CN1829482B - 治疗依赖戒断的药盒 - Google Patents
治疗依赖戒断的药盒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1829482B CN1829482B CN2004800215633A CN200480021563A CN1829482B CN 1829482 B CN1829482 B CN 1829482B CN 2004800215633 A CN2004800215633 A CN 2004800215633A CN 200480021563 A CN200480021563 A CN 200480021563A CN 1829482 B CN1829482 B CN 1829482B
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- buprenorphine
- dosage form
- medicine box
- patient
- transdermal
- Prior art date
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Abstract
描述了用于治疗怀孕的药物依赖性或阿片类物质耐受性患者体内戒断或脱瘾综合征的丁丙诺啡给药方案。该方法包括通过透皮施用有效减轻戒断症状的量的丁丙诺啡来治疗患者的戒端或脱瘾综合征。例如,第一种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型可以施用不超过约5天的第一给药期;第二种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型施用不超过约5天的第二给药期,所述第二种剂型包含与第一种剂型相比相同或更大剂量的丁丙诺啡;和第三种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型施用至少2天的第三给药期,所述第三种剂型包含与第二种剂型相比相同或更大剂量的丁丙诺啡。
Description
本申请要求2003年7月25日提交的美国系列No.60/490,407的优先权。该优先权申请通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及戒断症状的治疗。具体而言,本发明涉及治疗对阿片类物质依赖的怀孕女性体内的戒断,还涉及新生儿体内阿片类物质依赖性的治疗。
背景技术
阿片戒断或脱瘾综合征是降低或停止阿片类物质给药的安排中或引入阿片拮抗剂(如纳洛酮或纳曲酮)过程中的瞳孔扩大、伤风(鼻流粘液)、易激惹、恶心和/或呕吐和/或腹泻和竖毛(鸡皮疙瘩)的一系列症状。该综合征经常与阿片类物质成瘾相关,因为许多成瘾者不能维持他们的阿片类物质供应,在用完药物之前没有逐渐减少用药。但是,脱瘾综合征的存在不是成瘾的最重要环节,因为成瘾是“以禁不住使用药物和不可抗拒地获得和使用药物为特征的行为模式”,尽管已知其有害效果(Goodman&Gillman′s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,J.G.Hardman(Ed.),McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing,2001,p.586)。潜在治疗成瘾的一个环节是治疗阿片类物质脱瘾综合征。阿片类物质成瘾者可以对阿片类物质非常耐受,因此当他们试图自我破坏性行为时遭受严重和/或更长时间的脱瘾综合征。从20世纪70年代的美沙酮开始,已经使用许多药物来降低或预防阿片类物质脱瘾综合征。另外,已经研究了一些药物来减轻成瘾者的阿片类物质“饥饿”。考虑用这些药物治疗阿片类物质成瘾。
目前,正测试许多药物来治疗阿片类物质成瘾,例如Abbott 69024、金刚烷胺(Amantidine)、安非它酮、溴麦角隐亭、丁螺旋酮、卡马西平(Tegretol)、氟西汀(Prozac)、氟哌噻吨、吉吡隆、LAAM、吗吲哚、纳曲酮和Schering 23390(参见: Scientific American,March 1991,pp.94-103)。这些药物中极少已被证明有效。新药目的是替代美沙酮用于阿片类物质依赖性,如丁丙诺啡,但是仅可获得有限的临床研究信息(Fudula et al.,NIDA Research Monograph 1991,105:587-588)(Fudula et al.,NIDA Research Monograph 1991,105:587-588)。
怀孕过程中连续的阿片类物质滥用事关重大,因为这导致母亲及其婴儿的并发症。推荐的策略是用合成的阿片类物质维持怀孕女性中的阿片类物质依赖性。根据国际准则,美沙酮是推荐的物质。但是,与怀孕期间使用海洛因之后的新生儿脱瘾综合征(NAS)相比,在60-80%新生儿中观察到NAS具有更长的持续期,但是没那么严重(Eder et al.,Psychiatr Prax 2001,28:267-69)。NAS可以具有下列一个或多个特征:震颤、易激惹、过度紧张、呕吐、打喷嚏、发热、哺乳不良和抽搐。
最近的研究调查了其他合成阿片类物质,包括舌下施用丁丙诺啡用于治疗怀孕患者的安全性和功效。用丁丙诺啡的维持疗法已证明在怀孕期间是安全且有效的,其中母亲没有连续的海洛因滥用,如通过监督的尿毒理学所证实的(Eder et al.,Psychiatr Prax 2001,28:267-69)。
丁丙诺啡是μ-阿片受体的强的部分激动剂,已经表明其通过许多不同施用途径施用于年轻和老年患者体内时有效控制各种患者体内的疼痛,所述施用途径包括静脉内、硬膜外、胸廓内或舌下(Inagaki et al.,Anesth Analg 1996,83:530-536;Brema etal.,Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1996,16:109-116;Capogna et al.,Anaesthesia 1988,43:128-130;Adrianensen et al.,Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1985,36:33-40;Tauzin-Fin etal.,Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998,15:147-152;Nasar et al.,Curr Med Res Opin 1986,10:251-255)。文献中报道了几种类型的丁丙诺啡透皮剂型。例如参见Hille等人的美国专利No.5,240,711;Hidaka等人的美国专利No.5,225,199;Sharma等人的美国专利No.5,069,909;Chien等人的美国专利No.4,806,341;Drust等人的美国专利No.5,026,556;Kochinke等人的美国专利No.5,613,958;和Reder等人的美国专利No.5,968,547。Lohmann Therapie-Systeme GmbH&Co.生产的丁丙诺啡透皮递送系统目前以商品名TRANSTEC_在欧洲联盟销售。这些贴剂含有20、30和40mg的丁丙诺啡,大致的递送或“流出”速率分别为35、52.5和70μg/小时。另一种阿片拮抗剂, 即芬太尼的透皮递送系统例如以名称Duralgesic可通过商业途径获得。
丁丙诺啡已经在人体内证明是强的阿片类物质拮抗剂类镇痛药,不表现出其他拮抗剂类镇痛药有时产生的拟精神病效果。在动物和人试验中,丁丙诺啡已经表明具有激动剂(吗啡样)和(吗啡)拮抗剂双重特征。但是,从动物和人的直接依赖性研究得出结论:丁丙诺啡不产生明显的生理依赖性,动物自我给药研究和人成瘾后令人欢欣效果的测定显示:产生精神依赖性的可能性低。在人体内,丁丙诺啡的激动剂和麻药拮抗剂特征已经在阿片成瘾者中证实。因此,口服6-16mg剂量范围的丁丙诺啡已经表明促使高度依赖性阿片成瘾者体内的脱瘾表现为脱毒。另一方面,在涉及稳定在较低日剂量口服美沙酮的患者的研究中,舌下施用丁丙诺啡可以替代美沙酮,而仅有低水平的不适。在该情况下,丁丙诺啡作为低内在活性的阿片激动剂起作用。
最近的研究已经评价了药物依赖性母亲的结果和丁丙诺啡维持对新生儿发病率的影响(Jernite et al.,Arch.Pediatr.,1999,6(11):1179-85)。该研究表明在怀孕期间使用丁丙诺啡减少胎儿/婴儿体内的依赖并发症,如早熟、生长迟缓、胎儿窘迫和胎儿死亡。
怀孕成瘾者中主动滥用阿片类物质的对胎儿后果包括:氧化作用降低,导致由于母亲呼吸抑制所致的多种器官损伤;由于阿片所致营养不足或精神错乱引起的母亲营养不良,导致宫内营养不良;由于发育过程中接触阿片引起阿片受体下调,导致异常神经发育,和替代性异常神经通路发育;暴露于其他胎儿毒素,因为多数非法获得的阿片都是污染的;暴露于其他胎儿毒素,因为受阿片毒害的母亲判断能力减退;和暴露于外伤(有意和无意),因为受阿片毒害的母亲判断能力减退。
有关丁丙诺啡对胎儿的直接和间接作用的信息对于确定其治疗怀孕阿片成瘾者的潜力来说是重要的。此外,丁丙诺啡在母体循环中的治疗水平可能对胎儿不具有间接作用(通过胎盘)(Nanovskaya et al.,J.Pharmacology and Exp.Ther.2002,300:26-33)。该研究观察到,丁丙诺啡向胎儿循环的低水平跨胎盘转移解释了关于怀孕期间使用药物治疗的母亲的有限数目的报道中中度的/不存在新生儿戒断。另外,与美沙酮治疗相比,丁丙诺啡治疗显示为怀孕母亲良好接受,这由对治疗的依从性所证明(Fischer et al.,Addiction 2000,95(2):239-244)。目前对于成瘾的丁丙诺啡治疗 预防和治疗脱瘾综合征,并可减轻阿片类物质“饥饿”。用于阿片类物质成瘾的丁丙诺啡通过每日或隔日舌下片剂或舌下溶液来递送。
虽然美沙酮是目前在美国批准用于维持疗法的唯一阿片类物质激动剂(against),丁丙诺啡具有治疗阿片依赖性的许多期望特征:(a)在中度依赖性个体中替代阿片的能力;(b)当停药时非常温和的脱瘾作用;和(c)非常好的安全性。
然而,对于维持疗法,存在舌下施用丁丙诺啡产品用于治疗阿片成瘾的潜在问题,如需要频繁给药。这限制治疗期间成瘾者的活动,经常产生这么一种感觉:由于计划性的监督给药,恢复生产性生活将是困难的。
因此,对于一般人群和特别的药物依赖性怀孕女性来说,用于治疗药物依赖性的有效疗法的缺乏强烈表明需要新的方法。本发明旨在满足这一需求和其他需求,并提供旨在预防和/或治疗阿片类物质依赖性怀孕女性及其胎儿中脱瘾综合征的方法。
发明内容
本发明提供了能够治疗需要这种治疗的药物依赖性或阿片类物质耐受性患者体内戒断或脱瘾综合征的特定丁丙诺啡方案。
本发明提供了治疗需要这种治疗的药物依赖性或阿片类物质耐受性患者体内戒断或脱瘾综合征的方法,该方法包括透皮施用有效减轻患者戒断症状的量的丁丙诺啡。优选的是,所述患者是怀孕女性。所述女性例如对诸如海洛因的阿片成瘾。
本发明还提供了治疗患者体内戒断或脱瘾综合征的方法,包括向患者施用(1)第一种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,持续不超过约5天的第一给药期;(2)第二种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,持续不超过约5天的第二给药期,所述第二种剂型包含与第一种剂型相比相同剂量或更大剂量的丁丙诺啡;和(3)第三种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,持续至少2天的第三给药期,所述第三种剂型包含与第二种剂型相比更大剂量的丁丙诺啡。
在具体的实施方案中,所述的第一种、第二种和第三种透皮剂型分别大致含有下表一行中所示量的丁丙诺啡:
第一种(mg) | 第二种(mg) | 第三种(mg) |
5 | 5 | 10 |
5 | 10 | 10 |
5 | 10 | 20 |
10 | 10 | 20 |
10 | 20 | 20 |
优选的是,所述给药方案导致第三种剂型后平均血浆丁丙诺啡浓度约为800pg/ml的血浆丁丙诺啡分布。
在优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法还包括在第三给药期之后施用第四种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,持续第四给药期。例如,第四种剂型可以包含例如10、20、30或40mg的丁丙诺啡,持续7天的给药期。
在具体的实施方案中,一旦所述戒断症状消失,所述剂型的剂量逐渐降低。
可以通过选自外用凝胶、洗液、乳膏、经粘膜系统、经粘膜装置和离子电渗递送系统的透皮系统进行透皮施用。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及更快速实现有效治疗和/或预防需要治疗的患者体内脱瘾综合征的方法。在优选的实施方案中,该方法用于治疗阿片类物质依赖性怀孕女性,并减轻受治疗母亲的新生儿中的脱瘾综合征。因此,本发明的方法可以用于治疗或预防怀孕女性体内由例如海洛因引起的戒断。根据本发明待治疗的怀孕女性可以是在怀孕之前依赖于处方药或非处方药的女性,或在怀孕期间变为依赖性的女性。
所述方法包括以特定剂型和方案向患者施用有效量丁丙诺啡。所述的剂型和方案涉及以逐渐递增的丁丙诺啡剂量向患者施用一系列的透皮剂型。优选的是,剂量增加快速,以便在尽可能短的时间内获得效果,同时使太高初始剂量的丁丙诺啡的副作用最小化。
本发明的透皮给药方案提供了施用丁丙诺啡以治疗依赖性的更有效方法。如果 施用于怀孕女性,本方法减轻胎儿(和后来的新生几)体内脱瘾的发生,同时治疗药物依赖性的怀孕母亲。此外,该方法不需要每天监督给药。因此,该方法增加患者依从药物治疗的程度和治疗功效。事实上,在某些实施方案中,本发明有利地实现了控制怀孕女性、胎儿和分娩后新生儿体内戒断的更高功效。
本发明的给药方案还可替代地用术语施用含递增剂量的丁丙诺啡的一系列透皮剂型来描述。这指将透皮剂型应用于成瘾患者,优选怀孕女性,可以导致更快速地达到足以预防和/或治疗患者脱瘾综合征的丁丙诺啡血液水平。治疗可以一直维持到认为患者准备好向下滴定(down-titration)时。在怀孕期间通常不启动向下滴定,因为有恢复至主动成瘾的风险,对未出生儿产生危险。
例如,一系列透皮剂型可以以下列给药方案施用,其中第一剂型含有5mg丁丙诺啡,然后是两种后续的5mg和10mg剂型。作为替代方案,所述剂型可以包括10mg和10mg丁丙诺啡,或20mg丁丙诺啡。在具体的实施方案中,使用30mg和/或40mg丁丙诺啡剂量水平。
本文所用的“BTDS”指“丁丙诺啡透皮系统”,“BTDS X”指含有X毫克丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,其中“X”是大于0的数。因此,“BTDS 5”含有约5mg丁丙诺啡。优选的是,BTDS含有碱或盐形式的丁丙诺啡,更优选含有碱形式的丁丙诺啡。
镇痛药的“镇痛有效”量指能够降低患者感受的疼痛水平的药剂的量。患者感受的疼痛水平可以使用视觉近似评价量尺(VAS)或李克特式量表来评价。VAS是直线,线的一端代表无疼痛、线的另一端代表可想象的最严重疼痛。要求患者在每个时间点在线上标记他们认为其疼痛所在的位置,从无疼痛到标记处的长度可以与整个量尺的长度相关。李克特式量表是等级量表,通常在1-5的范围内,基于与陈述一致或不一致的程度。一种相似类型的量表,虽然基于11点量表(从0到10),也可以使用。这种疼痛量表可以用于可视化治疗期间患者所感受疼痛水平的变化,如启动疼痛治疗之前和之后患者或患者群体感受的疼痛水平的下降。
丁丙诺啡
本发明涉及丁丙诺啡或其药学上可接受的盐、醚衍生物、酯衍生物、酸衍生物、对映异构体、非对映异构体(diasteriomer)、外消旋物、多晶型物,或其溶剂化物。 在药理学上,不局限于任何特定的理论,丁丙诺啡在本领域中认为是中枢神经系统(“CNS”)和外周组织中μ阿片受体的部分激动剂。丁丙诺啡具有完全μ阿片激动剂的许多作用,如镇痛。部分激动剂通常包括与受体具有亲和力的化合物,但是和完全激动剂不同,仅刺激小程度的药理学作用,即使在高比例的受体被所述化合物占据也是如此。在许多动物模型中证明了丁丙诺啡对镇痛的“天花板效应”(即增加剂量不产生更强的镇痛效果)。其高度亲脂,并且从阿片受体的解离缓慢。还认为丁丙诺啡以高亲和力和μ与κ1受体结合,以较低亲和力与δ受体结合。在κ受体上的固有激动剂活性似乎受限制,大多数证据表明丁丙诺啡在κ受体上具有拮抗剂活性。κ激动作用的缺失使丁丙诺啡没有激动剂/拮抗剂药物经常可见的烦躁不安和拟精神病作用。其他研究表明丁丙诺啡的阿片拮抗剂作用可以通过与δ阿片受体相互作用而介导。
在本领域已知丁丙诺啡与μ受体缓慢结合,并与之缓慢解离。丁丙诺啡对μ受体的高亲和性以及丁丙诺啡与受体缓慢结合并与之解离被认为可解释延长镇痛的持续时间,并部分解释导致对该药物观察到的受限的生理依赖性潜力。高亲和性的结合还解释了丁丙诺啡能阻断施用的其他阿片类物质的μ激动剂作用的事实。
和其他阿片激动剂类似,丁丙诺啡产生剂量相关的镇痛作用。尚未完全解释其确切的作用机制,但是镇痛作用似乎缘自丁丙诺啡对中枢神经系统中μ受体和可能的κ阿片受体的高亲和力。该药物还改变痛觉阈值(传入神经末端对有害刺激的阈值)。以重量为基,胃肠外丁丙诺啡的镇痛效力是胃肠外吗啡的约25-约50倍,是喷他佐辛的约200倍,是哌替啶的约600倍。
盐和衍生物
本发明也包括使用活性化合物的各种药学上可接受的盐、醚衍生物、酯衍生物、酸衍生物和改变水溶性的衍生物。本发明还包括使用所述化合物的所有有活性的、单独的对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋物和其他异构体。本发明还包括使用该化合物的所有多晶型物和溶剂化物,如水合物和用有机溶剂形成的那些。这些异构体、多晶型物和溶剂化物可以通过本领域公知的方法制备,如通过区域专一的和/或对映体选择性的合成及拆分来制备。
所述化合物合适的盐包括但不限于酸加成盐,如用盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、高 氯酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸、乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、碳酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、羟基乙磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、环己烷氨基磺酸、水杨酸(salicyclic)、对氨基水杨酸、2-苯氧基苯甲酸和2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸制备的盐;用糖精制备的盐;碱金属盐,如钠盐和钾盐;碱土金属盐,如钙盐和镁盐;和用有机或无机配体形成的盐,如季铵盐。
其他合适的盐包括但不限于化合物的乙酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、碳酸氢盐、硫酸氢盐、酒石酸氢盐、硼酸盐、溴化物、依地酸盐、右旋樟脑磺酸盐、碳酸盐、氯化物、clavulanate、柠檬酸盐、二盐酸盐、依地酸盐、乙二磺酸盐(edisylate)、依托酸盐(estolate)、乙磺酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、谷氨酸盐、乙醇酸基阿散酸盐(glycollylarsanilate)、己基间苯二酚盐(hexylresorcinate)、哈胺、氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、羟基萘甲酸盐、碘酸盐、异硫代硫酸盐、乳酸盐、乳糖酸盐、月桂酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、扁桃酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲溴化物、甲基硝酸盐、甲磺酸盐、粘液酸盐、萘磺酸盐、硝酸盐、N-甲基葡糖胺铵盐、油酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、棕榈酸盐、pantothernate、磷酸盐/二磷酸盐、聚半乳糖醛酸盐、唾液酸盐、硬脂酸盐、硫酸盐、碱式乙酸盐、琥珀酸盐、丹宁酸盐、酒石酸盐、8-氯茶碱盐、甲苯磺酸盐、三乙碘化物和戊酸盐。
本发明包括化合物的前药。前药包括但不限于在体内易于转化为丁丙诺啡的丁丙诺啡功能性衍生物。选择和制备合适前药衍生物的常规程序例如描述在”Design ofProdrugs”,ed.H.Bundgaard,Elservier,1985中。
透皮剂型
透皮剂型是递送许多活性治疗有效药剂的方便剂型,所述药剂包括但不限于镇痛药,例如阿片类镇痛药。典型的阿片类镇痛药包括但不限于芬太尼、丁丙诺啡、羟戊甲吗啡和其他高效麻醉剂。透皮剂型对于活性药剂的定时释放和持续释放尤其有用。
透皮剂型可以分为透皮给药制品和透皮给药组合物。最常见的透皮给药制品是使用流体储存器(fluid reservoir)或药物存在于粘合剂中(drug-in-adhesive)的基 质系统的扩散驱动的透皮系统(透皮贴剂)。透皮给药组合物包括但不限于外用凝胶、洗液、乳膏、经粘膜系统和装置,以及离子电渗(电扩散)递送系统。优选的是,透皮剂型是透皮贴剂。
根据本发明使用的透皮贴剂型包括由不能透过丁丙诺啡的药学上可接受材料制成的衬层。衬层优选充当丁丙诺啡的保护性覆盖物,还提供支撑功能。适于制备衬层的合适材料的实例是高和低密度聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚氨酯、聚酯如聚邻苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的膜、金属箔、这些合适聚合物膜的金属箔叠片、织物,如果储库的组分由于其物理性能不能透过织物,等等。优选的是,用于衬层的材料是这些聚合物膜与金属箔如铝箔的叠片。衬层可以是提供所期望保护和支撑功能的任意合适厚度。合适的厚度可以是约10-约200μm。所期望的材料和厚度对于技术人员而言将是显而易见的。
在某些优选的实施方案中,根据本发明使用的透皮剂型含有药学上或生物学上可接受的聚合物基体层。通常,用于形成聚合物基体的聚合物是能够形成薄壁或涂层的聚合物,药物能够以受控速率通过它们。适于包含在聚合物基体中的示例性材料的非限制性名单包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯/丙烯共聚物、乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯共聚物、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、硅氧烷、橡胶、合成的橡胶样均聚物、共聚物或嵌段共聚物、聚丙烯酸酯及其共聚物、聚氨酯、聚异丁烯、氯化聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、氯乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物(水凝胶)、聚偏二氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、乙烯-乙烯氧基乙醇共聚物、包括硅氧烷共聚物如聚硅氧烷-聚甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物的硅氧烷、纤维素聚合物(如乙基纤维素和纤维素酯)、聚碳酸酯、聚四氟乙烯,及其混合物。包含在聚合物基体层中的示例性材料是具有常见聚二甲基硅氧烷结构的硅氧烷弹性体(如硅氧烷聚合物)。优选的硅氧烷聚合物交联,并且是药学上或生物学上可以接受的。包含在聚合物基体层中的其他优选材料包括:硅氧烷聚合物,其是具有二甲基和/或二甲基乙烯基硅氧烷单元的可交联共聚物,可使用合适的过氧化物催化剂进行交联。还优选的是由基于苯乙烯和1,3-二烯的嵌段共聚物(具体是线形苯乙烯-异戊二烯嵌段共聚物或苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物)、聚异丁烯、基于丙烯酸酯和/或甲基丙烯酸酯的聚合物组成的那些聚合物。
聚合物基体层可以任选地包括药学上可接受的交联剂。合适的交联剂例如包括四丙氧基硅烷。根据本发明方法使用的优选透皮递送系统包括持续所期望给药期的将剂型固定于患者皮肤的粘合层。如果剂型的粘合层不能提供持续所期望时期的粘合,例如可以通过用粘合带如橡皮膏将剂型固定于患者的皮肤,以维持剂型与皮肤的接触。
粘合层优选包括使用本领域公知的、与所述剂型药学上相容且优选低致敏性的任意粘合剂,如聚丙烯酸粘合聚合物、丙烯酸酯共聚物(如聚丙烯酸酯)和聚异丁烯粘合聚合物。在本发明的其他优选实施方案中,粘合剂是低致敏性且压力敏感性接触粘合剂。
可以根据本发明使用的透皮剂型还任选包括渗透增强剂。渗透增强剂是促进丁丙诺啡的渗透和/或吸收以透过患者的皮肤并进入血流的化合物。渗透增强剂的非限制性名单包括聚乙二醇、表面活性剂等。
作为替代方案,可以通过在敷到患者的所期望部位之后用例如封闭绷带(occlusive bandage)封闭剂型来增强丁丙诺啡的渗透。还可以通过例如夹、剃或使用脱毛剂去除敷用部位的毛发来增加渗透。另一种渗透增强方法是热。人们认为可以在敷用透皮剂型的过程中在敷用部位使用诸如红外线灯的辐射热形式来增强渗透。本发明的保护范围中也包括增强丁丙诺啡渗透的其他手段,例如使用离子电渗装置。
可以根据本发明使用的优选透皮剂型包括例如由聚酯制成的非渗透性衬层;例如由聚丙烯酸酯和含有丁丙诺啡及其他期望药用助剂如软化剂、渗透增强剂、粘度剂等的基质组成的粘合层。
活性剂丁丙诺啡可以包括在药物储存器中的装置、药物基质或药物/粘合层中。贴剂的面积和单位面积上活性剂的量决定极限剂量,本领域的普通技术人员易于确定。
某些优选的透皮递送系统还包括储存器或基质中的软化剂。合适的软化剂包括诸如十二醇、十一醇、辛醇的高级醇,羧酸酯,其中醇成分还可以是聚乙氧基化的醇,二羧酸二酯如二正丁基己二酸酯,和甘油三酸酯,尤其是辛酸/癸酸的中级链甘油三酸酯或椰子油。合适软化剂的其他实例是例如诸如甘油和1,2-丙二醇的多价醇,以及 诸如乙酰丙酸和辛酸的软化剂,其也可以用聚乙二醇醚化。
本发明的透皮递送系统也可以包括丁丙诺啡溶剂。优选的是,溶剂将丁丙诺啡溶解到足够的程度,从而避免完全的盐形成。合适溶剂的非限制性名单包括具有至少一个酸性基团的溶剂。尤其合适的是二羧酸的单酯,如戊二酸单甲酯和己二酸单甲酯。
包括在储存器或基质中的其他药学上可接受的成分包括溶剂,例如醇,如异丙醇;如上述的渗透增强剂;和粘度剂,如纤维素衍生物、天然或合成树胶,如瓜尔胶,等等。
在优选的实施方案中,透皮剂型包括可移除的保护性剥离层。可移除的保护层在敷用之前取下,可以由用于上述衬层的材料制成,只要其可以通过例如硅氧烷处理而易于移除。其他可移除的保护层例如是聚四氟乙烯、处理的纸、水铝英石、聚氯乙烯等。通常,可移除的保护层与粘合层接触,提供将粘合层的完整性维持到所希望的敷用时间的方便手段。
根据本发明使用的透皮剂型的组合物和所用装置的类型对于本发明的方法并不关键,只要所述装置递送活性剂如丁丙诺啡持续所期望的时间,并且以所期望的流动速率,即透皮剂型中活性剂渗入个体皮肤的速率。
根据本发明使用的某些优选透皮剂型在Hille等人的美国专利No.5,240,711(转让给LTS Lohmann Therapie-Systeme GmbH&Co.)中进行了描述,其通过引用并入本文。这种丁丙诺啡透皮递送系统可以是具有含丁丙诺啡和任选的渗透增强剂与压敏粘合剂的不可渗透衬层的复合叠层。根据美国专利No.5,240,711的优选透皮剂型包括:(i)不可渗透丁丙诺啡的聚酯衬层;(ii)聚丙烯酸酯粘合层;(iii)隔离聚酯层;和(iv)含有丁丙诺啡或其盐、丁丙诺啡溶剂、软化剂和聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂的基质。丁丙诺啡溶剂可以存在或不存在于最终制剂中。优选的是,基质包括约10-约95%(重量)的聚合物材料,约0.1-约40%(重量)的软化剂,和约0.1-约30%(重量)的丁丙诺啡。丁丙诺啡碱或其药学上可接受盐的溶剂含量可以是约0.1-约30%(重量)。
本发明的剂型还可以包括一种或多种灭活剂。术语“灭活剂”指灭活或交联活性剂以降低透皮剂型滥用可能性的化合物。灭活剂的非限制性实例包括但不限于聚合剂、光引发剂和福尔马林。交联或聚合剂的实例包括二异氰酸酯、过氧化物、二酰亚 胺、二元醇、三元醇、环氧化物、氰基丙烯酸酯和UV活化的单体。
本领域中公知的任意合适的添加剂、灭活剂和剂型也可以与本发明方法组合使用。
在优选的实施方案中,本发明方法用于治疗药物依赖性怀孕女性中的戒断症状。在另一个优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法用于通过治疗依赖性怀孕母亲来预防新生儿中的戒断症状。
本发明的方法优选包括以实现丁丙诺啡在患者体内的血浆浓度逐渐增加的方式施用丁丙诺啡。在优选的实施方案中,通过本发明方法实现的血浆分布可以描述如下:首次滴定施用两贴20mg丁丙诺啡贴剂后平均血浆丁丙诺啡浓度为约800pg/ml。
局部用制剂通常含有悬浮剂和任选的削泡剂。这种局部用制剂可以是液体灌药、醇溶液、外用清洗剂、清洁乳、皮肤凝胶、皮肤洗液,和乳霜或凝胶配方形式的洗发精(包括但不限于水溶液和悬液)。
作为替代方案,丁丙诺啡可以以脂质体递送系统形式施用,所述的脂质体递送系统例如可以包括在透皮制品或透皮组合物中的小单层(unilamellar)囊泡、大单层囊泡和多层囊泡。脂质体可以由诸如胆固醇、十八胺或磷脂酰胆碱的各种磷脂形成。
透皮剂型可以通过本领域公知的任意方法配制,可以根据建议施用。这些剂型在美国专利No.4,806,341;5,240,711和5,968,547中进行了描述。
施用
本发明的单位剂型施用于患有或预防阿片脱瘾综合征的患者,优选人。在优选的实施方案中,所述患者是怀孕女性。本发明的单位剂型可以以规定的给药方案施用,以在降低任何潜在毒性发生的同时获得最佳活性。例如,该方法涉及以包含一系列透皮剂型的给药方案向患者施用有效量的丁丙诺啡,所述给药方案提供约800pg/ml丁丙诺啡的浓度。
本发明的给药方案包含几个离散的给药期。所述给药期是系列透皮剂型之一施用于患者的时间,给药方案将由使用系列透皮剂型中每一个的独立给药期组成。因此,例如,系列中的第一种透皮剂型可以由患者戴最多连续5天,优选约连续2天。取下时,患者可以再戴第二种剂型持续另一时期,优选最多连续5天,更优选约连续2 天,然后,患者戴第三种剂型再持续至少2天。在优选的实施方案中,给药方案的总治疗时间是6天,直到获得所期望剂量。该剂量可以维持无限长。如果需要增加剂量,则可以以合适间隔如每3-7天增加剂量。
在特定的实施方案中,给药方案尽可能在发现阿片脱瘾综合征的可能性时就开始。在一个实施方案中,首次剂型起始于5mg丁丙诺啡持续2天,然后5mg持续2天,然后10mg持续至少2天,优选不超过约10天,最优选不超过约7天。在另一个实施方案中,方案在Q2(“两天”)时间表上逐渐增加,使得患者在启动治疗6天后总共为20mg。在另一个实施方案中,根据患者需要,可以用相同或更高剂量的丁丙诺啡施用后续剂量。如果贴剂的初次组合就达到了目标血浆水平,治疗方案可以连续使用无限长的时间,以约每2天-约每7天或每周的频率改变贴剂,这根据需要而定。在患者需要高丁丙诺啡血浆水平且拥有普通技术的医生许可的情况下,可以通过施用更高剂量的单一贴剂或一起包含更高剂量的多重贴剂来实现这一点。例如,可以同时将2-4个BTDS 20或多个BTDS 30或40施用于患者。
丁丙诺啡的剂量可以根据诸如疾病状态、个体情况、体重和年龄的多种因素而变。根据多种因素选择预定的给药间隔或方案,所述因素包括患者物种、年龄、重量和医疗条件;待治疗疾病的严重程度;所选的透皮递送系统;和所用丁丙诺啡的特定形式。根据本公开内容,具有普通技术的医生或兽医将易于确定并开出有效量的所需药物,以预防、对抗或抑制病症的进程。获得产生疗效而无毒性的范围内的药物浓度的最佳决定需要基于目标部位对药物利用性动力学的治疗方案。这涉及考虑药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄。
作为透皮剂型施用时,本发明的组合物或剂型可以提供到本领域普通技术人员确定的任意身体部位。例如,组合物或剂型可以提供至患者的臂、躯干、背部或胸部。在对于怀孕女性的优选实施方案中,优选放置在上臂或背部。重复剂量优选不每次施用于相同部位,而是施用于不同部位。例如,每次放置可以轮换到不同区域,使得1个月后再施用于相同部位。
通常,局部用制剂含有约0.01-约100重量%、优选约3-约80重量%的化合物,基于局部用制剂的100%总重量。通常,透皮剂型含有约0.01-约100重量%、优选约 3-约50重量%的化合物,基于剂型中丁丙诺啡制剂的100%总重量。
用于本发明方法的剂型可以单独施用,或者和其他活性剂组合施用。对于和多于一种的活性剂联合治疗,在活性剂是单独的剂量制剂时,可以同时施用活性剂,或者以相互交错的时间施用它们中的每一种。当和上述其他活性剂组合施用时可以调整给药量,以达到所期望的效果。作为替代方案,这些多种活性剂的单位剂型可以单独优化和组合,以达到与单独使用其中一种活性剂相比病态减轻的协同效果。
在示例性实施方案中,患者是稳定美沙酮维持治疗的阿片成瘾的怀孕女性。除了她常规的美沙酮剂量外,每个患者还接受BTDS 5持续3天。在第3天,当观察无困难后,医生除下她的BTDS 5,并将其更换为BTDS 10持续3天,同时将她的美沙酮降低25%。在第6天,观察无困难后,她的医生取下BTDS 10,并将其更换为BTDS20持续3天,同时将她的美沙酮再降低25%。在第9天,观察无困难后,她的医生增加第二个BTDS 20,并将她的美沙酮降低至原剂量的10%。在第11天,观察无困难后,医生中断她的美沙酮,在孕期的剩余时间中用2个BTDS 20s每周一次护理她,。没必要预防性治疗婴儿。
药盒
本发明还提供实施本发明的组分可以方便地以药盒形式提供的实施方案。在其最简单的实施方案中,本发明的药盒提供设定数目的设定剂量的丁丙诺啡贴剂,其中剂量根据患者的需要而设定。例如,起始药盒提供将总剂量在6天期间逐渐增加到20mg的剂量。在优选实施方案中,药盒含有2-5mg、和1-10mg丁丙诺啡贴剂,在6天期间总计20mg。长期药盒将包括随后的剂量贴剂,其可以包括治疗特定患者的合适剂量。这些可以包括5、10、20、30或40mg贴剂。在优选的实施方案中,药盒还含有逐渐降低给药方案的贴剂。作为替代方案,可以提供随后逐渐降低的药盒,以在分娩之前降低剂量。有关如何敷用贴剂、保存单位和治疗方案细节的印刷说明书也包括在所有药盒中。
本发明的优选药盒优选包括包装和印刷的使用说明书,如包装或包装插页上的使用说明书。药盒中的丁丙诺啡贴剂可以针对患者进行标记(即颜色、天数或剂量数等)。例如,印刷的说明书可以描述如何使用给药方案来治疗或预防腹泻或其 他胃肠病症或疾病。
在其他实施方案中,药盒将包括用于处理用过的丁丙诺啡贴剂的处理容器或装置。可以使用本领域已知的任意容器或装置来防止或限制贴剂内药物的潜在性滥用。本文所用的术语容器具有其最广义的含义,即盛材料的任意容器。
本发明的范围并不受本文所述具体实施方案的限制。事实上,除了本文描述的那些之外,根据前面的说明书和附图,本发明的多种修改对于本领域的技术人员而言将是显而易见的。这些修改落在所附权利要求的范围之内。还应理解:所述数值是大约值,是为了说明而提供的。
整篇申请中引用了专利、专利申请、出版物、常规方法等,其全部公开内容通过引用并入本文。
Claims (8)
1.包含四种丁丙诺啡透皮剂型及其使用说明的药盒,所述药盒用于治疗需要这种治疗的药物依赖性或阿片类物质耐受性患者体内的戒断或脱瘾综合征,其中所述药盒包含:
(a)用于向所述患者施用的第一种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,其持续不超过约5天的第一给药期,其中第一种剂型包含5mg丁丙诺啡;
(b)用于向所述患者施用的第二种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,其持续不超过约5天的第二给药期,其中第二种剂型包含10mg丁丙诺啡;
(c)用于向所述患者施用的第三种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,其持续至少2天的第三给药期,其中第三种剂型包含20mg丁丙诺啡;和
(d)用于向所述患者施用的第四种含丁丙诺啡的透皮剂型,其持续第四给药期,其中第四种剂型包含20mg丁丙诺啡。
2.权利要求1的药盒,其中所述的患者是怀孕女性。
3.权利要求2的药盒,其中所述的怀孕女性对阿片成瘾。
4.权利要求1的药盒,其中所述药盒还包含随后的剂型,用于根据患者需要的给定时间段的延长随后给药期,以实现由药物依赖或耐受所致戒断或脱瘾的预期缓解。
5.权利要求4的药盒,其中随后的剂型包含10mg丁丙诺啡、20mg丁丙诺啡、30mg丁丙诺啡或40mg丁丙诺啡。
6.权利要求4的药盒,其中随后的剂型每7天更换一次。
7.权利要求4的药盒,其还包括戒断症状一旦消失,便逐渐减少随后剂型的剂量。
8.权利要求1-7任一项的药盒,其中所述的透皮剂型选自外用凝胶、洗液、乳膏、经粘膜系统、经粘膜装置和离子电渗递送系统。
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