CN1781151B - 用于信息载体的复制保护的系统 - Google Patents

用于信息载体的复制保护的系统 Download PDF

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CN1781151B
CN1781151B CN2004800115813A CN200480011581A CN1781151B CN 1781151 B CN1781151 B CN 1781151B CN 2004800115813 A CN2004800115813 A CN 2004800115813A CN 200480011581 A CN200480011581 A CN 200480011581A CN 1781151 B CN1781151 B CN 1781151B
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R·库特
R·亨德里克斯
L·巴克
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于信息载体的复制保护的系统，所述系统包括：衍射层，用于在由光源进行照射时传递散斑图；空间滤波器，其与衍射层对准，用于传递来自散斑图的滤光后光信号；和检测器阵列，用于在以所述滤光后的光信号进行照射时传递电信号。所述系统还包括：用于从电信号中计算出密钥的装置；和用于从密钥中解密包含在信息载体内的加密数据的装置。本发明可应用于光盘或智能卡之类的内容载体的复制保护。

Description

用于信息载体的复制保护的系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于信息载体的复制保护的系统。
本发明还涉及一种用在这种系统中的信息载体。
本发明涉及一种读取这种信息载体的方法和读取这种信息载体的设备。
本发明最后还涉及一种在硬件中制造密钥以防止对根据本发明的信息载体的复制的方法。
本发明可用于内容载体如光盘的复制保护中或用于智能卡中。
背景技术
现已提出将物理单向函数作为加密技术、复制保护或识别卡的基础。根据已知的现有技术，以任意波阵面照射衍射结构，检测器例如CCD摄像机检测获得的散斑图。由散斑图生成密钥，其唯一识别衍射结构。这种系统的稳定性强烈依赖于衍射结构和检测器之间的对准。
题为“物理单向函数(Physical one-way functions)”的论文(科学(Science)，2002年9月20日，P.297)公开了如何使用衍射结构来实现用于加密目的的单向函数。所述论文基于高分辨率CCD检测器对散斑图的检测，所述检测是相当昂贵的。并且，光源、衍射结构和检测器之间的对准也会产生一些问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提出一种用于信息载体的复制保护的系统，所述系统没有现有技术中的解决方案复杂，但可以保持功效相同。
为此，根据本发明的系统包括：
衍射层，用于在光源对其进行照射时传递散斑图，
空间滤波器，其与衍射层对准，用于传递来自散斑图的滤光后光信号，
检测器阵列，用于在以所述滤光后的光信号进行照射时传递电信号，
装置，用于从电信号中计算出密钥，和
装置，用于从密钥中解密包含在信息载体内的加密数据。
结果，整个加密结构，即衍射层、空间滤波器和检测器阵列，可被视为“一片”，对每个入射波阵面给出了唯一的响应。通过快速改变入射波阵面，可以安全识别出给定衍射结构的唯一性。
根据本发明的第一实施方式，衍射结构、空间滤波器和检测器阵列组合在一片硬件中。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，检测器是读出单元的一部分，加密结构的其它部分组合在一片硬件上。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，检测器和空间滤波器是读出单元的一部分，而衍射结构是内容载体的一部分。空间滤波器由可逆光敏材料制成，每次将载体插入到读出单元时都可以创建所述滤波器。
本发明还与制造密钥的方法有关，所述方法包括以下步骤：
全息曝光光敏聚合物层，以创建衍射结构，
整片曝光所述光敏聚合物层以聚合所述衍射结构，
以光源经过衍射结构照射第一光敏材料从而形成具有预定图案的空间滤波器，当衍射结构传递的针对光源的给定波阵面的散斑图的强度高于预定阈值时，进行所述光敏材料的激活。
所述方法适用于通过对光敏材料进行光学照射在单个步骤中制造衍射结构、空间滤波器以及有可能形成的检测器阵列。所述方法保证了检测器、空间滤波器与衍射结构之间的正确对准。
现在将参考附图结合实施例来进一步详细描述本发明。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的加密结构的示意图，
图2示出了根据本发明的加密结构的工作原理，和
图3示出了制造密钥的方法。
具体实施方式
本发明旨在根据衍射原理提出一种用于信息载体的复制保护的廉价而有效的系统。所述信息载体可以是例如微化格式光盘SFFO盘或蓝光盘之类的光盘，但是，本领域技术人员明显可知本发明还适用于其他类型的信息载体，例如磁盘或智能卡。
图1是根据本发明的信息载体的设计图，图2示出了所述信息载体的工作原理。这种信息载体包括用于在光源10进行照射时传送散斑图11的衍射层1、用于传送来自散斑图的经滤光的光学信号31的空间滤波器3和用于在被所述经滤光光学信号照射时传送电信号的检测器阵列4，所述密钥由所述电信号产生。其还包括间隔层2，用于将衍射层与空间滤波器分开。所述间隔层起到传播介质的作用。其宽度大于光源的波长，小于衍射结构的宽度。这些衍射结构在这里组成为一片硬件。
本发明建议通过感光材料的光照射在单个步骤中形成衍射层和空间滤波器，以确保空间滤波器与衍射结构正确对准，和加密结构的有效操作。
根据本发明的第一实施方式，根据本发明的系统包括具有大象素的简单检测器阵列。由于需要非常灵敏的系统来检测黑客是否试图克隆密钥，因此，有必要对检测器阵列的不良特性进行补偿。例如，由于基于利用单向物理加博杂凑函数的非常精密的空间滤波器，因而可以实现所述补偿。
根据本发明的信息层对光源发射的每个入射波阵面产生一个唯一的响应。应当注意，即使在来自多组入射波阵面的响应是已知的情况下，也不足以预言对该组之外的所述波阵面的响应。结果，黑客不能创建衍射结构，所述衍射结构与空间滤波器相结合，在检测器上具有相同的信号。
如图1所述，可以直接从检测器阵列中读出密钥。为此，所述用于复制保护的系统还包括用于对这种信息载体进行读取的设备。所述设备包括用于从信息层所传送的电信号中计算出密钥的装置，以及用于从密钥中解密包含在信息载体中的加密数据的装置。
因此，这种设备适用于从相关的加密结构中识别出信息载体上所存在的特征信息，从中获取密钥，解密记录在信息载体上的用户信息。试图克隆原始数据载体即在第二数据载体上复制包含在原始数据载体内的用户信息的记录器将不能如同特征信息存在于原始数据载体上那样也将特征信息记录到第二数据载体上，所述信息是解密信息数据所必需的。结果，将不能解密和播放包含在第二数据载体上的用户信息。
安全性来源于衍射层和密钥之间存在“单向”相关。之后，安全模块能够校验密钥和入射波阵面之间的关系，从而唯一确定所述结构的身份。
所述衍射结构由光敏聚合物制成。它们基本由一个或多个单体或聚合物与单体的组合、用作非活性成分的粘合剂以及启动系统组成。所述介质被具有高强度和低强度的三维空间图案照射。在高强度的区域内，单体的聚合作用是光启动的。之后，一些机理出现，产生折射率调制，所述折射率调制在于分子电子结构的变化、聚合作用时的密度变化、系统内部成分的空间分离。
在全息曝光过程中，聚合速率的空间变化引起单体消耗量的空间变化。由于这种单体的局部耗尽以及聚合作用引起的额外收缩，因而出现了单体从暗区扩散到亮区的现象。所述过程一直持续到所述单体在所有区域内全部耗尽或由于增加了系统的分子量而使迁移率下降到使单体扩散停止的程度。各种成分的空间分离导致成分的折射率都显著变化时产生折射率差，并影响整个折射率调制。
全息曝光之后，对衍射结构整片曝光，以通过任意残留单体的完全聚合作用固定所述结构。由此，不会产生成分分离，后曝光照射将产生无全息活性的无特征均匀的聚合样本。
聚合过程的结果的预测极为难于确定。各个成分的扩散常数不但会随着作为环境的粘度变化结果的聚合时间发生变化，而且会随着作为光的空间分布的结果进行空间变化。
因为不能预知哪个衍射结构是由给定照射波阵面形成的，因此由聚合过程引起的衍射结构的非线性和不可预知性使之可用于加密应用。
由于检测器阵列必须价廉并易于制造，因此，其横向分辨率相对较差。为了对此进行补偿，需要采用具有包含非常小的孔的双掩模的空间滤波器来显著提高横向分辨率。空间滤波器不仅需要在横向上严格对准，而且需要相对于衍射结构在深度方向上严格对准。这就是为何要在以整片曝光方式固定衍射结构同一个步骤中制成空间滤波器或激活空间滤波器。
通过各种材料、在强烈照射时将其光学特性从反射或吸收改变为透明可以提供上述功能性。这些材料是例如光学存储中所采用的标准材料，例如有机染料、有机物上的金属层、相变材料或硅化物。
或者，可以使用所提出的无机双层材料作为保护层。这些材料选自由成对使用的下述元素构成的组：As-Pb，Bi-Cd，Bi-Co，Bi-In，Bi-Pb，Bi-Sn，Bi-Zn，Cd-In，Cd-Pb，Cd-Sb，Cd-Sn，Cd-Ti，Cd-Zn，Ga-In，Ga-Mg，Ga-Sn，Ga-Zn，In-Sn，In-Zn，Mg-Pb，Mg-Sn，Mg-Ti，Pb-Pd，Pb-Pt，Pb-Sb，Sb-Sn，Sb-Ti，Se-Ti，Sn-Ti和Sn-Zn。例如，双层Bi-In或Bi-Sn可用于其光学特性。这种沉积的双层系统具有高反射率和或多或少“0”透射率。热启动合金化之后或通过进行强光照射，双层系统呈透明。
图3示出了构造或适当“激活”空间滤波器的原理。在光源的照射下，衍射结构在某个距离处提供散斑图，该距离与衍射结构相关同时与所述光的波阵面(波长、角度、散度、相位、偏化)相关。在对于给定光源的波阵面衍射结构传送的散斑图的强度110达到直线T所体现的某阈值的这些位置上，所述材料变为透明。低于所述阈值，光敏材料保持非透明。这样，产生了包含透明部分3a和非透明部分3b的一维或二维二元掩模。此外，所述图案最好相对于所述衍射结构对齐。
适当检测器的选择对本发明的工作原理来说是随意的。然而，优选使用较廉价的方式，因为检测器可以是信息载体的一部分，所述信息载体可以是例如大批量制造的复制受保护的光盘，在大批量制造过程中，必须要降低生产成本。所述检测器具有41到44的大象素，因此其分辨率低于空间滤波器。
因此，建议利用提供电信号的图案化光电层，所述电信号需要被读取出来以获取光学密钥。光电层所传送的电信号与衍射结构所传递的光信号之间的组合(例如相关性)使光学密钥是唯一的，使可以存取信息载体上的内容，所述内容用所述密钥加密。
根据本发明的一种实施方式，使用分段激活或去激活所述层的方式在光电层上形成图案。得益于这种分段操作的方式，在以光信号进行照射时产生与预定图案相应的电信号。例如，可以在氧环境下以图案化的UV进行照射制造盘的过程中，将预定图案写在光电层上。这会产生局部高欧姆行为，不会在照射下产生任何电流。
可选择地，电极也可被图案化。例如，可以将硅上的薄金属薄膜用作金属电极。局部加热之后或照射之后，形成硅化物。所述硅化物具有典型的高欧姆或半导电行为。
根据另一实施方式，光电内层在激活和去激活区域内是分段的，一个电极在各段内被分段。
光电层由现有材料以及用在太阳能电池中的叠层组合制成，例如I.Garner在“通信-国际”(Communications-International)Vol.16，no.3(1989)73中所描述的非晶硅。
所述光电层也可以由C.Balif、M.Regula、F.Levy在“太阳能材料&太阳能电池”(Solar Energy Material & Solar Cells)57(1999)189中所描述的光电二硫化钨WS2、由铜、铟或硒化镓、二硫化镉、二硒化镉、砷化镓、铝镓砷化物制成。
光电层可以基于共轭聚合物的有机太阳能电池材料制成。例如，其可以是S.E.Shaheen C.J.Brabec、N.S.Sariciftci、F.Padinger、T.Fromherz、J.C.Hummelen在应用物理快报(applied Physics Letters)Vol.78、no.6(2001)841的“2.5％有效有机塑料太阳能电池”(2.5％efficient Organic Plastic Solar Cells)中所描述的共轭聚合物/亚甲基富勒烯(methanofullerene)，或共轭聚合物/共轭聚合物、共轭聚合物/有机分子、有机分子/有机分子、共轭聚合物/无机氧化物、硒化物和硫化物、有机分子/无机氧化物、硒化物和硫化物。
所述光电层可以基于E.Kymanskis等人在应用物理快报上Vol.80、no.1(2002)112中所描述的碳纳米管，或纳米导线，优选碳纳米管或金属氧化物纳米管。
这些用作太阳能电池的材料的有效率由于太阳频谱较广而相对较低。然而，本发明与光学存储的新一代产品相关，所述新一代产品将使用较短的波长，例如对于蓝光盘而言为405nm，在这种情况下，使用适当的染料材料，其量子效率可达到60％。
应当注意，衍射层、空间滤波器以及光电检测器阵列都可以在感光过程中制造出来。
因此可以在单个设备中研发整个结构，消除所有的对准误差。
可选择的，检测器可以是读出单元的一部分，即检测器不直接成为光学加密结构的一部分。在这种情况下，作为衍射结构的加密结构的基本部分、间隔层以及空间滤波器组合在一片硬件上，彼此精确对准，而作为读取器的一部分的检测器为例如CCD或CMOS检测器。
这种解决方案的优点在于进一步降低了信息载体的生产成本。
在另一实施方式中，检测器和空间滤波器为读出单元的一部分，而衍射结构是信息载体的一部分。因此，每当信息载体插入到读出单元时，就会由此创建空间滤波器。为此，所述空间滤波器由光敏可逆层制成，例如AgCl/CuCl层，其可以在强光照射下黑化，在黑暗环境下返回到透射状态。信息载体上的衍射结构被强烈照射，在空间滤波器上生成灰度吸收图案。之后以弱光源对衍射结构进行照射会产生衍射图案，所述衍射图案穿过空间滤波器部分透射到检测器阵列上。通过改变弱光源的角度、波长或位置之类的参数，可以进行一系列检验。应当注意，所建议的空间滤波器在相对短时间内返回到其初始透射率。
该实施方式的主要优点在于以下事实：衍射结构仅是存在于信息载体上的系统的一部分，其它部分在读出单元内。这使本实施方式的成本低廉。并且，光学检测系统的读出单元部分和信息载体部分最好如同以上实施方式中所描述的那样对准。此外，通过在一个芯片上制造光学检测系统的读出单元部分，没有信号能被监控。
另外，空间滤波器的图案化以及加密光学密钥读出过程可以在移动过程中执行(例如在旋转过程中)或在静态信息载体上执行。
随后所附的权利要求中出现的任何附图标记都不被认为对权利要求的限制。显然，词语“包括”及其组合并不排除权利要求中所定义的那些步骤或元件之外的任何其他步骤或元件的存在。元件或步骤之前的定语“一个”并不排除多个这种元件或步骤的存在。

Claims (10)

1.一种信息载体，包括：
衍射层，由光敏聚合物制成，用于在由光源进行照射时传递散斑图，
空间滤光层，包括由光敏材料制成的二元掩模，用于传递来自散斑图的滤光后光信号，所述空间滤光层相对于衍射层对准，和
检测层，用于将所述滤光后光信号转换为电信号，密钥由所述电信号产生。
2.根据权利要求1所述的信息载体，其中，检测层由形成图案化的光电材料制成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的信息载体，还包括：间隔层，用于将衍射层与空间滤光层分开，所述间隔层的宽度大于光源的波长并小于衍射层的宽度。
4.一种用于读取权利要求1所述的信息载体的设备，所述设备包括：
装置，用于从由检测层传递的电信号中计算密钥，和
装置，用于基于所述密钥解密包含在信息载体内的加密数据。
5.一种信息载体，包括：
衍射层，由光敏聚合物制成，用于在由光源进行照射时传递散斑图，
空间滤光层，包括由光敏材料制成的二元掩模，用于传递来自散斑图的滤光后光信号，所述空间滤光层相对于衍射层对准。
6.根据权利要求5所述的信息载体，还包括：间隔层，用于将衍射层与空间滤光层分开，所述间隔层的宽度大于光源的波长并小于衍射层的宽度。
7.一种用于读取权利要求5所述的信息载体的设备，所述设备包括：
检测器阵列，用于将所述滤光后光信号转换为电信号，
装置，用于从所述电信号中计算密钥，和
装置，用于从所述密钥中解密包含在信息载体内的加密数据。
8.根据权利要求7所述的设备，其中，检测器阵列由图案化的光电材料制成。
9.一种用于读取信息载体的设备，所述信息载体包括用于在由光源进行照射时传递散斑图的衍射层，所述设备包括：
空间滤波器，用于传递来自散斑图的滤光后光信号，所述空间滤波器包括由可逆光敏材料制成的二元掩模，从而，每次将信息载体插入到所述设备时创设所述二元掩模，
检测器阵列，用于将滤光后光信号转换为电信号，
装置，用于从所述电信号中计算密钥，和
装置，用于从密钥中解密包含在信息载体内的加密数据。
10.一种制造权利要求1或5所述信息载体的方法，所述方法包括下述步骤：
全息曝光光敏聚合物层，以创建衍射结构，
同时照射所述光敏聚合物层以聚合所述衍射结构，以及经过衍射结构照射由光敏材料制成的层，以形成具有二元掩模的空间滤波器，所述二元掩模包括激活和非激活区域，当对于光源的给定波阵面由衍射结构传递的散斑图的强度高于预定阈值时，激活所述光敏材料。
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