CN1693662A - Improved sublevel caving method without bottom column - Google Patents
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Abstract
This invention discloses a modified sublevel caving method without bottom column, it includes substoping, drilling in route, blasting and ore output. Its feature is that ore body is defined as induction inbreak area, normal winning area and bottom recovery area from top to bottom and working in turns. The goal of induction inbreak area blasting coal winning is to collapse the support between routes and induct up part inbreak ore. Normal winning area blasting mines self area ore and receives up part inbreaked ore. Bottom recovery area recovers stope residue ore and the coal winning of near bottom plate and bottom wall. The original identical ore segment is divided into up and down three areas, and ore break down through induction inbreak and lasting collapse, low depletion and set recovery section at bottom. This invention also improves sector blast hole arrangement, loaded constitution and explosion type, provides a group type multiple sections elementary error blasting plan.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the technical field of underground mining method, the underground mining method of the non-pillar sublevel caving that a kind of improved induction caving combines with the explosion avalanche promptly is provided.
Background technology
Underground mining method comprises adopts standard, cutting and three basic working procedure of back production, and it can be divided into openstope method, the method for mining by the way of filling and caved stopes three major types usually.And the sublevel caving method without sill pillar in the caved stopes is acknowledged as one of best mining methods of exploitation big thick ore body, worldwide is used widely at present, and develops to the direction of macrostructure parameter.Sublevel caving method without sill pillar is that the stage is divided into plurality of segments with the substoping tunnel, back production is carried out in segmentation one by one from top to bottom, divide pars infrasegmentalis not set out the polycrystalline substance in ore deposit, do not stay any ore pillar, stoping operations such as cutter ore deposit, explosion, ore removal all in same extracting drift order carry out the segmentation route interlaced arrangement that assumes diamond in shape in the space up and down; Under covering, the avalanche country rock carries out explosion and ore drawing in the extracting drift end; Since an end by step pitch order back coming, till the other end border of extracting drift.Traditional sublevel caving method without sill pillar has ore dilution big, shortcomings such as ventilation difficulty and mining rate are low, divide avalanche rule needs supporting powerful device and adopt the macrostructure parameter not have foundation, this just must propose higher requirement to technical equipment, also must strengthen simultaneously the investment intensity of mine construction, so it is difficult to obtain promoting in developing country, thereby be not suitable for the needs of the mining industry development of China and developing country.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is on the basis of sublevel caving method without sill pillar, to improve, with the mining methods promoted in China and developing country of being suitable for of " four low height " of seeking a kind of low loss, low dilution, low cost, low accident potential and high productive capacity.
The present invention proposes a kind of improved sublevel caving method without sill pillar; it comprises substoping, finishes rock drilling, explosion and ore removal in route, it is characterized in that the ore body that will exploit is divided into induction caving district, normal back production district and recovery area, bottom from top to bottom and carries out bursting work successively step by step.
The explosion back production of mining codes of the present invention in the induction caving district mainly is the support between the avalanche route, forms continuous excavation, induces top ore natural caving with this;
Mining codes of the present invention receive the ore of top inbreak in the amount of this segmentation of explosion back production ore deposit, normal back production district, the interior height of lift (H) in this district is pressed following formula with drift interval (S) and determined:
In the formula: b is the route width, and α, β are the prose style free from parallelism flow parameter of vertical entry direction; μ then is the coefficient relevant with the ore drawing mode, μ=0.1～0.60 when hanging down the dilution ore drawing, μ during cut off grade ore drawing=0.60～0.75.
The recovery of the route burden stope residual ore deposit amount of mining codes of the present invention in the recovery area, bottom, the back production of bearing nearly base plate or lower wall ore deposit amount simultaneously.
Mining codes of the present invention are determined the ore control method according to the flox condition of an ore prose style free from parallelism, and in the induction caving district, broken ore is generally emitted under the barnyard condition, and for safety, ore removal job requirement route mouth is not spacious empty.In normal back production district, be generally ore drawing under the covering layer, guaranteeing under the spacious empty prerequisite of route mouth, when covering layer barren rock lumpiness was not less than ore fragmentation, ore drawing was till see the covering layer barren rock; When barren rock was in small, broken bits, ore drawing was to being advisable when time barren rock incorporation rate about 15%; Only put when not having condition of acceptance under it ore drawing to cut-off grade when indivedual ore removals.In the recovery area, bottom, consider that the vixible ore reserve that every route is born in this district does not have downwards the condition of " changeing section reclaims ", and the continuous mobile space condition that shifts the ore deposit amount by the upper section that their receive also can Lock-out when ore drawing finishes, every route is put near the ore that goes out the mine mouth that does not come out so promptly can become permanent loss, and therefore every each step pitch of route all needs ore removal to cut-off grade.
The arrangement form of route depends on the multiple factors such as digging rock height of ore body boundary line and segmentation position relation and economical rationality in the recovery area, bottom.The layout of the route in recovery area, bottom of the present invention is taked following three kinds of forms:
A, in base plate or lower wall country rock, arrange the bottom extracting drift by normal rhombus, to reclaim residual body of spine and abundant ore deposit, back production nearly base plate position amount, be referred to as to reclaim route.When the discrepancy in elevation of the border of ore body base plate or lower wall and segment level bigger, but when being not more than the maximum digging rock height of economical rationality; Perhaps slow when the slanting angle of ore body, when short transverse can be adjusted the position of recycling engineering, arrange that separately to reclaim route more suitable.
B, between the less recovery route of digging rock height, or between normal extracting drift, set up one for the needs that reclaim the residual body of spine and encrypt route near floor rocks.Encrypt route and can fully reclaim the residual ore deposit of stope amount.This moment, stopping sequence was the adjacent recovery route (or extracting drift) of first back production, and route is encrypted in back back production.For safety, encrypt the distance of route hysteresis back production, should be less than 3～5 ore caving intervals.
C, set up and encrypt route and route is reclaimed in the bottom simultaneously.
The remarkable improvement of mining codes of the present invention and traditional sublevel caving method without sill pillar, at first be the original ore deposit section with a kind of ore falling mode further is divided into induction caving district, normal back production district and recovery area, bottom three panelings, the ore falling mode that the induction caving by the induction caving district and the macrostructure parameter explosion avalanche in normal back production district combine reduces to adopt accurate coefficient; Reclaim route and encrypt route raising ore recovery rate by being provided with; By sneaking into the reduction ore dilution rate with normal back production district restriction rock in the induction caving district.Secondly in the induction caving district, as long as the ore pillar between the route can collapse fully, the clear height in goaf satisfies the broken bloated requirement of top ore inbreak, so the comparable normal back production of drift interval district is big, can suitably strengthen drift interval and prevent stope ground pressure.
Though the present invention also adopts fanhole(s) to implement blasting works in three zones, but big gun hole arrangement form, charge constitution and detonation mode etc., all change to some extent with taking advantage of a situation damage effect based on the directionality of testing the ring blasting of finding, promptly in the explosion bulge test of fanhole(s), after section is detonated together with artillery salvo hole, the detonation stresses ripple that powder column produces should be that the center is column to diffusion all around with the powder column, the principle that always develops according to rock mass damage along the direction of minimum energy dissipation, before the stress wave that powder column produces arrives the explosion scope of freedom, if the stress wave that adjacent two powder columns produce meets in advance, rock between the big gun hole is punctured in advance, destroy so and will mainly develop along the hole packed plane direction, cause " pushing away wall " situation thus, owing to low, also can cause increasing of boulder yield simultaneously along burden direction blasting energy utilization rate.Therefore when the explosion of design scallop hole, should note the directionality of effective fragmentation.In addition, when when orifice end is detonated, along with the powder column spacing increases gradually, the burst stress ripple transfers to by meeting between the hole gradually and arrives the scope of freedom in advance, but the transformation of its destruction direction always lags behind the fringe time that the burst stress ripple arrives first the scope of freedom, and this experimental phenomena is referred to as the damage effect of taking advantage of a situation.After having analyzed take advantage of a situation damage effect and above-mentioned blasting energy utilization relation, the present invention recommends the hole base initiation, and taked the packet type multistage millisecond detonating mode explosion (d is that W is a burden with a section powder column minimum spacing of detonating) of d 〉=2w, promptly designed millisecond detonating scheme between grouping row.
The induction caving of the present invention improved sublevel caving method without sill pillar that combines with the explosion avalanche has following advantage:
(1) can reduce to adopt accurate coefficient significantly.The accurate coefficient of adopting with main exploiting field ore body in Handan City, Hebei province iron ore implementation process is reduced to 2.07 meters/kiloton by 3.6 meters original/kiloton, not only reduced to adopt accurate the input, and increased the yield of adopting that accurate engineering is adopted by unit, increased production capacity thus.
(2) adapted to the flow behavior of avalanche ore deposit rock preferably, made the ore recovery rate of thick ore body sublevel caving method without sill pillar reach 92.5%, ore dilution rate about 11%.
(3) owing to improved charge constitution and overbreak mode, stop the generation of explosion partition wall accident, and reduced boulder yield significantly, saved firing cost usefulness, guaranteed carrying out smoothly of ore removal work.
(4) can prevent to adopt the area effectively to adopting the destruction of accurate engineering.
(5) the exploitation target that need not to introduce main equipment and only utilize rock mass inbreak rule just to realize low loss, low dilution, low cost, hanged down " four low height " of accident potential and high productive capacity is so have great social benefit and economic benefit.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is traditional sublevel caving method without sill pillar stope structure schematic diagram.Among the figure 1 for avalanche border, 2 big gun holes, 3 drop shafts, 4 routes connection lane, 6 extracting drifts, 7 through-vein transporting drifts, H be that height of lift, B are drift interval;
Fig. 2 is a typical stope structure schematic diagram of the present invention.I is that induction caving district, II are that normal back production district, III are the recovery area, bottom among the figure, and 1 induces district's route, 6 back production district routes, 7 through-vein transporting drifts, 8 to reclaim route, 9 for avalanche border, 2 big gun holes, 3 drop shafts, 4 routes connection lane, 5 encrypts route, H height of lift, B drift interval;
Fig. 3 is millisecond detonating scheme schematic diagram between grouping row.(A) is the first segmentation route big gun hole among Fig. 3; (B) be the following route big gun of second segmentation hole, a, b, c, the d primer detonator of four sections is from small to large all used in every artillery salvo hole among Fig. 3, and grouping is detonated successively.
Fig. 4 is for encrypting route and the arrangement condition schematic diagram that reclaims route;
Fig. 5 is for encrypting the drift stoping sequential schematic;
Fig. 6 thick stope structure of ore body built on the sand schematic diagram that is level to the gentle dip, 5 for inducing district's route among the figure, and 8 reclaim routes, and 9 encrypt routes;
Fig. 7 is the stope structure schematic diagram of inclined thick gulf transition from open-pit underground mining, and 1 is the avalanche border among the figure, and 5 for inducing district's route, and 6 are back production district route, and 10 is monitoring holes;
Fig. 8 is for coiling the side ore body stope structure schematic diagram in mine built on the sand on the thick ore body that tilts, 4 is route connection lane among the figure, and 5 for inducing district's route, 6 back production district routes;
Fig. 9 is the unstable ore body mine stope structure schematic diagram that tilts, and 2 is the big gun hole among the figure, and 4 are route connection lane, and 5 for inducing district's route, and 8 for reclaiming route.
The specific embodiment
Narrate the specific embodiment of the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, and content of the present invention is further described and replenishes with this.
Fig. 1 is traditional sublevel caving method without sill pillar stope structure schematic diagram; Fig. 2 is a typical stope structure schematic diagram of the present invention.Contrast just and can significantly find out from Fig. 1 and Fig. 2: the present invention is subdivided into induction caving district, normal back production district and three subregions in recovery area, bottom again with former stope ore body.The back production in induction caving district mainly is that the support between the avalanche route forms continuous excavation.The goaf top plate inbreak that generally lags behind forms ore removal under the barnyard condition thus, can determine the lateral opening angle of ore caving fanhole(s) by the slope angle (being slightly larger than natural repose angle) of residual ore for this reason.Press for control stope ground, drift interval should be bigger than normal back production district in this district, as long as the ore pillar between the route can collapse fully, the clear height in goaf satisfies the broken bloated requirement of top ore inbreak.
Receive the ore deposit amount of top inbreak in normal back production district in the amount of this segmentation of back production ore deposit, this moment, stope structure parameter and ore drawing mode will adapt to the flow behavior of an ore prose style free from parallelism in order to reduce the barren rock incorporation rate.Wherein the relation of height of lift and drift interval should be determined by following formula:
In the formula: H is height of lift (rice); S is drift interval (rice); B is route width (rice); α, β are the prose style free from parallelism flow parameter of vertical entry direction; μ is the coefficient relevant with the ore drawing mode, μ=0.1～0.60 when hanging down the dilution ore drawing, μ during cut off grade ore drawing=0.60～0.75.
In a single day normal back production district should adopt low dilution ore drawing mode, promptly finds that the barren rock funnel going out the mine mouth exposure, stops ore removal immediately, change next step over to apart from back production.The size of route section not only will be considered the use needs of extractive equipment, and will consider that the processing of lump ore of inbreak is convenient, in principle the lump ore of inbreak should be able to let-down to roadway floor, so that handle.In the ore removal process, often take place that lump ore gathers, the phenomenon that flows out simultaneously of polylith intermittently in going out mine mouth.If in the normal back production district multilayer route is arranged, can suitably transfer to down segmentation and emit being stuck in out lump ore in the mine mouth.
The recovery of the residual ore deposit of stope amount, the back production of bearing nearly base plate (or lower wall) ore deposit amount are simultaneously mainly born in the recovery area, bottom.Because the vixible ore reserve that every route is born in this district does not have downwards the condition of " changeing section reclaims ", for reduce the permanent loss of ore as far as possible, every each step pitch of route all needs ore removal to cut-off grade.The arrangement form of route as shown in Figure 4 in this district.Can be provided with respectively substantially and encrypt route or reclaim route; Also can be provided with by encrypting route and reclaiming the bottom recycling engineering that route is formed jointly, encrypting route is equivalent to and route is reclaimed in next segmentation mentions a last segmentation and arrange, when the digging rock height (counting from the route top board) of next segmentation recovery route surpasses the maximum digging rock height of economical rationality, just should mention a segmentation and arrange as encrypting route.
Encrypt drift stoping and see Fig. 5 in proper order.The adjacent bottom extracting drift of first back production among Fig. 5, route is encrypted in back back production.The effect of encrypting route mainly is the residual body of spine that reclaims adjacent route, is the residual spine's triangle ore deposit amounts of adjacent two routes of this avalanche, need evenly shovel out ore by full section along the tunnel during ore removal simultaneously, emits the width of body with increase.
Though the blasting works in above-mentioned three zones also all is to adopt fanhole(s), but consider the directionality of fanhole(s) effective fragmentation and the damage effect of taking advantage of a situation, in implementation process, we have adopted packet type multistage millisecond detonating scheme shown in Figure 3 or have been called millisecond detonating scheme between grouping row.Fig. 3 (A) is first segmentation (being the induction caving district) route big gun hole, (B) is the route big gun hole of second segmentation following (back production district and recovery area).The primer detonator of a, b, c, four sections of d is all used in every artillery salvo hole, and grouping is detonated successively.In line with two big gun holes with the section explosion, the burst stress ripple arrives the scope of freedom (puncture'ing the burden direction at first) principle at first, in design during blasting scheme, guarantee that (be d 〉=2w) with the minimum spacing (d) of section primary explosive column greater than 2 times of burdens (W).
Handan City, Hebei province iron ore, the fragmentation of most ore short texture, easily inbreak is suitable for adopting the stope structure of Fig. 2, and the present invention drafts following recovery scheme for this reason:
Adopt the stage casing headed by meter stage casing, this ore deposit-50, design induction caving district height is 28～45m, its drift interval 18m; Normal back production district height is 30～45m, and height of lift 15m, drift interval are 18m; Recovery area, bottom height is 15m, and drift interval is 9m.Adopt high pneumatic dth drill rock drilling in the QZG80A type, 4.0m
3Electronic shovel motivation ore removal, route section height * wide is 3.5 * 4.2m
2
After implementing the present invention, the heap coefficient of adopting in main exploiting field is reduced to 2.07m/KT by original 3.6m/KT, and production efficiency is 60,000 tons/month, and ore recovery rate reaches 92.5%, ore dilution rate about 11%.Comparatively improved production capacity under the complicated situation at geological conditions, be expected to carry and reach designed productive capacity the previous year.
The western middle thickness orebody of Hebei province's iron ore, the ore shakiness is affixed to moderately stable, presses big with adopting.Because the lumpiness of easy inbreak of ore and inbreak is less, for this is provided with induction caving district and recovery area, bottom, General layout Plan as shown in Figure 6.Design induction caving district height is 10～25m, its drift interval 16m; Recovery area, bottom height is 10m, adopts and encrypts route and reclaim route associating arrangement form, drift interval 8～16m; The rock height (counting from back) of cutting that reclaims route is 2～5m.Adopt high pneumatic dth drill rock drilling in the QZG80A type, bucket capacity 4.0m
3Electronic shovel motivation ore removal, route section height * wide is 3.5 * 4.2m
2Experimental study draws, ore recovery rate about 85%, ore dilution rate about 15%.
Embodiment 3
The scheme of being drafted for Anshan iron and steel plant iron ore transition from open-pit underground mining.This ore deposit ore body thickness is big, and the inclination angle is steep, Polodyakonov coefficient coefficient f=12～14, and the mineral deposit fracture structure is grown, and is suitable for adopting Fig. 7 recovery scheme.
Designed by deep seat cut and transferred the open-air and underground technical scheme of exploiting, carry out the transition to again underground high efficiency exploitation simultaneously to, underground mining adopts the high-power rock drilling and the ore removal equipment of import, adopt stope structure shown in Figure 7, induction caving district height is 50～120m, drift interval 20～25m; The height of lift in normal back production district is 20～30m, drift interval 20～25m; The recovery area, bottom adopts encrypts the route form, and it highly is the height of a segmentation.For safety, above initial induction caving district, make a call to inbreak height and inbreak speed that a monitoring holes is induced the district in order to monitoring at least, guarantee the open-air and underground safety of exploitation simultaneously.Design objective: ore recovery rate 90%～95%; Ore dilution rate 10%～12%, production capacity 400～6,000,000 t/a.
The mining area of Anhui Province mining company, the ore body soft broken, inbreak easily is suitable for adopting Fig. 8 recovery scheme.Proposing meter induction caving district height is 25～40m, its drift interval 15～18m; The height of lift in normal back production district is 12.5m, drift interval 12m; The recovery area, bottom adopts the recovery route form of digging lower wall rock, and height of lift is 12.5m, drift interval 12m; The rock height (counting from back) of cutting that reclaims route is 2～6m.Adopt the rock drilling of YGZ-90 type long and medium hole drilling machine, bucket capacity 1.5m
3Electronic shovel motivation ore removal, route section height * wide is 3.0 * 3.4m
2Experimental study proposes, ore recovery rate about 85%, ore dilution rate about 15%.
For the nonferrous metal mine of the unstable middle thickness orebody that tilts, the present invention takes stope shown in Figure 9 to arrange and structure.
By being characterized in as can be seen among Fig. 9: with arteries and veins outward along the pulse route induce the ore body natural caving, the ore of inbreak crosses route dress ore deposit from ore removal and transports.Be equivalent to the Jiang San district and be incorporated in a district, use recovery area, bottom route as the induction caving engineering.
Experimental study ore recovery rate 75%, ore dilution rate 15%.
Can also enumerate more embodiment, repeat no more herein.Underground mining method of the present invention is particularly suitable for iron ore, nonferrous metals ore or the gold mine of thick above ore body in former gulf or the gentle dip, and with ore hardness factor f=2～14, the ore body of cleavage cranny development is good.
When the present invention was used for former gulf, general height of lift was determined by the rock drilling equipment ability.Present stage can be taken as 15～30m, and drift interval is mainly calculated by given formula, and general desirable 16～25.The rate of extraction of ore generally can reach 90～95%, and ore dilution rate is roughly 10～12%.
Recovery area, bottom of the present invention is absolutely necessary, and the height in other two districts is determined by orebody thickness, the property emitted and caving fragmentation etc.
The following big thick ore body of general moderately stable; when lump ore less when the lumpiness of inbreak ore or inbreak is broken easily; can only establish one deck route in normal back production district; add one deck route in induction caving district and one deck route of recovery area, bottom; amount to three layers of route avalanche back production, all the other ore deposit, top amounts, the much thickness in the no end; as long as all natural caving and emit backwardness rationally to be reclaimed in the back production of two-layer route below can all belong to the induction caving district.And it is bigger to work as ore hardness, and when boulder yield was higher, the induction caving district was unsuitable too high, but for the lumpiness of protecting roof rock, the barren rock degree of sneaking in the reduction ore drawing process, the top stays the thick ore natural caving of one deck 2～3m at least.
Also must be pointed out: along with mining develops to underground deep, ground is pressed and is increased rock stability variation, the property emitted enhancing.It is very wide to the present invention is based on the improved sublevel caving method without sill pillar application prospect that induction caving that rock mass inbreak rule further investigation is put forward combines with the explosion avalanche, and it will create great social benefit and economic benefit.
Claims (6)
1, a kind of improved sublevel caving method without sill pillar; comprise substoping, in route, finish rock drilling, explosion and ore removal, it is characterized in that the ore body that will exploit is divided into induction caving district, normal back production district and recovery area, bottom from top to bottom and successively bursting work carry out back production step by step.
2, by the described sublevel caving method without sill pillar of claim 1, it is characterized in that the support of said induction caving district between the explosion avalanche route, form continuous excavation, utilize the goaf that provides behind the drift stoping in this district to induce top ore natural caving.
3,, it is characterized in that the drift interval in said normal back production district is determined by following formula with the relation of height of lift and route width by the described sublevel caving method without sill pillar of claim 1:
In the formula: S is drift interval (rice); H is height of lift (rice); B is route width (rice); α, β are the prose style free from parallelism flow parameter of vertical entry direction; μ is the relevant coefficient of ore drawing mode, μ=0.1～0.60 when hanging down the dilution ore drawing, μ during cut off grade ore drawing=0.60～0.75.
4, by the described sublevel caving method without sill pillar of claim 1, it is characterized in that the layout of the route of recovery area, said bottom is taked following three kinds of forms:
A, in the middle of two extracting drifts, set up one and encrypt route;
B, to put one deck at base plate or lower wall country rock lining be main purpose bottom extracting drift to reclaim the residual body of spine;
C, set up and encrypt route and route is reclaimed in the bottom simultaneously.
5, it is characterized in that the explosion of said bursting work employing packet type multistage millisecond detonating mode by the described sublevel caving method without sill pillar of claim 1.
6, by the described sublevel caving method without sill pillar of claim 2, it is characterized in that its area of a circle of equal value of said goaf is greater than the critical lasting inbreak area of ore deposit rock.
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2005
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