CN1606654B - 一种含水粘弹性流体和用于回收烃的方法 - Google Patents
一种含水粘弹性流体和用于回收烃的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1606654B CN1606654B CN028049268A CN02804926A CN1606654B CN 1606654 B CN1606654 B CN 1606654B CN 028049268 A CN028049268 A CN 028049268A CN 02804926 A CN02804926 A CN 02804926A CN 1606654 B CN1606654 B CN 1606654B
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- activating agent
- surface activating
- surfactant
- fluid
- hydrocarbon
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 91
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 64
- -1 ester carboxylate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 45
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical group CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 claims description 20
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 16
- ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N (9Z)-octadecen-1-ol Chemical group CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCO ALSTYHKOOCGGFT-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical group OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- AGGIJOLULBJGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfoacetic acid Chemical class OC(=O)CS(O)(=O)=O AGGIJOLULBJGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- QYMFNZIUDRQRSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butanedioate;dimethyl hexanedioate;dimethyl pentanedioate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCC(=O)OC.COC(=O)CCCC(=O)OC.COC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OC QYMFNZIUDRQRSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- CFOQKXQWGLAKSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-docosen-1-ol Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCCO CFOQKXQWGLAKSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YCPXWRQRBFJBPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-sulfosalicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=CC=C1O YCPXWRQRBFJBPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZWWQRMFIZFPUAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl 2-methylidenebutanedioate Chemical group COC(=O)CC(=C)C(=O)OC ZWWQRMFIZFPUAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SUMDYPCJJOFFON-UHFFFAOYSA-N isethionic acid Chemical compound OCCS(O)(=O)=O SUMDYPCJJOFFON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium formate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C=O WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- MLICVSDCCDDWMD-KVVVOXFISA-M potassium;(z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound [K+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O MLICVSDCCDDWMD-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 description 1
- ULWHHBHJGPPBCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,1-diol Chemical class CCC(O)O ULWHHBHJGPPBCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005956 quaternization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015227 regulation of liquid surface tension Effects 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940071089 sarcosinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 229960004025 sodium salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZUFONQSOSYEWCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-(methylamino)acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CNCC([O-])=O ZUFONQSOSYEWCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical group OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C229/00—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C229/02—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
- C07C229/04—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
- C07C229/06—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one amino and one carboxyl group bound to the carbon skeleton
- C07C229/10—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one amino and one carboxyl group bound to the carbon skeleton the nitrogen atom of the amino group being further bound to acyclic carbon atoms or to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C229/12—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one amino and one carboxyl group bound to the carbon skeleton the nitrogen atom of the amino group being further bound to acyclic carbon atoms or to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings to carbon atoms of acyclic carbon skeletons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/34—Esters of acyclic saturated polycarboxylic acids having an esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体。按照本发明这种流体含有第一粘弹性表面活性剂和第二表面活性剂，所述第二表面活性剂能够在井下条件下分解，从而释放出本身能够降低含水粘弹性流体粘度的化合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于烃回收具体为用作破碎流体的含水粘弹性流体。
背景技术
烃如油、天然气通过连接所述地层的储藏层和井孔间的流路从载烃的地下地质层中得到。流路受阻可能导致烃产量不足。在这种情况下，应用各种技术来刺激该产量。在这些技术中，常用的是在足够的压力下通过井孔向地层中注入特定流体，从而在地层岩石中产生裂缝，而通过该裂缝烃可以更容易地流入井孔中。后一技术被称为破碎或水力破碎，并且在所述技术中应用的特定流体称为破碎流体。
理想地，在设置过程中破碎流体应该在井孔内的管道中形成最小的压降，并且应具有足够的粘度以载带支撑剂(propping agent)，而所述支撑剂阻止裂缝封闭。另外，它们还应该具有最小的泄漏速率，并且应该降解，从而不遗留残余物质以至于阻止精确量的烃流入井孔中。
已经开发并工业化了其中胶凝剂为粘弹性表面活性剂的含水破碎流体。这些流体在已公开专利US-4,695,389、US-4,725,372和US-5,551,516中明显公开。这类流体的一个例子为SchlumbergerTM集团公司按商标ClearFRACTM工业化的物质。它是季铵盐、N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵与异丙醇和盐水的混合物，所述盐水通常包括水和3wt％氯化铵或4wt％氯化钾。在这类流体中，以足够浓度存在的表面活性剂分子聚集成为重叠的虫状或棒状胶束。这使所述流体具有足够的粘弹性用于载带支撑剂。但在很高的剪切速率下，具体为高于170s-1时，粘度剧烈下降。这使流体被泵送入井孔中。另外，虫状-或棒状-胶束聚集体由于与烃接触而倾向于破碎。因此，如果没有有效形成表面活性剂乳液的话，在烃回流过程中表面活性剂分子通常沿裂缝被载带入井孔中。
在一定条件下，例如当破碎其中在生产过程中仅有可忽略量的石油气冷凝的干气储藏层时，在所生产的流体中由于缺乏足够量的液体烃而可能使凝胶的破碎受阻。其结果是从支撑裂缝中脱除破碎流体的效率降低。
这也是提出向粘弹性破碎流体中加入延迟破碎剂的原因之一。这些延迟破碎剂能够在破碎操作本身发生后在适当时刻破碎流体的凝胶结构，并降低其粘度。
在已经公开的申请WO-01/77487中公开了含有粘弹性表面活性剂的含水粘弹性流体的延迟破碎剂。它们可以为外部或内部破碎剂。
外部破碎剂最初与流体的表面活性剂分子隔离。通常，当它们形成支撑裂缝时，它们由所述流体悬浮和输送的固体材料组成。所述固体材料通常具有核-壳式结构，其中核为破碎凝胶的化学物质，而壳为包封材料，使核与凝胶隔离。在合适的时刻在支撑的裂缝内，壳材料溶解、分解或破碎，从而核材料破碎凝胶。
内部破碎剂为最初溶解在流体内并且未与表面活性剂分子隔离的化合物.在合适的时刻，它们分解释放出破碎凝胶的降解产品.在上面参考的申请WO-01/77487中，教导了通过加入酯来降低含有粘弹性表面活性剂的含水粘弹性凝胶的粘度，其中所述粘弹性表面活性剂由长链季铵盐组成.所述酯本身对初始凝胶的流变性能只有很小的影响.但它们可以分解释放出能够降低凝胶粘度的醇.
醇的凝胶破碎效率随其在凝胶内的浓度、温度、以及所述醇的分子量而增加。但酯与基于粘弹性表面活性剂的凝胶的兼容性随它们的憎水性而降低。因为醇的分子量与酯的憎水性成正比，因此酯的方法受酯的憎水性和它们与凝胶的兼容性之间的关系限制。
发明内容
考虑到上述现有技术，本发明所提出的一个要解决的问题是得到用于烃回收具体用作破碎流体的含水粘弹性流体，所述破碎流体包括能够释放出有效的破碎剂化合物的兼容的内部破碎系统。
作为上述问题的一种方案，在第一个方面，本发明涉及一种用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，包括：第一表面活性剂，所述表面活性剂是粘弹性的；和第二表面活性剂，所述第二表面活性剂能够在井下(downhole)条件下分解，从而释放出能够降低含水粘弹性流体粘度的化合物。
在第二个方面，本发明涉及一种用于烃回收的方法，包括如下步骤：提供一种含水粘弹性流体，所述流体包括粘弹性的第一表面活性剂和能够在井下条件下分解的第二表面活性剂；使所述第二表面活性剂在井下条件下分解，从而释放出能够降低含水粘弹性流体粘度的化合物；以及使所述流体的粘度在井下降低。
与第一表面活性剂一样，第二表面活性剂是两亲性的。其具有亲水性头基团和憎水性尾基团。其与第一表面活性剂兼容，并且甚至可以参与粘弹性凝胶的形成。在一定条件下或/和在一定时间后，其分解释放出降解产品，这些降解产品中的一种为能够降低粘弹性凝胶的粘度并破碎所述凝胶的化合物。
附图说明
根据下面参照附图所给出的非限定性和举例性实施方案的描述，将会更好地理解本发明，其中：
-图1给出了瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵的分解反应；
-图2给出了单油基琥珀酸盐的分解反应；
-图3给出了月桂基聚氧乙烯基醚磺基琥珀酸二钠的分解反应；
-图4给出了月桂基磺基乙酸钠的分解反应；
-图5描述了醇对N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵基凝胶的流变性能的影响；
-图6描述了丁醇浓度和温度对N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵基凝胶的流变性能的影响；
-图7描述了油醇对N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵基凝胶的粘度的影响；
-图8描述了酯的憎水性对N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵基凝胶的兼容性的影响；
-图9描述了瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵对N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵基凝胶的影响；
-图10比较了含有瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵和N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵的凝胶的流变性能；
-图11描述了温度对含有N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵和二酯季铵化物(esterquat)的凝胶的流变性能的影响；
-图12描述了温度对含有N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵和二酯季铵化物的凝胶的破碎时间的影响；
-图13描述了油醇浓度对基于二聚油酸的凝胶的流变性能的影响；
-图14作为氯化物浓度和流体pH值的函数比较了基于二聚油酸的凝胶的低剪切粘度。
-图15作为温度和流体pH值的函数比较了在图14的流体的盐峰值处的低剪切粘度。
-图16描述了在内部可断裂表面活性剂破碎剂单-油基酯琥珀酸盐存在时基于二聚油酸的粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的延迟分解；
-图17描述了磺基琥珀酸盐/磺基乙酸盐混合物和磺基琥珀酸盐对基于二聚油酸的凝胶系统的流动流变性能的影响；
-图18描述了掺杂有磺基琥珀酸盐/磺基乙酸盐可断裂表面活性剂混合物的二聚油酸基粘弹性凝胶的延迟破碎；
-图19描述了破碎剂的加入量可用于控制凝胶降解速率的事实；
-图20给出了活性表面活性剂的浓度与时间的倒数之间存在的线性关系，其中所述的时间为凝胶在低剪切速率下损失其90％粘度所需的时间。
-图21描述了温度对含有磺基琥珀酸盐/磺基乙酸盐可断裂表面活性剂混合物的二聚油酸基粘弹性凝胶的影响；和
-图22比较了掺杂有磺基琥珀酸盐/磺基乙酸盐混合物或磺基琥珀酸盐可断裂表面活性剂的二聚油酸基粘弹性凝胶的凝胶分解动力学。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及用于烃如油和气的回收的含水流体。这种含水流体为钻井用流体如钻井流体、填充(completion)流体、处理流体、栓塞(packer)流体或适应性(conformance)或渗透性控制流体，更具体为破碎流体。
本发明的流体是粘弹性的。它的粘弹性可以通过动态振荡流变性能测量而进行测量，正如通常在Barnes H.A.等的An Introductionto Rheology，Elsevier，Amsterdam(1997)中描述的。在一个典型的动态振荡实验中，按照下述式(1)对流体进行正弦剪切：
γ(t)＝γ(max)sinωt.........................(1)
其中γ(t)为应变，γ(max)为最大应变，t为时间，ω为角频率。剪应力σ由下式给出：
其中δ为相角。
σ(t)＝σ(max)sin(ωt+δ).........................(2)
由弹性组分(G′)和粘性组分(G″)给出的相对输入量按如下过程解出。扩展式(2)的正弦函数给出下式(3)和(4)：
σ(t)＝σ(max)[sinωtcosδ+cosωtsinδ)].........................(3)
σ(t)＝γ(max)[G′sinωt+G″cosωt].........................(4)
其中G′≡(σ(max)/γ(max)cosδ，并且G″≡(σ(max)/γ(max)sinδ
因此式(4)定义了具有粘弹性的流体的两个动态模量：G′，储能模量或弹性组分，G″，损耗模量或粘性组分。
本发明的流体为含水粘弹性凝胶，其中这里所应用的术语“粘弹性凝胶”指的是一种组合物，其中弹性组分(G′)至少与粘性组分(G″)一样重要。在从主要为粘性液体向粘弹性凝胶进化的过程中，胶凝点可以由弹性组分和粘性组分的贡献变得相等即G′＝G″的时刻来定义；而在这一时刻及这一时刻之后，G′≥G″，并且相角δ≥45°。
本发明的流体含有第一表面活性剂。这种表面活性剂为所述的粘弹性的，因为与许多其它即使在高浓度时通常也只形成粘度稍高于水的牛顿溶液的表面活性剂不同，这种表面活性剂即使在较低的浓度下也能够形成粘弹性流体。这种特定的流变行为主要是由于在流体中存在的表面活性剂聚集体的类型。在低粘度的流体中，以足够浓度存在的表面活性剂分子聚集在球形胶束中，但在粘弹性流体中，存在有可以描述为虫状或棒状胶束的长胶束，并且它们相互缠绕。
本发明的第一表面活性剂通常是离子型的。根据其头部基团的电荷，其可以为阳离子型、阴离子型或两性离子型。当表面活性剂为阳离子型时，其与通常为Cl-的负的反离子或有机类阴离子如水杨酸根阴离子相连。当表面活性剂为阴离子型时，其与通常为Na+或K+的正的反离子相连，以及当其为两性离子型时，其与通常为Cl-和Na+或K+的正和负的反离子均相连。
例如第一表面活性剂具有如下通式：
R-Z
其中R为表面活性剂的憎水性尾，其为完全或部分饱和的、至少18个碳原子的直链或支链烃链，而Z为表面活性剂的头基团，其可以为-NR1R2R3 +、-SO3 -、-COO-，或者当表面活性剂为两性离子型时，其为-N+(R1R2R3-COO-)，其中R1、R2和R3分别独立地为氢、或完全或部分饱和的至少一个碳原子的直链或支链脂族链，可能还包括一个羟基终端基团。
在另一个例子中，第一表面活性剂为具有如下通式的可断裂粘弹性表面活性剂：
R-X-Y-Z
其中R为表面活性剂的憎水性尾，其为完全或部分饱和的、至少18个碳原子的直链或支链烃链，X为表面活性剂的可断裂或可降解基团，其为缩醛、酰胺、醚或酯键，Y为间隔基团，其由n个碳原子的饱和或部分饱和烃的短链组成，其中n至少等于1，优选为2，当n≥3时，它可以是直链或支链烷基链，而Z为表面活性剂的亲水性头基团，其可以为-NR1R2R3 +、-SO3 -、-COO-，或者当表面活性剂为两性离子型时，其为-N+(R1R2R3-COO-)，其中R1、R2和R3分别独立地为氢、或完全或部分饱和的至少一个碳原子的直链或支链脂族链，可能还包括一个羟基终端基团。
适合于实施本发明的阳离子型粘弹性表面活性剂为N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵.在含有4wt％NaCl或3wt％KCl的水溶液中，这种粘弹性表面活性剂通常在浓度范围为1-10wt％时形成含有互相缠绕的虫状胶束的凝胶.当凝胶被烃打碎时，这些虫状胶束降解形成球状胶束.
适合于实施本发明的阴离子型粘弹性表面活性剂为单羧酸根RCOO-，如油酸根，其中R为C17H33，或二或低聚羧酸根，如在2001年7月11日申请的专利申请PCT/GB01/03131中所公开的那些，该申请在本专利申请的申请日尚未公开。当在碱性溶液中，在所加入的盐如氯化钾或氯化钠存在时，这些单-、二-或低聚羧酸根形成粘弹性凝胶。当凝胶被烃打碎时，所述凝胶的虫状胶束分解形成球状胶束。
本发明的流体含有第二表面活性剂。这种表面活性性为粘弹性的或非粘弹性的。它为所述的可断裂的。同样，它在井下条件下分解从而释放降解产品。用于实施本发明的可断裂表面活性剂在2001年2月13日申请的专利申请GB 0103449.5中公开。这些表面活性剂为具有如下通式的粘弹性物质：
R-X-Y-Z
其中R为表面活性剂的憎水性尾，其为完全或部分饱和的、至少18个碳原子的直链或支链烃链，X为表面活性剂的可断裂或可降解基团，其为缩醛、酰胺、醚或酯键，Y为间隔基团，其由n个碳原子的饱和或部分饱和烃的短链组成，其中n至少等于1，优选为2，当n≥3时，它可以是直链或支链烷基链，而Z为表面活性剂的亲水性头基团，其可以为-NR1R2R3 +、-SO3 -、-COO-，或者当表面活性剂为两性离子型时，其为-N+(R1R2R3-COO-)，其中R1、R2和R3分别独立地为氢、或完全或部分饱和的至少一个碳原子的直链或支链脂族链，可能还包括一个羟基终端基团。
因此典型的第二表面活性剂为酯羧酸盐、酯磺酸盐，例如当Y＝CH2CH2时的羟乙基磺酸盐和酯季铵化物。等效的反向和正向酰胺表面活性剂，也就是说反向酰胺羧酸盐、正向酰胺羧酸盐，例如肌氨酸盐(RCON(CH3)CH2COO-)、反向酰胺磺酸盐、正向酰胺磺酸盐，例如牛磺酸盐(RCON(R′)CH2CH2SO3 -)、反向酰胺季铵化物(amidequat)和正向酰胺季铵化物通常也是本发明的第二表面活性剂。
具体地，由于亲水性头基团的存在，即使当R为带有18个或更多碳原子的饱和或部分饱和链时，R-X-Y-Z表面活性剂的重量百分比浓度与粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶也是兼容的。
例如，当X为酯基时，因此可断裂表面活性剂能够在井下条件下按如下反应分解从而释放出醇破碎剂：
ROOC-Y-Z+OH-→-OOC-Y-X+ROH
按相同的方式，反向酰胺表面活性剂的水解产生胺，而该胺也是有效的破碎剂。另外，具体当第一表面活性剂为阳离子型时，正向酯或正向酰胺表面活性剂的水解产生羧酸，这些羧酸也可以是有效的凝胶破碎剂。
所产生的醇、胺和羧酸通常包括至少3个碳原子。它们优选为含有8-18或更多个碳原子的长链醇、胺或羧酸。
最后，基于可断裂表面活性剂的内部延迟破碎剂可有利地按照本发明进行选择，从而使它们满足如下性能标准：
以足够的浓度存在从而产生足够量的凝胶破碎剂化合物，尤其是长链醇、胺或羧酸，而不会降低粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的初始流变性能，并且优选增强所述弹性表面活性剂凝胶的性能；和
在所述浓度下在适合于确定应用的可控制速率下进行降解。对于破碎应用来说，凝胶降解在下述1-5小时范围之内应该是可控的。
当用氯化钾和弱酸配制时，基于N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵的粘弹性凝胶的pH值可以为近中性的，其中所述弱酸是用氯化铵配制的。由于阳离子型表面活性剂在很宽范围的酸性、中性和碱性条件下保持其正电荷和胶凝特性，因此应用阳离子可断裂表面活性剂破碎剂有一个范围，在这一范围内可断裂键为酯或酰胺。
对这种凝胶来说，酯季铵化物是优选的可断裂表面活性剂破碎剂。它们的化学特性以及用途在Kruger G.，Boltersdorf D.和Overkempe K.，“Estequats”，Novel Surfactants：Preparation，Applications & Biodegrability，edited by Krister Holmberg，Marcel Dekker，Inc.，New York，1998，pp.114-138中公开。单-酯季铵化物的通式对正向酯来说为R-COO-Cn-N(R)3 +，对反向酯来说为R-OOC-Cn-N(R)3 +，其中n通常为1、2或3，优选为2。通常，它们通过使叔链烷醇胺与脂肪酸反应，然后与烷基化试剂反应成为相应的季铵盐而制备，正如在已公开的PCT申请WO-91/01295中所公开的。例如，单-和二-酯季铵化物可以按照如下反应进行制备：
(CH3)2N(CH2)2OH+RCOOH→(CH3)2N(CH2)2OOCR+H2O和
(CH3)2N(CH2)2OOCR+CH3Cl→(CH3)3N+(CH2)2OOCR Cl-
以及
CH3N((CH2)2-OH)2+2RCOOH→CH3N((CH2)2-OOCR)2+2H2O和
CH3N((CH2)2-OOCR)2+CH3Cl→(CH3)2N+((CH2)2-OOCR)2Cl-
不常见的酯季铵化物由糖衍生物得到，其中糖通过羧酸或羟基的酯化反应而引入。具体地，由葡萄糖或山梨糖醇得到的酯季铵化物的例子在Kationische Zuckertenside，Seifen Oele Fette Wachse120：423，1994中有述。由山梨糖醇得到的酯季铵化物的其它例子在已公开的德国专利DE 195 39 876中有述。另外，由葡萄糖酸得到的酯季铵化物的例子在已公开的德国专利DE 195 39 845中给出。
其它酯季铵化物为由氨基羧酸得到的甜菜碱酯，并且因此与基于链烷醇胺的正向酯季铵化物相比，其具有反向酯基。这种甜菜碱酯在文献Biermann M.，Lange F.，Piorr R.，Ploog U.，Rutzen H.，Schindler J.和Schmidt R.，Surfactants in Consumer products，edited by J.Falbe，Springer-Verlag，Heidelberg(1987)，pp.110-114以及Edebo L.，Lindstedt S.，Allenmark S.和ThompsonR.A.，Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.34：1949(1990)中公开。
在同一分子中带有两个不同酯键即R-COO-和R-OOC的酯季铵化物在已公开的申请WO 93/17085中公开。它们通过使二甲基乙醇胺与脂肪酸反应并随后用烷基氯代乙酸酯进行季铵化作用而制备。
酯季铵化物的一个制造商为Akzo NobelTM，并且由Akzo NobelTM工业化的酯季铵化物产品序列以商品名ArmosoftTM在市场上销售。另一个制造商为StepanTM。该制造商以商品名AMMONYX GA-90TM和AMMONYX GA-70PGTM在市场上销售合适的产品，这些产品包括如下二酯季铵化物：
这种二酯季铵化物为二(棕榈酰基乙基)羟基乙基甲基铵。反离子为甲硫酸根CH3OSO3 -。AMMONYX GA-90TM含有90wt％二酯季铵化物和10wt％异丙醇，而AMMONYX GA-70PGTM含有70wt％二酯季铵化物和30wt％丙二醇。
适于实施本发明的另一类酯季铵化物为由下列通式表示的瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵：
在确定条件下，这种酯季铵化物的反向酯键断裂，从而产生图1所示的分解反应的瓢儿菜基醇。瓢儿菜基醇是本发明的含水粘弹性流体的有效破碎剂。
含有油酸酯表面活性剂的粘弹性凝胶需要pH值等于或大于约11的碱性条件。在该限定条件下，待选的内部延迟破碎剂为很宽范围的阴离子型可断裂表面活性剂，包括：-酯、酰胺或醚羧酸盐；-醚磺酸盐；-醚硫酸盐；以及-磷酸盐酯。但是它们的合适性取决于它们由等于或大于约11的初始pH值开始传递合适的降解动力学的能力。
适合于油酸酯表面活性剂粘弹性凝胶的可断裂表面活性剂为单-油基酯琥珀酸盐。它为含有可断裂酯键的阴离子型可断裂表面活性剂，其中所述酯键位于憎水性油基和亲水性羧酸根基团之间。在碱性条件下，它断裂释放出油醇和琥珀酸根阴离子。相应的反应在图2中给出。
但其它可断裂表面活性剂也可能适合于破碎油酸酯表面活性剂凝胶或二聚/三聚羧酸酯凝胶。这些物质以磺基琥珀酸盐和磺基乙酸盐表面活性剂为基础。
例如烷基磺基琥珀酸盐为磺基琥珀酸HOOCCH2-CH(SO3H)COOH的单-或二-酯。这些磺基琥珀酸的单-或二-酯如下：
ROOCCH2-CH(SO3Na)COONa(单酯)
ROOCCH2-CH(SO3Na)COOR(二酯)
其中R为烷基链。
适合于实施本发明的两类不同的第二表面活性剂可以由StepanTM公司得到。第一类为月桂基聚氧乙烯基醚磺基琥珀酸二钠：
第二类为磺基乙酸盐表面活性剂，月桂基磺基乙酸钠：
STEPAN-MILD LSBTM为在水中同时含有月桂基聚氧乙烯基醚磺基琥珀酸二钠和月桂基磺基乙酸钠表面活性剂的液体产品，总的表面活性剂活性为25wt％。该表面活性剂可以容忍硬水，并且很容易生物降解。建议其贮藏温度为7-43℃。STEPHAN-MILD SL3TM也是一种含30wt％月桂基聚氧乙烯基醚磺基琥珀酸二钠的液体。两种表面活性剂都可以分解释放出长链醇，如图3和图4所述。由于消耗OH-离子，因此这种分解伴随着流体pH的降低。另外，磺酸根基团的存在加速了酯水解的速率，从而ROOCCH2-CH(SO3Na)COONa比其未磺酸化的等效物质ROOCCH2-CH2COONa降解更迅速，而ROOCCH2SO3Na将比ROOCCH3降解更迅速。在这两种情况下，磺酸根基团的存在增强了化合物的亲水性和水溶性，而这将增强其与凝胶的兼容性。
除了第一和第二表面活性剂外，本发明的含水流体还可以含有盐，例如包括无机盐如以浓度1-10wt％、通常为3-4wt％存在的氯化铵、氯化钠或氯化钾，或有机盐如水杨酸钠。所述流体还可以含有有机溶剂如异丙醇，该异丙醇增强表面活性剂分子的液化。
实际上，本发明流体的所有化合物均在地面上与支撑剂混合在一起，所述支撑剂可以为20-40目的沙子、矾土或玻璃珠。当经受非常高的剪切速率时，所述流体的粘度足够低，从而使其泵送入井下。在那里，泵送的流体在高压下被注入到所要破碎的地层岩石中。此时，本发明的流体是足够粘的，从而载带支撑剂通过裂缝。在破碎本身进行一定时间后，第二表面活性剂分解，从而释放出能够破碎凝胶的化合物。当所产生的流回裂缝的烃基本不含大量的液相烃时，这一点是特别有利的。
实施例1
醇对流体流变性能的影响
在图5中作为剪切速率的函数绘出了在60℃时含3wt％N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵、1wt％异丙醇和3wt％NH4Cl的凝胶以及另外含有1wt％甲醇、乙醇、n-丙醇、异丙醇、n-丁醇或n-戊醇的等效凝胶的粘度。低浓度醇的存在降低了粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的粘度。具体地，在剪切速率低于10s-1时粘度被降低。随醇中碳原子数的增加以及因此引起的所述醇的憎水性的增加，凝胶的破碎效率提高。
在图6中作为剪切速率的函数绘出了在25℃或60℃时含3wt％流体(阳离子型VES)、3wt％NH4Cl和0wt％、0.5wt％、1wt％或1.5wt％丁醇的含水凝胶的粘度，其中所述流体含75wt％N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵和25wt％异丙醇。如该图所示，随醇的浓度以及温度的提高，醇的凝胶破碎效率也提高。
在7中作为油醇浓度的函数绘出了在室温下，在低剪切速率(s-1)下，含有2wt％流体、3wt％KCl和油醇的含水凝胶的粘度，其中所述流体含60.5wt％N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵、异丙醇和乙二醇。如该图所示，油醇的加入造成凝胶的低剪切粘度急剧降低，该降低效果随其浓度而升高。
实施例2
酯的憎水性及其与流体兼容性之间的关系
在图8中作为二元酯浓度的函数绘出了在25℃时含4.5wt％表面活性剂(含75wt％N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵和25wt％异丙醇)、0.75wt％憎水改性的聚丙烯酰胺、3wt％NH4Cl和二甲基二元酯的含水凝胶的粘度，其中所述二甲基二元酯可以为二甲基衣康酸酯、二甲基丙二酸酯、二甲基苹果酸酯、二甲基草酸酯、二甲基戊二酸酯、二甲基己二酸酯、二甲基丙二酸酯或二甲基壬二酸酯。更亲水的二元酯如二甲基衣康酸酯、二甲基苹果酸酯和二甲基草酸酯即使以3-4wt％存在时，与凝胶也是兼容的。
二元酯的碱性水解通过如下反应描述：
R2OOC-Y-COOR2+2OH-→-OOC-Y-COO-+2R2OH
其中R2为烷基，Y为二元酯中的连接基团。
在本实施例中，R2为CH3，Y取决于所选择的具体二元酯。表现出的是随Y中碳原子数的增加以及因此而导致的二元酯憎水性的增强，其与粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的兼容性下降。由图8确定的凝胶的兼容性界限由加入约1wt％二甲基戊二酸酯而得出，其可以分解产生0.4wt％甲醇。
酯的憎水性和其与流体兼容性之间的这种关系与经典的一元酯相同，这种一元酯在碱性条件下按照如下反应进行水解：
R1COOR2+OH-→R1COO-+R2OH
其中R1亦为烷基。
实施例3
其中第二表面活性剂为瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵的含水粘弹性流体
在图9中作为剪切速率的函数绘出了在室温下含2wt％流体(阳离子型表面活性剂)、4wt％KCl和0wt％或0.5wt％瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵的含水凝胶的粘度，其中所述流体含60.5wt％N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵、异丙醇和乙二醇。
所表现出来的是瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵与典型的N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵流体兼容。实际上它的存在甚至提高了凝胶的初始粘度。
然后研究在不同pH值时，在25℃、45℃或60℃下上述含0.5wt％瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵的凝胶的降解动力学。下表1描述了所得到的结果：
表1
| T(℃) | 初始pH | pH控制 | 降解时间(小时)[在1s<sup>-1</sup>下至＜1000cP的时间] | 降解时间(小时)[在100s<sup>-1</sup>下至＜50cP的时间] |
| 25 | 6.32 | 0.5wt％乙酸铵 | 7.5 | 20 |
| 25 | 8.46 | 0.1％重碳酸钾 | 3 | 3 |
| 45 | 5.17 | 0.5wt％乙酸钾+CH<sub>3</sub>COOH | ＞12 | 16 |
| T(℃) | 初始pH | pH控制 | 降解时间(小时)[在1s<sup>-1</sup>下至＜1000cP的时间] | 降解时间(小时)[在100s<sup>-1</sup>下至＜50cP的时间] |
| 45 | 6.32 | 0.5wt％乙酸铵 | 2.5 | 9 |
| 60 | 7.99 | 0.1wt％乙酸钾 | 1 | 1 |
| 60 | 7.47 | 0.5wt％甲酸钾 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
| 60 | 7 | 无缓冲液(发展到酸性pH) | 7.5 | 7.5 |
| 60 | 6.32 | 0.5wt％乙酸铵 | 0.8 | 1.2 |
| 60 | 7 | 无缓冲液<sup>*</sup>(发展到酸性pH) | 3 | 3 |
*代替瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵，应用0.5wt％带有含22个碳原子的饱和憎水尾基团的等效可断裂表面活性剂。
应用简单的缓冲液添加剂改变流体的初始pH值，有可能延迟凝胶的破碎过程1-24小时。当应用更酸的条件时，可以达到更长的延迟。近中性或弱碱性条件对在25-45℃之间的低温处理来说是适当的。近中性或弱酸性条件对在45-60℃之间的较高温度范围来说是适当的。
在图10中作为剪切速率的函数针对不同时间绘出了在60℃下含2wt％流体(阳离子型表面活性剂)、4wt％KCl和0.5wt％瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵的含水凝胶的粘度，其中所述流体含60.5wt％N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵、异丙醇和乙二醇。在0-70分钟的初始阶段，瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基氯化铵的部分分解造成凝胶的低剪切粘度增加。在这期间，瓢儿菜基醇作为改进胶束结构的辅助表面活性剂使凝胶的强度增加。初始阶段之后低和高剪切粘度两者都继续降低到-个点，在该点是具有近牛顿粘度约8cP的完全降解的流体。
实施例4
其中第二表面活性剂为AMMONYX GA-90TM的含水粘弹性流体
在图11中作为温度的函数绘出了在pH值为6.3时，在剪切力为1或100s-1时，含4wt％流体(阳离子型表面活性剂)、4wt％KCl和0或0.1wt％AMMONYX GA-90TM的含水凝胶的粘度，其中所述流体含60.5wt％N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵、异丙醇和乙二醇。AMMONYX GA-90TM与凝胶兼容得很好。当存在0.1wt％AMMONYX GA-90TM时，所述凝胶在高达160°F(71℃)的温度范围时仍具有较低的粘度，但在温度范围176-194°F(80-90)内具有较高粘度。但在高温时，AMMONYX GA-90TM分解为更亲水的三(羟基乙基)甲基铵离子和棕榈酸。同时，流体的pH值从6.3变化至3左右，并且在这一酸性条件下，棕榈酸是有效破碎凝胶的憎水性物质。
在图12中作为时间的函数绘出了当配制品在60℃和70℃下老化时，含有0.1wt％AMMONYX GA-90TM的上述凝胶的粘度。观察到的是当温度从60℃提高到70℃时，达到粘度＜1000cP的时间点(在1s-1下)从15小时降为5小时。
实施例5
其中第一表面活性剂为二聚油酸的含水粘弹性流体
在图13中绘出了在60℃以及pH值等于13时含有4wt％二聚油酸、6wt％KCl和0wt％、0.05wt％、0.1wt％、0.2wt％或0.5wt％油醇的含水流体的粘度。在本实施例和实施例6中所应用的二聚油酸由Unichema International，Bebington，Wirral，Merseyside，United Kingdom编码为U1009。在高的pH值下，这种二聚酸转化为羧酸根离子。在图13中，表现出的是增加油醇的浓度有利于流体破碎。但与图7所示的数据进行比较，可以看出本凝胶对油醇的存在具有更高的忍受能力，以至于在60℃时需要高于0.5wt％的油醇来完全破碎所述凝胶。
另外进行了其它实验，这些实验表明基于油酸钾单体、二聚物或三聚物的凝胶的粘弹性对流体的pH值非常敏感。通常，当流体的pH值低于11时，凝胶是很弱的，并且在pH值≤10.5时其粘度将会失去。这一行为对设计延迟内部破碎剂提供了另一路线，所述破碎剂可以缓慢降解从而降低流体的pH值。
实施例6
其中第二表面活性剂为单油基酯琥珀酸盐的含水粘弹性流体
在图14中作为以KCl加入的氯化物浓度和流体pH的函数绘出了在40℃、60℃、70℃或80℃时含有3.375wt％二聚油酸的含水流体的低剪切粘度。在确定的0.9-1.2摩尔的氯化物浓度下，流体的粘度达到最大值。
在图15中作为温度的函数绘出了在剪切速率为0.1-1s-1下，在pH值为9.4或11.6时，含有3.375wt％二聚油酸、6wt％KCl的流体的盐峰值的粘度。流体pH的降低造成凝胶强度、以及基于二聚油酸的最佳盐浓度的凝胶的粘度明显降低。
在图16中作为剪切速率的函数绘出了在0、45、145或190小时、初始pH值为11.5且在60℃时，含有4wt％二聚油酸、6wt％KCl和0.5wt％油基酯琥珀酸盐的含水流体的粘度。配制品的流变性能从低剪切粘度为4800-4600cP且高剪切粘度为588cP的粘弹性凝胶变为近牛顿粘度为约20cP的低粘度溶液。
当用于油酸酯粘弹性表面活性剂系统的内部延迟破碎剂时，油醇的释放以及伴随的流体pH值的降低都可用于破碎油酸酯凝胶。单油基琥珀酸盐破碎剂可以降低油酸酯凝胶pH值的效率取决于其初始浓度和配制品的初始pH值。当以初始浓度0.5wt％加入时，可断裂表面活性剂可以使典型的油酸酯流体的pH值从11.5降低到9.2。如果初始pH值大于12，并且如果氢氧化物的初始浓度比单油基琥珀酸盐的初始浓度高或与之类似，则对于应用来说凝胶破碎得太快了。这种凝胶的迅速分解即使在地面环境温度下也几乎是瞬时的。因此按照本发明，有利的是控制初始pH值条件。
实施例7
其中第二表面活性剂为磺基琥珀酸盐或磺基乙酸盐的含水粘弹性流体
图17作为剪切速率的函数比较了在50℃下，含有2wt％单-油酸、4wt％KCl的含水流体的粘度，其中所述流体进一步含有以STEPAN-MILD LSBTM或STEPAN-MILD SL3TM形式添加的0.2wt％活性可断裂表面活性剂.在高pH值下，单-油酸转化为单-油酸酯.在STEPAN-MILD LSBTM和STEPAN-MILD SL3TM中所包含的可断裂表面活性剂表现出与二聚油酸粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶兼容。但同时含有磺基琥珀酸盐或磺基乙酸盐表面活性剂的STEPAN-MILD LSBTM的兼容性比STEPAN-MILD SL3TM的兼容性大，而后者只含有磺基琥珀酸盐表面活性剂。另外，两种表面活性剂均导致含水流体的高和低剪切粘度明显降低。
图18作为剪切速率的函数比较了当流体在恒定温度50℃下老化不同时间时，含有2wt％单-油酸、4wt％KCl和0.2wt％STEPAN-MILD LSBTM加入的活性可断裂表面活性剂的含水流体的粘度。初始pH值为11.7，最终pH值在7.5h为9.7。在7.5小时的老化过程中，观察到低和高剪切速率粘度系统性的降低。7.5小时后，凝胶已分解为近牛顿粘度为约20cP的流体。
在图19作为时间的函数绘出了在50℃时含有2wt％单-油酸、4wt％KCl和0.1wt％、0.2wt％或0.5wt％活性可断裂表面活性剂STEPAN-MILD LSBTM的含水流体的粘度。可断裂表面活性剂破碎剂的加入量影响凝胶低剪切粘度的降低速率。数据表明凝胶降解动力学的范围适合于应用，并且对于给定的初始pH值条件，破碎剂的加入量可以用于控制速率。
描述破碎剂加入量和凝胶分解速率之间关系的一个更简单方法如图20所示，其中X-轴为以STEPAN-MILD LSBTM加入的活性表面活性剂的浓度，而Y-轴为1/t，其中t为凝胶在1s-1时损失其90％初始粘度所需要的时间。图20所示的线性关系对于恒定的老化温度50℃来说是有效的。
在图21作为时间的函数绘出了对于在下列温度50℃、60℃、70℃下，含有2wt％单-油酸、4wt％KCl和0.5wt％或0.2wt％活性STEPAN-MILD LSBTM的凝胶在剪切速率为100s-1时的粘度。在50℃时，含有0.5wt％STEPAN-MILD LSBTM的凝胶在约3小时破碎。在60℃时其在约1.5小时破碎，而在70℃时其在约1小时破碎。
图22比较了两种STEPAN-MILD LSBTM和STEPAN-MILD LS3TM的延迟破碎剂的性能。应用相同的凝胶配制品及在50℃时老化的初始pH值，在恒定活性表面活性剂浓度为0.5wt％下进行比较。STEPAN LS3TM系统的初始粘度明显低于STEPAN LSBTM系统的初始粘度。含有STEPAN-MILD LS3TM的流体比含有STEPAN-MILD LSBTM的流体降解得更快。所述数据还表明，对于单-油酸通过应用仅含月桂基磺基乙酸盐的产品可以给出更有效的可断裂破碎剂系统。
Claims (17)
1.一种用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中包括：
第一表面活性剂，所述表面活性剂是粘弹性的和具有如下通式：
R-Z
其中R为表面活性剂的憎水性尾，其为完全或部分饱和的至少18个碳原子的直链或支链烃链，而Z为表面活性剂的头基团，其为-NR1R2R3 +、-SO3 -、-COO-，或者当表面活性剂为两性离子型时，其为-N+(R1R2R3-COO-)，其中R1、R2和R3分别独立地为氢、或完全或部分饱和的至少一个碳原子的直链或支链脂族链；和
第二表面活性剂，所述第二表面活性剂包含可断裂或可降解的缩醛、酰胺、醚或酯键，使得所述第二表面活性剂能够在井下条件下分解从而释放一种化合物，所述化合物是含至少8个碳原子的碳链的醇、胺或羧酸，和所述化合物能够降低含水粘弹性流体的粘度。
2.权利要求1的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第一表面活性剂为可断裂的。
3.权利要求1的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第一粘弹性表面活性剂为N-瓢儿菜基-N，N-二(2-羟基乙基)-N-甲基氯化铵。
4.权利要求1的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第一表面活性剂为单羧酸盐、二羧酸盐或低聚羧酸盐。
5.权利要求4的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第一表面活性剂为油酸酯。
6.权利要求1的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第二表面活性剂为粘弹性表面活性剂。
7.权利要求1的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第二表面活性剂具有如下通式：
R-X-Y-Z
其中R为表面活性剂的憎水性尾，其为完全或部分饱和的、至少18个碳原子的直链或支链烃链，X为表面活性剂的可断裂或可降解基团，其为缩醛、酰胺、醚或酯键，Y为间隔基团，其由n个碳原子的饱和或部分饱和烃的短链组成，其中n至少等于1，当n≥3时，它可以是直链或支链烷基链，而Z为表面活性剂的亲水性头基团，其为-NR1R2R3 +、-SO3 -、-COO-，或者当表面活性剂为两性离子型时，其为-N+(R1R2R3-COO-)，其中R1、R2和R3分别独立地为氢、或完全或部分饱和的至少一个碳原子的直链或支链脂族链。
8.权利要求7的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第二表面活性剂为酯羧酸盐、酯磺酸盐、酯季铵化物、反向酰胺羧酸盐、正向酰胺羧酸盐、反向酰胺磺酸盐、正向酰胺磺酸盐、反向酰胺季铵化物或正向酰胺季铵化物。
9.权利要求8的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第二表面活性剂为单-或二酯季铵化物。
10.权利要求9的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中所述酯季铵化物为甜菜碱酯。
11.权利要求9的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中所述酯季铵化物为二(棕榈酰基乙基)羟基乙基甲基铵或瓢儿菜基酯亚甲基二甲基乙基铵。
12.权利要求8的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第二表面活性剂为单-油基酯琥珀酸盐。
13.权利要求8的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第二表面活性剂为磺基琥珀酸盐或磺基乙酸盐表面活性剂。
14.权利要求13的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中第二表面活性剂为月桂基聚氧乙烯基醚磺基琥珀酸二钠或月桂基磺基乙酸钠.
15.权利要求1的用于烃回收的含水粘弹性流体，其中由所述第二表面活性剂分解释放的化合物为油醇。
16.一种用于回收烃的方法，包括如下步骤：
提供一种含水粘弹性流体，所述流体含有：
第一表面活性剂，所述第一表面活性剂是粘弹性的和具有如下通式：
R-Z
其中R为表面活性剂的憎水性尾，其为完全或部分饱和的至少18个碳原子的直链或支链烃链，而Z为表面活性剂的头基团，其为-NR1R2R3 +、-SO3 -、-COO-，或者当表面活性剂为两性离子型时，其为-N+(R1R2R3-COO-)，其中R1、R2和R3分别独立地为氢、或完全或部分饱和的至少一个碳原子的直链或支链脂族链；和
第二表面活性剂，所述第二表面活性剂包含可断裂或可降解的缩醛、酰胺、醚或酯键，使得所述第二表面活性剂能够在井下条件下分解从而释放一种化合物，所述化合物是含至少8个碳原子的碳链的醇、胺或羧酸；
使所述第二表面活性剂在井下条件下分解，从而释放出所述化合物；以及
允许所述化合物使流体的粘度在井下降低。
17.权利要求16的用于回收烃的方法，其中所释放的化合物降低粘弹性流体的pH值，而所述pH值的降低有利于降低所述流体粘度。
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