CN1972677B - 耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的治疗方法 - Google Patents
耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的治疗方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1972677B CN1972677B CN200580009886.5A CN200580009886A CN1972677B CN 1972677 B CN1972677 B CN 1972677B CN 200580009886 A CN200580009886 A CN 200580009886A CN 1972677 B CN1972677 B CN 1972677B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种预防和/或治疗由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的方法。在这些实施例中,使用适当的设备和/或配方将含有NMDA受体拮抗剂的药物成分施加到人体,以对内耳进行局部施药。所述被预防和/或治疗的耳鸣系由听觉损伤、老年性耳聋、心肌缺血、缺氧、使用一种或多种特定的耳毒性药物治疗、突发性耳聋所引发,或者其他的耳蜗兴奋性毒性诱变所引发。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种将药物混合物输送到内耳以治疗由耳蜗兴奋性毒性(cochlear excitotoxicity)引起的耳鸣的方法,更具体地说,涉及将N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸盐(NMDA)受体拮抗剂局部施加到内耳以抑制出现急性、反复性或长期性或慢性耳蜗兴奋性毒性后的以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性,所述耳蜗兴奋性由听觉损伤、老年性耳聋、心肌缺血、缺氧、使用一种或多种特定的耳毒性药物治疗,以及突发性耳聋等所引发。
背景技术
耳鸣,即没有外部声音刺激下却感觉到声音,是很常见的内耳紊乱。据估计,有860万的美国人患有慢性耳鸣,占美国人口的3%(Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention,Vital and Health Statistics,Series 10,#200,Oct 1999)。根据美国言语听力协会(American Speech-Language-Hearing Association,ASHA),有一百万甚至更多的人认为耳鸣妨碍了他们的正常生活(占美国人口的0.3%)。欧洲的人口研究估计7%至14%的人曾经与他们的医生谈论过耳鸣,而可能引致残疾的耳鸣则出现在1%至2.4%的人群中(Vesterarger V.,British Medical Journal 314(7082):728-731(1997))。
尽管耳鸣的高发病率以及其对患者的健康和生活质量带来严重的影响,目前还没有真正有效的治疗方法。目前的治疗方法包括避免耳毒性药物、减少对酒精、咖啡因和烟碱的食用、缓解压力、使用背景噪声,或者佩戴耳鸣罩(一些耳鸣罩同时结合了助听器)、行为治疗例如催眠、认知疗法以及生物反馈、耳鸣再训练疗法(tinnitus retraining therapy,TRT)、药理的以及其他辅助疗法。
耳鸣不是一种疾病,而是一种与各种听觉障碍有关的普通症状,就像疼痛与多种不同的疾病共存一样。耳鸣常常与噪声导致的听觉损失、老年性耳聋以及梅尼埃病(Meniere disease,MD)有关(Nicolas-Puel et al.,InternationalTinnitus Journal 8(1):37-44(2002))。另外,不常见的原因包括受耳毒性药物影响(氨基糖苷抗生素、大剂量的袢利尿剂、非类固醇类消炎药(NSAID)以及某些化学疗法药)、供血下降(心肌缺血)、自体免疫处理、传染病、传导性听觉损失、耳硬化症、头部损伤等。超过90%的病例中,耳鸣与已知原因的听觉损失有关,超过70%的耳鸣发生在内耳中(Nicolas-Puel et al.,International Tinnitus Journal 8(1):37-44(2002))。
在过去的十年中,内耳病理生理学研究的主要进展导致确定了内毛细胞突触复合体在耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的发展过程中所起的主要作用,耳蜗兴奋性毒性是引起耳鸣的最常见原因。所谓兴奋性毒性,最初的描述见Olney et al.,J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neuol.31(3):464-488(1972),通常以谷氨酸的过量突触释放为特征,谷氨酸是中央神经系统以及听觉系统中最重要的神经传递素。兴奋性毒性刺激突触后的谷氨酸受体(离子型和代谢型),这引发了去极化(depolarization)和神经元兴奋。但是,如果受体活性由于谷氨酸的过多释放而变得过兴奋,如兴奋性毒性的情况,目标神经元会被损坏,最终会死亡(Puel J.L,Prog Neurobiol.47(6):449-76(1995))。
耳蜗兴奋性毒性要么是由暴露在过大的噪声中,如被剧烈的或重复的噪声损伤(这会导致噪声引起的听力损失或耳聋)、突发耳聋或缺氧症(心肌缺血)所引起(Pujol and Puel,Ann.NY Acad.Sci.884:149-254(1999)),要么是由于使用一种或多种耳毒性药物治疗而引起。谷氨酸的过多释放,要么是由于进入耳蜗的过大的声音压强而引起的听觉损伤,要么是由于流入谷氨酸调节系统的血液减少而引起的缺氧/心肌缺血的突发耳聋。在所有的病例中,兴奋性毒性都是以两步机制为特征:首先,由离子型谷氨酸受体作为媒介的I型传导树突出现剧烈膨胀,导致突触后结构的破坏和功能的损失。在接下来的5年中,能观察到突触修复(新近突触发生,neo-synaptogenesis)以及完全恢复的或部分恢复的耳蜗电势(Puel et al.,Acta Otolaryngol.117(2):214-218(1997))。在兴奋性毒性的第二阶段,在强烈的或反复的损伤之后,兴奋性毒性加强,Ca2+的进入导致的一连串代谢活动,导致了螺旋节神经元(ganglionneurous)的神经元死亡。
耳蜗兴奋性毒性可包括突出后结构的破裂过程中的耳鸣,还包括在该破裂不是晚期的情况下,接下来在内毛细胞突触复合体的新近突触发生(Puel etal.,Audiol.Neurootol.7(1):49-54(2002))。兴奋性毒性之后的功能恢复的主要任务由NMDA受体承担,NMDA受体与生理条件下的听觉神经纤维的活性无关(Puel et al.,Audiol.Neuroootol.7(1):49-54(2002)),但其在新近突触发生的过程中被增量调节(up-regulated)(Puel et al.,C.R.Acad.Sci.III.318(1):67-75(1995)),这主要是因为它们的高钙(Ca2+)渗透性(Sattler and Tymianski,Mol.Neurobiol.24(1-3):107-129(2001))。正如在动物模型的耳蜗突触间隙修复机制中所表明的,通过局部使用NMDA受体拮抗剂D-AP5(D-2-氨基-5-磷酸基戊酸)来阻却NMDA受体,延迟了听觉树突(dendrite)的功能性恢复和再生(Gervais D’Aldin et al.,Int.J.Dev.Neurosci.15(4-5):619-629(1997))。因此可以概括出,谷氨酸以其作为快速兴奋的神经传递素的功能,通过NMDA受体的活化作用承担亲神经的角色。
据推测,耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的NMDA受体nRNA的增量调节与听觉神经纤维的异常的自发“冲动”(firing)有关,这种“冲动”可理解为耳鸣(PuelJ.-L.et al.,Audiol.Neurootol.7(1):49-54(2002))。在新近突触产生(neo-synaptogenesis)的过程中,传入树突(afferent dendrites)处于临界状态,从而容易被NMDA受体的活化而导致兴奋。要避免这种传入树突兴奋,以及因为不完整的新近突触产生而无限地持续下去所产生的耳鸣,应当寻找一种特别拮抗NMDA受体的治疗方法。如上所述,将NMDA受体拮抗剂局部施用到耳蜗,能防止听觉损伤或心肌缺血引起的兴奋性毒性(Duan et al.,Proc.Nati.Acad.Sci.USA 97(13):7595-7602(2000);Puel,Prog.Neuobiol.47(6):449-476(1995);Puel et al.,J.Comp.Neurol.341(2):241-256(1994))。尽管也可以采用2-氨基-3-(3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异唑丙酸)丙酸酯(AMPA)或者克他命受体拮抗剂来阻却兴奋性毒性,因为传入树突的急性膨胀主要通过它们(这两种受体)来进行的(Puel et al.,J.Comp.Neurol.341(2):241-256(1994)),但是这种方法对听觉功能有潜在的重大负面影响。因为内毛细胞和听觉神经纤维之间的兴奋性神经传导的主要媒介是AMPA偏好受体(preferringreceptor)(Ruel et al.,J.Physiol.London 518:667-680(1999)),这种阻却不仅抑制不想得到的听觉神经的过刺激,也抑制了想得到的正常兴奋,从而导致听力损失。
目前,耳鸣发生过程中NMDA受体的这种推论仅仅被使用水杨酸而致耳鸣的行为模型在体内进行了测试和演示(Guitton et al.,J.of Neuroscience 23(9):3944-3952(2003))。这种行为模式用于测量耳鸣,因为耳鸣是不能直接观察的。这种行为模式基于主动回避模式(active avoidance paradigm):动物听到特定的声音时,会条件性地跳到支杆上。即使不存在外部声音的情况下,施用水杨酸也导致跳跃次数的显著增加,这表明(动物)感觉到了耳鸣。通过圆窗膜将NMDA拮抗剂MK-801、7-CK(7-氯化犬尿氨酸脢)和Gacyclidine(一种N-甲基D-天门冬氨酸受体拮抗剂)施用到动物的耳蜗后,假阳性反应的次数显著下降,这表明耳鸣得到了抑制。
虽然这些结果第一次证实了NMDA受体在发生耳鸣时的推测性牵连,但是这些结果不能确定地推广到所有类型的内耳紊乱,因为水杨酸致耳鸣是非常特殊的耳鸣形式。一个世纪前,就已经知道,大量服用阿司匹林(aspilin)的活性组分水杨酸会导致耳鸣(Cazals Y,Prog.Neurobiol.62:583-631(2000))。水杨酸可能会引起耳鸣的感觉,与耳蜗兴奋性毒性或者其他不同病因一样,这种耳鸣通常是可逆的,和基于特定的分子机制。除了水杨酸外,采用甲灭酸(Mefenamate),一种非常有名的环氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)抑制剂,也会增加假阳性反应的次数,这表明水杨酸致耳鸣与抑制环氧化酶的途径有关。虽然耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣是谷氨酸层叠的结果,以导致NMDA受体的nRNA的增量调节过程为媒介;但是水杨酸致耳鸣以花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid)代谢的变化为媒介(例如,见Cazals Y.,Prog.Neurobiol.62:583-631(2000))。已经表明,水杨酸抑制环氧化酶的活性(例如,见Vaneand Botting,Am.J.Med.104:2S-8S(1998))。有证据表明花生四烯酸加强了NMDA受体的电流(Miller et al.,Nature 355:722-725(1992);Horimoto et al.,NeuroReport7:2463-2467(1996);Casado and Ascher,J.Physiol.513:317-330(1998))。电生理学研究已经表明花生四烯酸在多种系统中增加了NMDA受体开放通道的概率,包括小脑颗粒细胞、解离的椎体细胞/皮层神经元以及脑片(hippocampal slice)(例如,见Miller et al.,Nature 355:722-725(1992);Horimoto et al.,NeuroReport:2463-2467(1996);Yamakura and Shimoji,Prog.Neurobiol.59:279-298(1998))。与兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣不同,水杨酸致耳鸣中,内毛细胞突触复合体尤其是突触末端没有形态上的毁坏。
发明人为Sands的美国专利No.5,716,961公开了施用特定的NMDA受拮抗剂来治疗耳鸣。在细胞培养中演示了谷氨酸兴奋性毒性的神经保护属性。但是,没有在病例生理学条件下示出化合物在体内的药物活性和功效,就是说,它与耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣没有关系。鉴于内毛细胞突触复合体的复杂性,必须认为这是严重的不足。此外,Sands提倡口服NMDA受体拮抗剂,仅仅在病人无法吞咽或者口服的通道损坏的情况下讨论过局部施用。所述局部施用是采用“溶液、洗剂、药膏、涂油膏等”的形式。
全身施用NMDA受体拮抗剂来治疗内耳紊乱通常是无效的,因为耳蜗像大脑一样被生物屏障保护着。因此,为达到希望的治疗效果,需要相当大的剂量,但是NMDA受体拮抗剂的各种潜在副作用例如学习、记忆或运动性的显著下降,限制了最大的允许剂量。对使用NMDA受体拮抗剂治疗CNS紊乱人体的许多研究表明,全身施用后的血浆水平比动物模型中需要最大神经保护的血浆水平低,由于大量的潜在CNS不利作用、紧张症、血压升高和麻木,必须限制其临床用量(Kemp and McKernan,Nature Neuroscience 5,supplement:1039-1042(2002))。换句话说,已经表明,局部施用NMDA受体拮抗剂卡罗维林(caroverine)到耳内上,导致更高的耳蜗内浓度,同时避免了全身施药中所遇到的血浆和脑脊髓液中较高的次级浓度(Chen et al.,Audiol.Neurootol,8:49-56(2003))。
发明人为Zenner的美国专利No.6,066,652公开了一种通过施用金刚烷(adamantane)治疗耳鸣的方法,金刚烷是公知的NMDA受体拮抗剂。该发明人应用了全身施药的临床研究得出的结果,在治疗期间,这种全身施药减少了耳鸣。用于解释这些结果的推测集中在外毛细胞和突出前细胞(presynapse),没有具体地包括NMDA受体的作用。
虽然有一些迹象支持这个推测:NMDA受体在耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣中起着重要的作用,但是前面的讨论表明其中的分子机制还是不清楚的,因此,不能可靠地预测使用NMDA受体拮抗剂是否会有效地阻止特定类型的耳鸣。从而,还需要更多的关于耳鸣产生的病理生理学研究,来证实这种假定以及研发出具体的真实有效的治疗方法。
发明内容
本发明涉及预防和/或治疗人体中由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的方法。该方法包括给人体施用有效治疗量的药物成分,该药物成分包括NMDA受体拮抗剂。在治疗耳鸣的方法中,所施用的NMDA受体拮抗剂有效地抑制或减少受疗人体中以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性。在防止耳鸣的方法中,所施用的NMDA受体拮抗剂有效地预防受疗人体中以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性。所述耳蜗兴奋性毒性由以下原因引起:听觉损伤、老年性耳聋、心肌缺血、缺氧、使用一种或多种特定的耳毒性药物治疗、突发性耳聋以及其他的耳蜗兴奋性毒性诱变的发生。
附图说明
下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步说明,附图中:
图1是对照动物(听觉)损伤后7天的CAP(compound action potential,复合动作电位)测量结果。通过记录损伤后7天的CAP测量评估听觉损伤引起的听力损失。听觉损伤后第七天在10kHZ上观察到的永久性听力损失(Permanent Threshold Shift,PTS)最大值是13dB±2.0。
图2是对照动物在听觉损伤后的假阳性反应的得分。其中,(A)听觉损伤导致正确地响应声音刺激的行为的次数下降,随着时间的过去,出现了部分的恢复,反映出所导致的听力损失;(B)被测试动物在听觉损伤后假阳性反应的次数不一致,组1的动物没有体验到耳鸣,组2的动物仅仅短暂地体验到耳鸣,而组3则短暂地而后永久地体验到耳鸣。
图3表明与听觉损伤引起的听力损失有关的毛细胞损失对耳鸣的产生不起重要作用。正如(A)中损伤后快速恢复的得分所示,在急性的听觉损伤后使用D-JNKI-1治疗防止了听力损失;但是在预防耳鸣方面没有显著效果,因为(B)中为不曾治疗过的动物的耳鸣的趋势(prevalence)和模式与试样在本质上是一样的。
图4示出了局部施用NMDA受体拮抗剂7-CK到圆窗膜,预防了耳鸣。(A)平均的行为得分从第0天到第1天下降,随后恢复;但这种提高比未治疗动物的要慢。(B)局部施用NMDA受体拮抗剂7-CK导致了抑制耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的永久性耳鸣,仅仅能观察到暂时耳鸣。
图5示出了局部施用NMDA拮抗剂S-(+)-克他命到圆窗膜,导致预防了永久性耳鸣。(A)平均的行为得分从第0天到第1天下降,随后恢复;但这种提高比未治疗动物的要慢。(B)局部施用NMDA拮抗剂S-(+)-克他命导致了抑制耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的永久性耳鸣,仅仅能观察到暂时耳鸣。
图6示出了听觉损伤对感官的外毛细胞(out hair cell,OHC)以及内毛细胞(inner hair cell,IHC)的突触复合体产生了真实的形态上的破坏,但是施用水杨酸却不导致这种坡坏。注射水杨酸2天后,OHC和IHC的静纤毛(stereocilia)保持完整(6A),而遭受听觉损伤的动物,OHC静纤毛显示出严重的损坏,IHC静纤维也出现了混乱,甚至在一些个例中还出现了溶化(如黑色箭头所示)(6D)。IHC突触复合体的放大图表明,在水杨酸治疗的个例中没有超微异常(6N),但是,在损伤的动物中,在受影响的频率范围区内的IHC的基极上,发现了大量的、显著地膨胀的放射状传入树突(如星号所示),这证实了兴奋性毒性的出现(6E)。要注意,IHC的顶部出现了大量的液泡,以及畸变的静纤毛(如箭头所示)。IHC基极的高度放大图表明水杨酸治疗的动物没有出现异常(6C)。两个传入神经末梢(用a1和a2表示)是正常的,典型的突触前体(presynaptic body)神经末梢a2是清晰可见的。与此相反,(6F)显示出膨胀的(a1)和混乱的(a2)神经末梢,以及朝向a2的突触前体。A和D的比例标尺(scale bar)是10um(扫描电子显微镜);B和E的是5um,C和F的是0.25um(透射电子显微镜)。
图7是暴露在水杨酸或听觉损伤后的NMDA受体的NR1亚单元的表达,用蛋白质印迹免疫法(Western Blot immunodetection)测定。能够看到,水杨酸治疗不会导致NR1 NMDA受体亚单元表达的显著变化(比对照动物高4%)。相反,听觉损伤在发生5后导致清晰的表达(比对照动物高50%),这与观察到永久性耳鸣是一致的。但是,听觉损伤24小时后,没有可检测的显著的过表达(高8%),这表明临时性耳鸣和永久性耳鸣的机制是根本不同的。在对照动物的大脑进行的免疫印迹,证实了大脑中和耳蜗中的NR1亚单元的分子量是相同的。
具体实施方式
本发明是基于由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的动物模型的耳鸣试验结果。本发明涉及药物化合物尤其是NMDA受体拮抗剂的使用。为不受理论的束缚,相信本发明的NMDA受体拮抗剂能将NMDA受体束缚在它的其中一个束缚位置,从而阻却(部分地或完全地)了所述受体的离子通道的开口。NMDA受体被复杂的方式激活,从而需要谷氨酸和甘氨酸束缚来打开离子通道和允许钙的进入(Kemp and McKernan,Nature Neuroscience 5,supplement:1039-1042(2002))。谷氨酸担任神经传递素的角色,因为谷氨酸是以活性依赖的方式从突触前末端被释放出来的;而甘氨酸作为调节器,它以更恒定的水平存在于细胞外液中。NMDA受体的离子通道被镁电位调控地阻却,而去极化作用又消除了该阻却。三个拮抗剂位置之一的NMDA受体拮抗剂的束缚结果,导致部分地或完全地阻却NMDA受体,从而阻却或减小了离子通道的开口以及神经元的去极化。NMDA受体拮抗剂抑制了由增量调节的NMDA受体引起的听觉神经的异常兴奋,这种异常兴奋会伴随着耳蜗兴奋性毒性,并且NMDA受体拮抗剂也降低或消除了耳鸣的感觉。随着NMDA受体拮抗剂的输送,NMDA受体不再被增量调节。通过明确地以仅仅在生理条件下被增量调节的NMDA受体为目标来抑制以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性,能避免不想得到的对听觉的副作用,因为正常的听觉神经传导主要以AMPA受体为媒介。
在本发明的一个实施例中,涉及一种治疗人体中由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的方法。该方法包括给病人施用有效治疗量的含有NMDA受体拮抗剂的药物成分。施用一定量的NMDA受体拮抗剂一段时间后,能有效地抑制或降低需要治疗的人体中以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性。听觉神经的这种以NMDA受体为媒介的异常活性的抑制或降低,抑制或降低了受治疗个体的耳鸣。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,在人体耳蜗出现兴奋性毒性诱导作用之时或之后施用NMDA受体拮抗剂。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,涉及一种预防人体出现由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的方法。该方法包括给人体施用有效治疗量的含有NMDA受体拮抗剂的药物成分。在该方法中,以一定剂量施用NMDA受体拮抗剂一段时间后,有效地预防需要治疗的个体中以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性。通过预防以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性,预防了被治疗个体的耳鸣。在本方法的一个优选实施例中,在人体耳蜗出现兴奋性毒性诱导作用之时或之前施用NMDA受体拮抗药。本发明的目标是预防和/或治疗由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣。本发明并不要求由特定类型的耳蜗兴奋性毒性来激发耳鸣,仅仅要求出现激起的耳蜗兴奋性毒性和诱导耳鸣。在预防和/或治疗耳鸣时,不需要知道出现耳蜗兴奋性的本质。被预防和/或被治疗的耳鸣可以是急性的、亚急性的或慢性的。
业内已经知道,耳鸣由听觉损伤、老年性耳聋、心肌缺血、缺氧、使用一种或多种特定的耳毒性药物治疗和/或突发性耳聋之后的耳蜗兴奋性毒性所引起。这里以由听觉损伤引起的耳鸣的预防为例子。本领域内的技术人员将高度确定性地预测到,这里提供的方法在预防和/或治疗耳鸣方面是有效的,不仅仅包括由听觉损伤引起的耳鸣,还包括由老年性耳聋、心肌缺血、缺氧、使用一种或多种特定的耳毒性的药物进行的治疗和/或突发性耳聋引起的耳鸣,因为由这些原因引起的耳鸣具有共同的引发机制(mechanistic cause)。所述听觉损伤、老年性耳聋、心肌缺血、缺氧、使用一种或多种特定的耳毒性药物治疗和/或突发性耳聋可以是以急性、反复性、长期性为特征的。本领域的技术人员将预测到,本发明的方法在预防和/或治疗由听觉损伤、老年性耳聋、心肌缺血、缺氧、使用一种或多种特定的耳毒性药物治疗和/或突发性耳聋之外的原因引起的耳鸣是有效的,只要耳鸣是由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的。由这些原因导致的耳蜗兴奋性毒性可以表征为急性的、反复性的或长期性的,取决于耳蜗兴奋性毒性出现的持续时间。
用在本发明的范围的词语“耳毒性药物”是指在治疗性服药时能通过耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起耳鸣的任何的化合物。出现耳蜗兴奋性毒性是施用耳毒性药物的副作用,这些药物通常作为治疗性化合物施用,所治疗的病情可能与听觉或听觉感知无关。例如,具有这些特性的耳毒性药物包括氨基糖苷抗生素(aminoglycoside antibiotics)以及化疗剂如顺铂(cisplatin)等。业内已经知道,使用这些具有耳蜗兴奋性毒性的耳毒性药物与出现耳鸣有关,但是在本发明之前,没有有效的疗法。这些药物的使用因为它们的耳毒性副作用而被限制,因此,减少这些副作用的方法将使这些药物在治疗中的到更广泛的使用。
化合物
根据本发明的方法所施用的药用化合物的分子包括选择性的NMDA受体拮抗剂,该NMDA受体拮抗剂将NMDA受体束缚在离子通道中的竞争性(competitive)NMDA拮抗剂束缚位点、非竞争性NMDA拮抗剂束缚位点,或者甘氨酸位点。示范性的化合物包括但不限于艾芬地尔(ifenprodil)、克他命(Ketamine)、金刚胺(memantine)、地佐环平(dizocilpine)(MK-801)、gacyclidine(一种N-甲基D-天门冬氨酸受体拮抗剂)、traxoprodil(一种非竞争性的NMDA拮抗剂)、D-2-氨基-5-磷酸基戊酸(D-AP5)、3±2-羟基哌嗪丙基磷酸(CPP)、芋螺睡眠肽(conantokin)(竞争性NMDA拮抗剂)、7-氯化犬尿氨酸脢(7-CK)以及利可替奈(Licostinel)(甘氨酸位点拮抗剂)。本发明使用的NMDA拮抗剂可以是NMDA拮抗剂的任何派生体、结构衍生物和/或异构体,它们保持着NMDA拮抗剂的功能。本发明的方法所施用的化合物可包括一种或多种NMDA拮抗剂。
本发明优先将芳基环烷基胺(Arylcycloalkylamines)作为NMDA拮抗剂。各类芳基环烷基胺中,优选具有通式I的化合物(保持着NMDA拮抗剂的功能):
其中,R1、R2、R3、R4和R5独立地为H、Cl、F、I、CH3、CH2CH3、NH2、OH或COOH,而R6和R7独立地为H、CH3、CH2CH3、OH、Cl、F、或I。
优选的芳基环烷基胺是克他命(Ketamine,也称氯胺酮)(C13H16CINO(自由基),2-(2-氯苯基)-2-(甲氨基)-环己酮)。由通式II表示的结构分子可用作NMDA拮抗剂:
克他命的任何的派生体、结构衍生物和/或异构体,或者由通式II或I定义的芳基环烷基胺化合物,都可以用作NMDA拮抗剂。
克他命是非竞争性的NMDA受体拮抗剂,它束缚在PCP束缚位点,也就是离子通道中的NMDA受体复合体的一个独立位点,从而阻却了离子流的跨膜(tranmembranous)。可通过US 3,254,124所公开的方法来获得克他命。更具体地,优选的化合物是(S)-克他命,因为它使用比(R)-克他命大3-4倍的吸力束缚在NMDA受体的PCP束缚位点(Vollenweider et al.,Eur.Neuropsychopharmacol.7:25-38(1997))。光学异构体的合成可以根据专利DE2062620或WO 01/98265来实施,这里参考并引用了该专利。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,克他命可以以其自由基形式的盐酸盐(hydrochloride salt)C13H17ClNO(盐酸克他命)来施药。
本发明优选的其他化合物属于保持NMDA拮抗剂功能的替代性chinanolines类。在本发明中,具有以下的通式III的chinanolines化合物优先作为NMDA拮抗剂:
其中,R’1、R’2、R’3和R’4独立地是H、Cl、F、I、CH3、NH2、OH或COOH,R’5和R’6独立地是COOH、OH、CONH2、H、CH3、CH2CH3、OH、Cl、F,或I。
在各类喹唑啉中,最好是7-氯化犬尿氨酸脢(7-CK)。7-CK由下面的结构分子式IV表示:
根据分子式IV的7-CK的任何派生体、结构衍生物和/或异构体,或者由分子式III定义的其他化合物,都可用于本发明的方法中。
施药及其配方
可通过口服、静脉注射、皮下注射、腹膜内给药、肌肉注射、直肠给药或局部给药来完成药物的输送,其中,优选在内耳进行局部给药,因为全身用药会引起不想要的副作用。本领域的技术人员应当知道,在本发明中NMDA拮抗剂的施用还可以采用其他方式。本发明中,施药的唯一要求就是含有NMDA拮抗剂的有效治疗量的药物成分要能够到达患病人体中以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性的位点。
可通过各种施药技术来将化合物送服到内耳。这些给药技术包括使用设备或者制剂载体将化合物以靶标造型输送和/或送服到圆窗和卵圆窗(ovalwindow)的膜上,化合物在该膜上弥散到内耳中,或者被活性地吸收。实例如耳芯(otowick)(详见美国专利6,120,484,发明人为Silverstein)、卵圆窗导管(详见美国专利5,421,818;5,474,529;5,476,446;6,054,528;发明人均为Areberg,或者美国专利6,377,849及其分案2002/008255,发明人Lenarz),或者其他类型的凝胶体、泡沫、纤维或其他载体制剂,它们被放置在卵圆窗位置或卵圆窗上,装载所述化合物以稳定地释放(见WO 97/383699,发明人为Manning;Silverstein et al.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 120(5):649-655(1999);Balough et al.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 119(5):427-431(1998))。其中还包括使用插入到耳蜗管或者耳蜗任何部分的设备(例如,见美国专利6,309,410,发明人为Kuzma)。还可以通过内淋巴囊注射来送服所述化合物,其中,将所述化合物的溶液或载体填在中耳或者中耳的某些部位(见Hoffer et al.,Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 36(2):353-358(2003))。给内耳施药的优选方法是在卵圆窗膜上扩散,从中耳位置相对容易到达卵圆窗膜,并不允许触及内耳,从而避免了耳蜗内液渗漏的潜在问题。
本发明的药用成份中所包含的化合物可能以制药上可接受的盐的形式提供。例如,所述的盐包括但不局限于采用有机酸(例如,乙酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、福玛酸(formaric)、酒石酸、硬脂酸、抗坏血酸、琥珀酸、苯甲酸、甲基磺酸、对甲苯磺酸或双羟萘酸)形成的盐,以及使用无机酸(例如,盐酸、硝酸、二磷酸、硫酸、磷酸)形成的盐,以及聚合酸(例如鞣酸、羧甲基纤维素、聚乳酸、聚乙二醇酸或者羧甲基纤维素-羟基乙醇酸的共聚体)制成的盐。
对于本发明的任何的施药途径,药用成分中含有有效治疗量的活性成分,以及药学上可接受的必需的有机或无机的、固体或液体的载体。适用于局部施药到内耳的药用成分包括水溶液或悬浮液。例如,单独包含活性成份或者包含活性成分以及载体的冻干分子,应该在使用前制成水溶液或悬浮液。所述药用成分还包括凝胶体,这些凝胶体可以是生物可分解的或者生物不可分解的,水溶液的或非水溶液的,或者基于微球体的。凝胶体的例子包括但不限于聚二醇醚共聚物(poloxamers)、透明质酸盐(hyaluronate)、芳基糖(xyloglucans)、壳聚糖(chitosans)、聚酯、聚交酯、聚交乙酯或它们的共聚PLGA、蔗糖乙酸酯异丁酸酯,以及单油酸甘油酯(Glycerol monooleate)。适用于肠内施药或者肠胃外施药的药用成分包括药片或胶囊,或者如上所述的水溶液和悬浮液。
所述药用成分可以是已灭菌的和/或可以含有佐剂如防腐剂、稳定剂、润湿剂和/或乳化剂、用于调节渗透压力的盐和/或缓冲剂。如果愿意,本发明的药用成分还含有其它的药用活性材料。本发明的药用成分可通过制药领域内公知的方法制备,例如,通过常规的混合、粒化、调制、溶解或冻干等方法。它们的含量从0.01%左右至100%,优选0.1%左右至50%(冻干剂中高达100%)的活性材料。
在本发明的一个优选实施例,药用成分被配制用于局部施用。耳部施药的恰当工具是有机物质或无机物质,这些物质是药学上可接受的并且不会与活性化合物发生反应,例如生理盐水、酒精、植物油、苯甲醇、亚烃基、聚乙二醇、三乙酸甘油酯、凝胶、醣类如乳糖或淀粉、镁、硬脂酸盐、云母或矿脂。所指的制备可以是消毒和/或包括辅助材料如润滑剂、防腐剂如硫柳汞(例如,占50%)、稳定剂和/或润湿剂、乳化剂、用于改变渗透压力的盐、缓冲液材料、着色剂和/或芳香材料。
如果需要,所述药用成分也包括一种或多种其他的活性成分。根据本发明的近耳成分(otic composition)可以包括各种成分,包括生物活性剂如抗生素,例如氟化恩菎类抗生素(Fluoroquinolone)、消炎剂如类固醇、可的松、止痛剂、苯坐卡因、普鲁卡因等。
本发明的用于局部施药的组合物可含有其他的药学可接受的成分。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,所选择的局部赋形剂在给耳部施药时不会增强将药剂向体循环或中央神经系统中的输送。例如,一般而言,局部赋形剂最好不具有坚实的闭合特性,坚实的闭合特性会增强通过粘膜经皮到体循环的传输。这些闭合媒介物包括烃基、无水吸收基如亲水矿脂和无水羊毛脂(如氯磺水杨),以及油包水乳化基如羊毛脂和冷霜。更优选的媒介物是实质性非闭合的,通常包括那些可水溶的媒介物,例如水包油乳化基(乳酪或亲水药膏)和水溶基如聚乙二醇基的媒介物,以及与各种制剂如甲基纤维素、羟基纤维素以及羟基-甲基纤维素凝胶的亲水溶液(如KY凝胶)。
对本领域内的技术人员来说,合适的局部赋形剂和媒介物都可为特定的用途而固定地选择,具体参考领域内多种标准原文,例如Remington’sPharmaceutical Sciences,Vol.18,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA(1990),其中特别是第87章。例如,根据本发明的生物活化剂能够与增强药剂渗透性的增强剂组合。
这种化合物可以在被兴奋性毒性引起耳鸣之前、之时或之后施用。施用量根据施用方法、疗程、受疗者状况而变化。耳鸣的严重程度以及所使用的特定化合物的功效、年龄、体重、健康状况、性别、饮食、施药时间和施药途径、排泄率以及药物组合最终由主治医生决定。疗程从1小时至几天、几星期或者几个月,可能会延长为慢性治疗。将要被输送的化合物的有效治疗量从0.1毫微克每小时到大约100毫微克每小时。本发明的材料类似于其他以口服的化合物一样正常施用。例如,可以施用一定量的克他命(ketamine)以治疗耳鸣,优选地,剂量约为10ug/30ml到10000ug/30ml,最好是500ug/30ml到10000ug/30ml,或者每剂大约0.01-2μg。关于局部施药的用语“剂量”,是指在单疗程中施用的药剂量。例如,施加到耳部的每两滴药液大约含有0.05-1ug的克他命。这里提到的其他抗耳鸣剂可以根据药效而施用。
有效治疗剂量被定义为有效地抑制或减少受疗人体中以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性的量。有效治疗量也被定义为有效地抑制或减轻受疗人体的耳鸣的量。如上所述,有效治疗量随着治疗所用的特定NMDA拮抗剂以及施用方法的选择而变化。例如,以静脉注射的NMDA拮抗剂比将相同的药用成分局部施加到耳部的卵圆窗膜或者卵圆窗需要更大的剂量。此外,在本发明的NMDA拮抗剂使用更高的束缚吸力来束缚NMDA受体,所需要的量比使用更低吸力来束缚NMDA拮抗剂所需的量要小。因此,优选那些使用更高束缚吸引力来束缚NMDA受体的NMDA拮抗剂。如上所述,(S)-克他命在束缚NMDA受体的PCP束缚位点时,吸力比(R)-克他命高3~4倍(Vollenweider et al.,Eur.Neuopsycopharmacol.7:25-38(1997)),本发明的方法中优选使用这种(S)-克他命。疗程根据打算治疗的耳鸣的形式——急性、亚急性、慢性而不同。作为指导,停止治疗是指耳鸣没有复发,短疗程是优选的和足够的。对于在短疗程之后,耳鸣依然存在的人体,应该使用更长的疗程。
类似的,这里所公开的用于治疗或预防耳鸣,尤其是耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣(如这里所述)的方法,允许使用有效治疗量的含有NMDA受体拮抗剂的药物成分来制造用于治疗或预防耳鸣尤其是耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的药物,所述NMDA受体拮抗剂能有效地抑制或减少人体中以NMDA受体为媒介的听觉神经的异常活性。优选使用芳基环(arylcycloalkylamines)和喹唑啉类(chinazolines)的化合物,更优选使用通式I或III的化合物,特别优选从克他命、7-氯化犬尿氨酸脢、D-AP5、MK801以及gacyclidine中选出的NMDA受体拮抗剂。此外,优选使用根据本发明的药物成分,这些药物成分为局部施药而配制,特别是通过溶液、凝胶或者其他受控制的缓释剂型、药膏或乳酪或者药物扩散传输技术的方式,经由圆窗膜或者卵圆窗膜局部地施药到内耳,或者直接施药到内耳。
实施例1
方法和材料
我们研究和试验动物模型的由耳毒性兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣,这种耳鸣由听觉损伤引起。因为一般而言耳鸣是无法直接观察到的,因为不是所有的个体的听觉损伤都导致耳鸣,而且耳鸣的感觉可在发生兴奋性毒性的几个小时候小时后小时或者永远保持下去,这种动物模型的定义和实施是很大的挑战。例如,这些需要考虑的事情,包括需要更多的动物以获得足够数量的耳鸣病例以进行研究,以及允许对耳鸣观察一段时间。因为不清楚由耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣病例是否会持续,所以建议在耳鸣的早期进行研究。
试验分两个阶段来实行。首先,在施加治疗化合物的情况下,评估急性的听觉损伤后的听力损失以及所出现的耳鸣。第二阶段,试验这三种药物化合物在抑制耳鸣方面的效果:S-(+)-克他命,它是NMDA受体拮抗剂(Sigma-Aldrich公司);7-氯化犬尿氨酸脢(7-CK;Sigma-Aldrich公司),它是另一种NMDA受体拮抗剂,之前在水杨酸致耳鸣的模型中进行过试验(Guitton et al.,J.of Neuroscience 23(9):3944-3952(2003)),可供参考;以及D-JNKI-1,一种c-Jun N-末端激酶的缩氨酸抑制剂(Xigen S.A.公司),它显示出拮抗由听力损失导致听觉发细胞死亡和听力损失(Wang et al.,J.ofNeuroscience 23(24):8596-8607(2003))。第一阶段(即,不使用药物化合物的阶段)的试验结果作为对照。
动物
实验在Long-Evans鼠上实施,因为它们比其他鼠有更高的运动能力。在实验时,在恒温下将动物一个一个单独地关在笼里,为时一个白天/晚上,即12/12小时。在黑暗阶段(dark phase),也就是动物活动的一般周期内,每天在大概相同的时间里对每个动物的所有行为进行实验。实验之外,给动物随机地提供水和营养。总共使用60个动物:30个用于第一阶段(采用主动(行为)技术对其他25进行试验,另外5个使用电生理学做试验),另外30个用于第二阶段,每种药用成分使用10个动物进行试验。
急性听力损失
这种听力损失由波形合成器(Hewlett-Packard惠普8904A)产生的6kHz的连续纯音调来引起。将动物麻醉并在130dB的声压水平(SPL)下暴露20分钟。这种声压水平通过可编程衰减器传输,并使用放置在动物头部前方10cm处的JBL 075耳机的自由声场传输给动物的耳朵。使用校准的Bruel and Kjaer麦克风(4314)以及Bruel and Kjaer校准放大器(2606)测量声级。
行为训练和测试
动物习惯于获得主动回避(Guitton et al.,J.of Neuroscience 23(9):3944-3952(2003))。行为测试包括无论在什么时候在训练盒中通过电底板和爬杆产生声音时都能进行某项行为。动物训练共分为10期来完成,每期持续15至20分钟,使用频率为10kHz、SPL为50dB的纯音调进行3秒钟的条件刺激。非条件刺激包括点击动物的脚部(3.7mA),为期最长30秒,刺激间距为1秒。一旦动物正确地爬上了电极,研究员停止电击。试验的间距至少1分钟。
得分定义为动物的表现,测试动物对声音的响应而正确地爬上电极的次数。只有动物在连续的三期内获得80%的分数,才认为该动物已被成功地训练,可用于实验。
实验每天都进行,测量每期10分钟内的得分和假反应,共试验10期。所述假阳性反应是两轮试验之间,在没有任何声音刺激的情况下,也就是沉默期内爬上电极。这些响应可解释为耳鸣感觉,因为动物如果听到刺激的话才会爬上电极(Guitton et al.,J.of Neuroscience 23(9):3944-3952(2003))。声音刺激是随机的,而电击则是在动物听到声音但没有爬上电极时才释放。
电生理学
使用植入到动物的圆窗膜的电极来测量听觉神经的复合动作电位(compound action potential,CAP)(颈部肌肉放置有参考电极)。参考电极和圆窗膜电极被焊接到固定在头壳的插销。通过JBL 075的自由声场将随机功能生成器(LeCroy Corp.,model 9100R)每秒产生的10个声脉冲群(为期9毫秒,上升/下降周期为1毫秒)施加到动物的耳朵上。测试10种频率(2、4、6、8、10、12、16、20、26以及32kHz),每种频率使用0至100dB的脉冲级,步进为5dB。在PC(Dimension,Dell)上放大(Grass P511K,Astro-Med Inc)、过滤(100Hz至3kHz)和平均听觉神经的响应。在负向下降N1和随后的正向波P1的波峰-波峰之间测量CAP振幅。CAP阈值定义为引起可测量的响应(大于5uV)所需要的声强(单位是dB SPL)。
药理学
使用单剂量i.p.(也称ip,腹腔注射)注射0.3ml/kg 6%的戊巴比妥(pentobartital)(Sanofi公司)将动物麻醉,并在第一次行为试验(第0天)后马上在无菌环境下做手术。通过而后的外壳手术打开两个水泡(背部手术)。两个耳蜗露出来后,使用2.5ul含有药物成分的人造外淋巴浸泡的明胶海绵(Gelita tampon,B.Braun Medical AG)放置在两个耳蜗的各自圆窗上。所用的三种药物化合物的浓度都是50uM。接着,使用牙科粘固粉(Unifast Trad,GCCorporation)封闭所述水泡。接着,将动物暴露在致伤性的声音下。在该听觉损伤24小时候(第一天)继续进行行为试验,并每天重复试验,重复8天。
统计
在每个行为试验中,根据双因素(组群×时间,对最后因素进行重复测量)方差分析(ANOV)对相关参数进行比较,以检测测量效果(组效应)、时间效应以及组群×时间的交互作用。方差分析之后进行两两比较(Tukey检验)。根据单因素ANOVA对CAP测量进行统计分析之后,进行Dunnett检验。所有的结果都用“平均值±SEM”表示。
结论
第一阶段,不施用治疗化合物:
正如预期,致伤性声音导致永久的听力损失(使用电生理学试验的5个动物)。如图1所示,在听觉损伤第7天,可观察到10kHz处最大为13dB±2.0的永久性听力障碍(在第一天就发生了)。
听觉损伤也导致得分的下降(行为模型中试验的25个动物)。如图2A所示,平均分数从第0天的较高的初始水平87%±1.6显著地降到第一天的5.9%±1.0,其中,出现了听觉损伤(p<0.001),从第二天起能够观察到部分功能恢复(69%±1.2),在第4天稳定的平均分数是80%±2.0。对该结果的统计分析表明所观察到的分数的下降是显著的(p<0.05),从第二天至第八天的分数下降也是显著的(最后一天是80%±1.4)。动物正确地响应条件性声音刺激的能力的下降,与动物听到以该听觉损失的频率的声音的能力已经被该致伤性声音显著地降低了是一致的。
有趣的是,在听觉损伤后进行测试的动物中,假阳性反应的次数明显不同,如图2B所示。其中一组动物(命名为组1;n=11)的假阳性反应的次数根本没有增加——甚至在听觉损伤发生之后(第0、1天是0.18次假反应±0.12)。但是,剩下的14个动物假反应次数显示出显著的增加,从第0天的0.34±0.13到第1天的4.28±0.22。对于其中6个动物(命名为组2),这种增加是可逆的,假阳性反应的次数在第二天以及之后回落到正常的水平。但是另外的8个动物(组3)在短暂地增加后又呈现假阳性反应的增加。第二阶段假阳性反应的最大值在第五天观察到,为3.87±0.29;直到第8天,这种影响都保持着统计学的显著性(最后一点观察到的假阳性反应是2.25±0.25)。换言之,响应声音刺激的假阳性反应首先是可逆性的增加,接着是永久性的增加。这意味着听觉损伤后,一些动物根本没有经历耳鸣(组1);一些是临时性耳鸣(组2);另一些开始是临时性耳鸣,接着在余下的观察期内再变为永久性耳鸣。这些试验结果原则上与从人体上观察到的是一致的。
第二阶段,施加治疗性化合物:
为了测试听觉损伤导致的耳鸣产生的机制是否与耳蜗毛细胞的损失和/或兴奋性毒性有关,而将D-JNK-1局部施加到圆窗膜。如图3A所示,药物化合物不能阻止第0天(88%±2.5)至第1天(65±1.7)的得分的增加。但是,这种治疗导致第2天快速地、完全地功能性恢复到听觉损伤前的水平(90%±2.6),随后继续保持这种恢复(在第8天是92%±2.0)。
虽然D-JNK-1防止了急性听觉损伤后的永久性听力损失,但它对假阳性反应的次数没有显著效果,从而对预防耳鸣没有效果。如图3B所示,假阳性反应的模式与从控制组(如2B)所观察到的大致相同:虽然组1(n=4)没有显示出增加(第0、1两天的假反应是0.25±0.25),另外两组的假阳性反应次数在第0天(0.33±0.21)至第1天(4.66±0.42)依然显示出显著性的增加(p<005)。对于组2(n=2),这种增加也是短期的,完全可逆的增加;但组3中,这种临时增加之后,接着是假阳性反应次数的永久性增加(第四天是3.50±0.29,第八天是2.25±0.25)。总的来说,这些结果表明由听觉损伤导致的毛细胞损失不是产生耳鸣的主要原因,以及在该基础上得出耳蜗兴奋性毒性是耳鸣的机理。
局部施加两种NMDA受体拮抗剂7-CK和S-(+)-克他命,所得到的结果是非常相似的。如图4A和图5A所示,从第0天至第1天,平均得分是显著下降的,随后得分恢复,然而恢复速率比未治疗的动物要慢。与未治疗的动物形成对比,使用NMDA受体拮抗剂治疗的动物仅仅在第6天出现了稳定的得分(使用S-(+)-克他命、7-CK治疗的分别是89%±2.3和88%±2.5)。对这种不同的一个可逆解释是,(部分)阻却的NMDA受体延迟了新近突触发生,而新近突触发生具有亲神经的效果,就这样,延缓了功能的恢复。
另一方面,施用这两种NMDA拮抗剂,对假阳性反应的次数有实质的影响(图4B和图5B)。假阳性反应的次数在初始的临时增加之后,没有观察到永久性的增加,这与那些未治疗的动物或者那些使用D-JNK1-1的动物不同。在该试验中,要么根本没有假阳性反应的增加(组1;对于使用S-(+)-克他命、7-CK治疗的动物分别是n=5和n=4),在第0和第1天观察到的假阳性反应次数是0.22±0.22;要么是在听觉损伤之后出现可逆的增加(组2:对于使用克他命和7-CK治疗的动物分别是n=5和n=6),假阳性反应的次数从第0天的0.2±0.2(S-(+)-克他命)、0.33±0.21(7-CK)增加到第1天的5±0.48(S-(+)-克他命)、4.66±0.42(7-CK)。在出现临时性耳鸣后,没有观察到永久性耳鸣的出现。这些结果表明本地施用NMDA受体拮抗剂到耳蜗上,抑制了耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的永久性耳鸣。
实施例2
方法与材料
为了评估水杨酸盐和兴奋性毒性致耳鸣的不同机制,在这两种不同类型的耳鸣诱导发生后,进行耳蜗感觉神经的比较形态分析以及蛋白质免疫印迹分析(Western Blot immunodetection)。
形态学
使用两组Long Evans鼠,每组3只。给其中一组腹腔注射350mg/kg的水杨酸溶液,每天两次,共2天;如实施例1一样使另一组听觉受损伤。将深度麻醉的鼠的头部去掉之后,将耳蜗从颞骨移除,往耳蜗灌注固定液,该固定液是0.1M的磷酸缓冲液(PBS),含2.5%的戊二醛,PH为7.3。接着对耳蜗进行处理,然后进行扫描(SEM)处理或透射电子显微镜(TEM)处理。对于SEM,将听觉软骨囊切碎,移除血管纹(stria vascularis)、覆膜以及瑞氏膜。使用PBS(PH为7.3)冲洗之后,在等级系列的乙醇(30-100%)中对样本进行脱水,使用CO2将样本干缩到临界点,涂覆金-钯,然后用日立S4000显微镜进行检查。对于TEM,使用1%的四氧化锇水溶液将耳蜗预固定2小时,用磷酸缓冲器冲洗,采用等级系列的乙醇(30-100%)脱水,并用环氧树脂(Epon resin)包埋。从耳蜗的顶部移除柯氏体(Corti)的横向超薄部分。将该部分放在聚醋酸甲基乙烯脂涂层(formvar-coaded)上或者编制网上,使用乙酸铀酰和柠檬酸铅褪色,然后用日立7100显微镜检查。
免疫检测
使用3组Long Evans鼠,每组3只。对其中一组腹腔注射350kg/ml的水杨酸溶液,在24小时以上注射2次,如“实施例1”之前的那一段记述的那样使另一组的听觉受损。已经知道一定剂量的水杨酸盐会导致耳鸣(Guittion etal.,J.of Neuroscience 23(9):3944-3952(2003))。第3组的3只鼠作为对照,IP注射0.9%的NaCl溶液,剂量与使用水杨酸治疗的动物的剂量相同。24小时后,从水杨酸组和对照组中取出样本;对于听觉损伤组,分别在损伤发生24小时和5天后取出样本。正如在实验1中所显示的,在听觉损伤的24小时候出现了短期耳鸣,从第3天开始观察到永久性耳鸣。因此,可以预料永久性的耳鸣也会存在于第5天。因为水杨酸不能引起永久性耳鸣,所以,不能够预期24小时以外(beyond)的任何处理和测量得到的结果与24小时后(after)得到的结果不同。
使用冷的PBS获取组织,并在样本缓冲器中进行匀质化处理,将所得的溶解产物离心分离以移除不可溶的清洁剂,将溶液分离在10%SDS-PAGE的Tris/Tricine缓冲溶液(三羧甲基氨基甲烷/三(羟甲基)甲基甘氨酸)中。电泳之后,将蛋白质电泳地转移到硝化纤维膜(PVDF transfer membrane Hydond-P,Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,USA)。首先使用对抗NMDA NR1受体亚单元的主要抗抗体(anti-antibody)[1/1000的稀释度;兔多克隆抗体(RabbitPolyclonal Antibody),美国Chemicon internation公司]以及主要的抗肌动蛋白抗体(antibody anti-actin)[1/50000稀释度,鼠单克隆抗β肌动蛋白(mousemonoclonal anti-β-actin),美国Sinma公司],在4℃通宵孵化印迹。为了证实脑部和耳蜗的NR1亚单元的分子量是相同的,在控制动物的脑部实施免疫印迹。接着,使用抗小鼠抗体IgG,生物素化的特有物种的完整抗体(1/3500,美国Amersham Lifescience公司)以及小鼠抗体IgG生物素化的特有物种的完整抗体(1/3500,美国Amersham Lifescience公司)在4℃孵化2小时。使用TBS-T(Tris buffer saline tween)冲洗5次,每次5分钟之后,使用链酶亲和素(streptavidin-alkalin phosphatase,SAP)结合物(1/5000,美国AmesshamLifescience公司)在4℃孵化2小时。使用BCIP/NBT(美国Sigma公司)来显示蛋白质抗体复合体。接着,使用Biorad Fluor-S软件(Quantity one)对蛋白质印迹(Western blots)进行图像扫描,以将NR1和肌动蛋白的表达水平半量化。
结论
正如所意料的,水杨酸致耳鸣和兴奋性毒性引起的耳鸣的机理暗示着不同的路径,以及导致不同的形态学和生理上的结果。如图6所示,施用水杨酸留下保持了感觉器官外毛细胞(OHC)和内毛细胞(IHC)的静纤毛的完整;而哪些被暴露在听觉损伤之下的动物的OHC静纤毛纤维束显示出严重的损坏,以及出现了混乱的甚至一些个例中出现了断裂的IHC静纤毛。在水杨酸治疗的个例中,没有观察到IHC突触复合体的超微异常;而在受损伤的动物中,在受影响的频率范围的区域的IHC的基极(basal pole)上径向传入树突上有大量的剧烈的膨胀,这证实已经出现了兴奋性毒性。IHC的顶部出现了很多液泡和异常形状的静纤毛。高度放大的IHC基极表明,采用水杨酸治疗的动物没有出现异常。传导神经末端是正常的,以及特有的突出前体是清晰可见的。与此相反,随后出现了损伤的、膨胀的和破裂的神经末梢。
图7所示是采用蛋白质印迹免疫确定的暴露在水杨酸或听觉损伤后的耳蜗NMDA受体NR1亚单元的表达。水杨酸治疗不引起NR1 NMDA受体亚单元表达的任何显著变化(比控制动物高4%)。相反,听觉损伤发生5天后,会出现清晰的过表达(比控制动物高50%),这与观察到持续性耳鸣是一致的。NMDA NR1表达的不同表明由听觉损伤导致的耳鸣是由于NMDA受体的增量调节,而水杨酸的则不是。这证实了水杨酸导致的耳鸣以不同的路径为媒介,如上所述。图7还表明,损伤24小时后,没有可检测到的过表达(+8%),这意味着听觉损伤后的短期耳鸣和永久性耳鸣的机制是根本不同的。
总的来说,形态学和免疫检测的分析,证实了水杨酸致耳鸣和兴奋性致耳鸣的行为机制是根本不同的。与水杨酸不一样,兴奋性毒性会损坏内耳发细胞突触复合体,以及引起NMDA受体的增量调节,这导致持续性耳鸣的产生。因为耳蜗NMDA响应的调节涉及两种不同的路径,所以,NMDA受体拮抗剂在抑制耳蜗兴奋性毒性引起的持续耳鸣的效果方面,不能采用水杨酸致耳鸣的模型来推定。
Claims (7)
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述NMDA受体拮抗剂是克他命。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的应用,其中所述药物组合物是通过圆窗膜或者卵圆窗膜被局部施用到内耳中的。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的应用,其中所述药物组合物是通过扩散性药物输送技术被局部施用到内耳中的。
5.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其中所述耳蜗兴奋性毒性是急性的。
6.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其中所述耳蜗兴奋性毒性是反复性的。
7.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其中所述耳蜗兴奋性毒性是长期的或者慢性的。
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