor 1, the distribution device that gas is arranged by reactor bottom through air inlet 7 is to material oxygen supply, the saturated steam produced in reaction is discharged by gas outlet 6, and enter gas-liquid separation device 8 and carry out gas-water separation, part waste gas replaces fresh air through gas dispenser apparatus 9 as reactor air inlet, and another part waste gas carries out deodorizing process; The condensate liquid that reactor top produces is collected through water leg 17, and the condensed water of discharging with gas-liquid separation device 8 merges and is sent to treatment unit for waste water; Material in A reactor is discharged into second reactor 2 when controlling total residence time in semi-continuous mode, and second reactor adopts the operational mode similar with A reactor, but service condition difference to some extent; When the material in second reactor proceeds to after in three reactor 3, three reactor adopts larger throughput that most of moisture is taken out of, ensures that final material water ratio of discharging is lower than 35%; A reactor 1 is initial reaction stage, microorganism is in the laundering period, the time of staying is about 1-2 days, second reactor 2 is for reacting mid-term, microorganism is in the hot fermentation stage, and the time of staying is about 1-3 days, and three reactor 3 is the reaction later stage, be in moisture and purge the removal stage, the time of staying is about 1 day; Each stage reactor serial operation, timing agitation, intermittent opens the screw propulsion feeding device 11 of the one-level between reactor to the screw propulsion feeding device 10 of secondary and secondary to three grades; Control each stage of reaction time of staying; It is 1:0.5 ~ 3 that proportioning is carried out in the discharging of the organic waste raw material and system that enter A reactor 1, to ensure that the material water ratio in first order reactor meets the requirement of biological respinse;
1m
3reactor need be equipped with 5-60m
3/ h air blast, blast different ventilation according to stage of reaction difference to each stage reactor, A reactor 1 throughput is about 5-20m
3/ h, second reactor 2 throughput is about 10-50m
3/ h, three reactor 3 throughput is about 30-60m
3/ h, makes most of moisture be taken out of;
Gathered reactor temperature real-time online by thermocouple, and be connected with temperature controller and be connected with inlet duct at different levels, by variable frequency adjustment air-blowing speed, when certain inside reactor temperature is higher than 65 DEG C, the default air-blowing gear of process tunes up air-blowing speed; For the reactor having additional hot drying aid, its air-blowing speed is not limited, and the safe upper temperature to its setting 150 DEG C, control the work of air preheating system.
The semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of multisection type of the present invention, has structure simple, simple to operate, reaction efficiency high.The feature of bioprocesses is carried out subsection optimization control by the present invention, improve reaction efficiency, shorten the processing time, reverse double-helix stirs can realize the stirring operation in closed system, effectively can avoid the discharge of thermal loss in process and pollutant, whole process energy resource consumption is few, the removal efficiency that raising moisture is set in condensation ponding face, the cryogenic condensation water pollution degree produced in process is far below the percolate of routine, and the material after finally stablizing mummification can be used as peat or prepares derivatived fuel.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is multisection type semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus system flow chart.
Fig. 2 is reactor box house top view in the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of multisection type.
Fig. 3 is reactor-side pseudosection in the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of multisection type.
Fig. 4 is the internal structure schematic diagram of panel turnover mechanism.
In figure: 1 A reactor; 2 second reactors; 3 three reactors; 4 storage tanks;
5 condensate drain outlets; 6 gas outlets; 7 air inlets; 8 gas-liquid separation devices;
9 gas dispenser apparatus; 10 one-levels are to the screw propulsion feeding device of secondary;
11 secondarys are to the screw propulsion feeding device of three grades; 12 transport screw devices; 13 reverse acting spiral devices;
14 panel turnover mechanisms; 15 screw drives machinery structures; 16 reactors are with the upper cover on condensation inclined-plane;
17 condensate liquid water legs; 18 reactor groove casings.
Detailed description of the invention
Specific embodiments of the invention are described in detail below in conjunction with technical scheme and accompanying drawing.
Embodiment 1
Organic waste raw material in this processing method in storage tank 4 and the discharging of system are carried out proportioning and are entered first order reactor.It is 1:0.5 that proportioning is carried out in the discharging of the organic waste raw material and system that enter A reactor 1, to ensure that the material water ratio in first order reactor 1 meets the requirement of biological respinse.
A reactor 1 is initial reaction stage, and microorganism is in the laundering period, and the time of staying is about 1 day; Material in A reactor 1 is discharged into second reactor 2 when controlling total residence time in semi-continuous mode, second reactor adopts the mode operation similar with A reactor, but service condition is difference to some extent, this reactor microorganism is in the hot fermentation stage, second reactor 2 is for reacting mid-term, microorganism is in the hot fermentation stage, about 2 days time of staying.Three reactor 3 is the reaction later stage, and be in moisture and purge the removal stage, the time of staying is 2 days.Each stage reactor serial operation, timing agitation, intermittent screw propulsion conveying device 10 and 11 of opening between reactor controls each stage of reaction time of staying.
The distribution device that gas is arranged by reactor bottom through air inlet 7 is to material oxygen supply, the saturated steam produced in reaction is discharged by gas outlet 6, and enter gas-liquid separation device 8 and carry out gas-water separation, part waste gas replaces fresh air through gas dispenser apparatus 9 as reactor air inlet, and another part waste gas carries out deodorizing process.1m
3reactor need be equipped with 60m
3/ h air blast, blast different ventilation according to stage of reaction difference to each stage reactor, in A reactor 1, microorganism is in the laundering period, and supply enough grows oxygen, and throughput is 15m
3/ h, in second reactor 2, microbial reaction activity is the highest, and throughput is 20m
3/ h, in three reactor 3, moisture steams, and concentrate on material surface, throughput is about 40m
3/ h, makes most of moisture be taken out of.
Gathered reactor temperature real-time online by thermocouple, and be connected with temperature controller and be connected with inlet duct at different levels, by variable frequency adjustment air-blowing speed, when certain inside reactor temperature is higher than 65 DEG C, the default air-blowing gear of process tunes up air-blowing speed 5m
3/ h.
The condensate liquid that reactor top produces is collected through water leg 17, and the condensed water of discharging with gas-liquid separation device 8 merges and is sent to treatment unit for waste water.When the material in second reactor 2 proceeds to after in third level reactor 3, due to after second reactor 2 highly effective reaction, labile organic compound in material significantly reduces, large quantity of moisture volatilization is removed, the activity of microorganism significantly reduces, and in the material in three reactor 3, washiness is present in material surface, and material loosens, adopt larger throughput that most of moisture is taken out of, can ensure that final material water ratio is lower than 35%.
Embodiment 2
Organic waste raw material in this processing method in storage tank 4 and the discharging of system are carried out proportioning and are entered first order reactor 1.It is 1:2 that proportioning is carried out in the discharging of the organic waste raw material and system that enter A reactor 1, to ensure that the material water ratio in first order reactor 1 meets the requirement of biological respinse.
A reactor 1 is initial reaction stage, and microorganism is in the laundering period, and the time of staying is about 1 day; Material in A reactor 1 is discharged into second reactor 2 when controlling total residence time in semi-continuous mode, second reactor 2 adopts the mode operation similar with A reactor 1, but service condition is difference to some extent, this reactor microorganism is in the hot fermentation stage, second reactor 2 is for reacting mid-term, microorganism is in the hot fermentation stage, 2 days time of staying.Three reactor 3 is the reaction later stage, and be in moisture and purge the removal stage, the time of staying is 1.Fourth-order reaction device is set in this programme and adopts hot assisted and strengthened drying, intake air temperature 120 degree, 0.5 day time of staying.Each stage reactor serial operation, timing agitation, intermittent screw propulsion conveying device of opening between reactor controls each stage of reaction time of staying.
The distribution device that gas is arranged by reactor bottom through air inlet 7 is to material oxygen supply, the saturated steam produced in reaction is discharged by gas outlet 6, and enter gas-liquid separation device 8 and carry out gas-water separation, part waste gas replaces fresh air through gas dispenser apparatus 9 as reactor air inlet, and another part waste gas carries out deodorizing process.1m
3reactor need be equipped with 60m
3/ h air blast, blast different ventilation according to stage of reaction difference to each stage reactor, in A reactor 1, microorganism is in the laundering period, and supply enough grows oxygen, and throughput is 15m
3/ h, in second reactor 2, microbial reaction activity is the highest, and throughput is 20m
3/ h, in three reactor 3, moisture steams, concentrates on material surface, and throughput is 40m
3/ h, makes most of moisture be taken out of.Arrange fourth stage reactor in this programme and adopt hot assisted and strengthened drying, intake air temperature 120 degree, throughput is 20m
3/ h, 0.5 day time of staying.
Gathered reactor temperature real-time online by thermocouple, and be connected with temperature controller and be connected with inlet duct at different levels, by variable frequency adjustment air-blowing speed, when certain inside reactor temperature is higher than 65 DEG C, the default air-blowing gear of process tunes up air-blowing speed 5m
3/ h.
The condensate liquid that reactor top produces is collected through water leg 17, and the condensed water of discharging with gas-liquid separation device 8 merges and is sent to treatment unit for waste water.When the material in second reactor 2 proceeds to after in third level reactor 3, due to after second reactor 2 highly effective reaction, labile organic compound in material significantly reduces, large quantity of moisture volatilization is removed, the activity of microorganism significantly reduces, in material in three reactor 3, washiness is present in material surface, and material loosens, and adopts larger throughput that most of moisture is taken out of.The method that the fourth-order reaction device set up adopts hot blast to assist reaches the object of further rapid draing material, because the moisture of the overwhelming majority is removed by the effect of carrying secretly of biological heat and partial air in front three reactor, therefore the drying load in fourth stage reactor is relatively little, energy consumption is also corresponding lower, ensures final moisture content less than 25%.
Claims (8)
1. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of multisection type, is characterized in that, comprises the reactor with reverse double-helix groove, stirring conveyor structure and condensation water collecting structure of more than three grades, realizes charging, discharging and mixing of materials one; Screw propulsion feeding device is adopted to connect between reactor is at different levels; The all coated insulation material in outside of each stage reactor and screw propulsion feeding device, is provided with storage tank, gas dispenser apparatus, air inlet, gas outlet, condensate drain outlet and gas-liquid separation device simultaneously; Storage tank in A reactor front end, for the storage of raw materials; Gas dispenser apparatus is connected with the air inlet of each stage reactor, and the gas outlet of each stage reactor and condensate drain outlet are in the upper end of each stage reactor, and equipment for separating liquid from solid is on waste gas row road.
2. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the transport screw device end of inside reactor is provided with panel turnover mechanism, and the discharging opening of each stage reactor is provided with switch; Transport screw device 12 and reverse acting spiral device 13 are connected by screw drives machinery structure 15 and realize synchronous operation, and its speed is controlled by converter plant.
3. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that, the stirring vane that between blade in each stage reactor in reverse double-helix, addition is horizontal and vertical or puddler, its spacing is 0.1 ~ 1.0 meter, and its density degree adjusts according to reactor size and material characteristic.
4. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that, double helix groove casing is housed in reactor, the upper cover of the ripple struction with inclination angle is installed above it, inclination angle is 20 ~ 70 degree, the condensed water that inner wall surface is formed can freely flow down, the parallel condensed water of pipe in order to produce in collection process being provided with water leg or top cutting of inclination angle lower end; Set up circulating condensing chuck between the heat-insulation layer of upper cover outside and the cryosurface of inside and carry out forced condensation.
5. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, double helix groove casing is housed in reactor, the upper cover of the ripple struction with inclination angle is installed above it, inclination angle is 20 ~ 70 degree, the condensed water that inner wall surface is formed can freely flow down, the parallel condensed water of pipe in order to produce in collection process being provided with water leg or top cutting of inclination angle lower end; Set up circulating condensing chuck between the heat-insulation layer of upper cover outside and the cryosurface of inside and carry out forced condensation.
6. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type according to claim 1,2 or 5, it is characterized in that, set up hot drying aid reactor, each stage reactor and hot drying aid reactor serial operation, timing agitation, the intermittent screw propulsion feeding device opened between reactor controls each stage of reaction time of staying.
7. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, set up hot drying aid reactor, each stage reactor and hot drying aid reactor serial operation, timing agitation, the intermittent screw propulsion feeding device opened between reactor controls each stage of reaction time of staying.
8. the semicontinuous organic waste biological reaction apparatus of a kind of multisection type according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, set up hot drying aid reactor, each stage reactor and hot drying aid reactor serial operation, timing agitation, the intermittent screw propulsion feeding device opened between reactor controls each stage of reaction time of staying.
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2014
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