CN1585641A - 亚肼基-丙二腈化合物 - Google Patents
亚肼基-丙二腈化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1585641A CN1585641A CNA028222164A CN02822216A CN1585641A CN 1585641 A CN1585641 A CN 1585641A CN A028222164 A CNA028222164 A CN A028222164A CN 02822216 A CN02822216 A CN 02822216A CN 1585641 A CN1585641 A CN 1585641A
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
- A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
- A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
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Abstract
式I的亚肼基-丙二腈衍生物,其中R1、R2、R3、R3′和R4具有权利要求1中给出的含义,其可作为磷酸二酯酶IV抑制剂,并且可用于治疗骨质疏松症、肿瘤、恶病质、动脉粥样硬化、类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化症、糖尿病、炎症过程、过敏、哮喘、自身免疫疾病、心肌疾病和AIDS。
Description
本发明涉及式I化合物及其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,
其中,
R1、R2 彼此独立地为H、OH、OR5、-SR5、-SOR5、-SO2R5或Hal,
R1和R2 也可以一起为-OCH2O-或-OCH2CH2O-,
R3、R3’ 彼此独立地为H、R5、OH、OR5、NH2、NHR5、NAA′、NHCOR5、
NHCOOR5、Hal、COOH、COOR5、CONH2、CONHR5或
CONR5A′,
R4 为CN或
R5 为A或含3至6个碳原子、可被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代
的环烷基,或者为-(CH2)n-Ar,
A、A′ 彼此独立地为含1至10个碳原子的烷基或含2至8个碳原子
的链烯基,其可被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代,
A和A′ 也可以一起为含3至7个碳原子的环烷基或亚环烷基,其中
一个CH2基团可被O、NH、NA、NCOA或NCOOA替换,
Ar 为苯基,
N 为0、1或2,
Hal 为F、Cl、Br或I。
在J.Med.Chem.38,4878(1995)中描述了作为孕酮受体配体的1-苯甲酰基四氢哒嗪类化合物。在EP 0 922 036、EP 1 124 809或WO 01/04099中公开了其它芳基烷酰基哒嗪类化合物。
本发明基于以下目的:发现具有有价值的性质的新化合物,具体是可用于药物生产的新化合物。
已经发现式I化合物及其盐和溶剂化物具有非常有价值的药理学性质,并且具有较好的耐受性。
式I化合物可选择性抑制磷酸二酯酶IV,所述磷酸二酯酶IV与cAMP的细胞内增加有关(N.Sommer等人,Nature Medicine,1,244-248(1995))。对PDE IV的抑制可例如按照与C.W.Davis在Biochim.Biophys.Acta 797,354-362(1984)中相似的方法证明。本发明的化合物与磷酸二酯酶IV的亲和力可通过测定它们的IC50值(达到50%抑制酶活性时所需的抑制剂浓度)而测定。
本发明的化合物可用于治疗哮喘疾病。例如T.J.Torphy等人在Thorax,46,512-523(1991)中描述了PDE IV抑制剂的平喘作用,并且该平喘作用是可以测定的,例如通过T.Olsson,Acta Allergologica 26,438-447(1971)中的方法测定。
既然cAMP可抑制溶骨细胞并刺激成骨细胞(S.Kasugai等人,M 681和K.Miyamoto,M 682,美国骨与矿物研究协会(American Society forBone and Mineral Research)第18次年会的摘要,1996),因此本发明的化合物可用于治疗骨质疏松症。
此外,该化合物还表现出对TNF(肿瘤坏死因子)生产的对抗作用,并且因此可适合于治疗过敏和炎症疾病、自身免疫疾病如例如类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化症、节段性回肠炎、糖尿病或溃疡性结肠炎、移植排斥反应、恶病质和败血症。本发明的物质的消炎作用以及其治疗例如自身免疫疾病如多发性硬化症或类风湿性关节炎的效力可按照与N.Sommer等人,Nature Medicine 1,244-248(1995)或L.Sekut等人,Clin.Exp.Immunol.100,126-132(1995)中相似的方法来确定。
该化合物可用于治疗恶病质。其抗恶病质的作用可通过恶病质TNF-依赖模型进行测试(P.Costelli等人,J.Clin.Invest.95,236ff.(1995);J.M.Argiles等人,Med.Res.Rev.17,477ff.(1997))。
PDE IV抑制剂也可抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,并且因此也适合用于治疗肿瘤(D.Marko等人,Cell Biochem.Biophys.28,75ff.(1998))。PDE IV抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的作用例如在WO 95 35281、WO 95 17399或WO 9600215中有描述。
PDE IV抑制剂可预防败血症模型的死亡,并且因此可适合用于治疗败血症(W.Fischer等人,Biochem.Pharmacol.45,2399ff.(1993))。
它们还可用于治疗记忆障碍、动脉粥样硬化、特应性皮炎和AIDS。
PDE IV抑制剂在治疗哮喘、炎症疾病、糖尿病、特应性皮炎、牛皮癣、AIDS、恶病质、肿瘤生长或肿瘤转移中的作用例如在EP 77 92 91有中描述。
式I化合物在人药和兽药中可用作药物活性化合物。它们还可用作制备其它药物活性化合物的中间体。
此外,本发明还涉及式I的4型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(PDE IV抑制剂)在治疗疾病中的用途,并且涉及式I化合物与其它药物的联合。
参考WO 01/57025,其公开了作为PDE IV抑制剂的具体嘧啶衍生物、其在治疗疾病中的用途以及其与其它药物的联合。
相应地,本发明具体提供了式I化合物及其可药用盐和溶剂化物在制备用于治疗患有由PDE4同工酶通过调节人嗜酸性粒细胞活化和脱粒中而介导的疾病或病情的患者的药物中的用途。
WO 01/57025公开了各种体外分析法和动物模型试验,其能提供足以确定和证明式I化合物的治疗效用的数据。
式I化合物可抑制PDE4同工酶,并且由于PDE4家族同工酶在所有哺乳动物的生理学中起重要作用,因此式I化合物具有广泛的治疗应用。PDE4同工酶所起的酶作用是使促炎白细胞中的3′,5′-单磷酸腺苷(cAMP)胞内水解。而cAMP又可以调节体内多种激素效应,并且因此,PDE4的抑制在多种生理学过程中起重要作用。在本领域中有大量文献描述了PDE抑制剂对多种炎症细胞响应的效应,所述的效应除了cAMP增加外,还包括对过氧化物产生、脱粒、趋化现象和在嗜酸性红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞及单核细胞中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)释放的抑制。
相应地,本发明涉及式I化合物,并且涉及其中R4为氰基的式I化合物及其盐和溶剂化物的制备方法,其特征在于
a)将式II化合物
其中
R1、R2、R3、R3’具有权利要求1中指出的含义,
与丙二腈反应,
或者
b)在式I化合物中,通过将氰基转化为四唑基而将R4基团转化为另一种R4基团,和/或通过酸处理将式I碱性化合物转化为其盐之一。
本发明还涉及这些化合物的光学活性形式(立体异构体)、对映体、外消旋体、非对映异构体和水合物及溶剂化物。该化合物的溶剂化物是指由于惰性溶剂分子与化合物之间的相互吸引力而使惰性溶剂分子加合到化合物上。溶剂化物例如是一水合物、二水合物或醇化物。
术语可药用衍生物用于指,例如本发明的化合物的盐,也可以指所谓的前药化合物。术语前药衍生物用于指,例如烷基或酰基基团、糖或寡肽修饰的式I化合物,其中所述的烷基、酰基、糖和寡肽在生物体中可被快速裂解以得到本发明的有效化合物。可药用衍生物也包括本发明化合物的可生物降解的聚合物衍生物,如例如Int.J.Pharm.
115,61-67(1995)中所描述的衍生物。
对于所有不止一次出现的基团,其含义是彼此独立的。
在上下文中,如果没有特别说明,基团R1、R2、R3、R3’、R4、R5、A、A’和L具有式I、I-I、II、III、IV中指出的含义。
A优选为烷基,此外烷基优选被1至5个氟和/或氯原子取代,此外还优选链烯基。在上述结构式中,烷基优选为直链烷基,并含有1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个C原子,优选含1、2、3、4、5或6个C原子,优选为甲基、乙基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基或丙基,还优选为异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基或叔丁基,但也可以是正戊基、新戊基、异戊基或正己基。特别优选为甲基、乙基、三氟甲基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、正戊基、正己基或正癸基。
环烷基优选含3-7个C原子,优选为环丙基或环丁基,此外还优选为环戊基或环己基,此外也可以是环庚基;特别优选为环戊基。
链烯基优选为烯丙基、2-丁烯基或3-丁烯基、异丁烯基、仲丁烯基;此外还优选为4-戊烯基、异戊烯基或5-己烯基。
亚烷基优选为直链的,并且优选为亚甲基或亚乙基,此外还优选为亚丙基或亚丁基。
A’优选为甲基、乙基、丙基或丁基。
Hal优选为F、Cl或Br,但也可以是I。
基团R1和R2可相同或不同,优选在苯环的3-位或4-位。它们例如彼此独立地为H、羟基、-S-CH3、-SO-CH3、-SO2CH3、F、Cl、Br或I,或者一起为亚甲二氧基。然而它们优选为甲基、乙基、丙基、甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基、苄氧基、或者氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基或三氟甲氧基、或者1-氟-乙氧基、2-氟-乙氧基、1,2-二氟-乙氧基、2,2-二氟-乙氧基、1,2,2-三氟乙氧基或2,2,2-三氟乙氧基。
R1特别优选为乙氧基、苄氧基、F、丙氧基或异丙氧基,此外还可以是二氟甲氧基;或环烷氧基,如环戊氧基。
R2特别优选为甲氧基、乙氧基、F或乙基,此外还可以是二氟甲氧基;或环烷氧基,如环戊氧基。
R3优选为H、甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、叔丁基、异丁基、戊基、环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、三氟甲基、羟基、甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基、环戊氧基、氨基、N-甲基氨基、N,N-二甲基氨基、N-乙基氨基、甲酰氨基、乙酰氨基、甲氧基羰基氨基、乙氧基羰基氨基、F、Cl、Br、羧基、甲氧羰基、乙氧羰基、氨基羰基、甲基氨基羰基、吡咯烷-1-基或哌啶-1-基。
R3、R3’彼此独立地特别优选为H、Hal或OA,如甲氧基或乙氧基。
相应地,本发明具体涉及其中至少一个所提及的基团具有上述指出的优选含义之一的式I化合物。化合物的一些优选的小组可用下述子结构式Ia至If表示,其与式I一致,并且其中没有详细指定的基团具有式I中指出的含义,但是其中
Ia中 R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
Ib中 R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3 为H、Hal或OA;
Ic中 R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3 为H、Hal或OA,
R5 为A;
Id中 R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3 为H、Hal或OA,
R5 为A,
A 为含1-6个C原子的烷基;
Ie中 R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3、R3’彼此独立地为H、Hal或OA,
R5 为A,
A 为含1-6个C原子的烷基,
Ar 为苯基;
If中 R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3、R3’彼此独立地为H、Hal或OA,
R5 为A,
A 为含1-6个C原子、可被1-5个F和/或Cl原子
取代的烷基,
Ar 为苯基;及其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物。
此外式I化合物及制备它们的原料可通过本身已知的方法制备,例如文献中描述的方法(如标准著作如Houben-Weyl,Methoden derorganischen Chemie(有机化学方法),Georg-Thieme-Verlag,Stuttgart),即在已知和适合于所提及反应的反应条件下制备。也可使用本身已知的、但此处没有详细提及的改变方法。
优选地,式I化合物可例如根据下述反应方案合成:
或者,式I化合物可例如根据下述反应方案合成:
其中R4为CN的式I化合物优选根据熟练技术人员已知的方法将式II化合物与丙二腈反应得到。一些具有式II的原料是已知的。如果未知,它们可通过本身已知的方法制备。优选根据熟练技术人员已知的方法将相应的硝基化合物还原得到式II化合物。可例如通过在惰性溶剂如甲醇或乙醇中用阮内镍或钯-碳氢化将硝基基团转化为氨基基团。
此外,本发明还涉及式I-I的中间体及其盐
其中,
R1、R2 彼此独立地为H、OH、OR5、-SR5、-SOR5、-SO2R5或Hal,
R1和R2 也可以一起是-OCH2O-或-OCH2CH2O-,
R3、R3’ 彼此独立地为R5、OH、OR5、NH2、NHR5、NAA′、NHCOR5、
NHCOOR5、Hal、COOH、COOR5、CONH2、CONHR5或
CONR5A′,
R5 为A或含3至6个碳原子且被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代的
环烷基,或-(CH2)n-Ar,
X 为NO2或NH2,
A,A′ 彼此独立地为含1至10个碳原子的烷基或含2至8个碳原子
的链烯基,其可被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代,
A和A′ 也可以一起是含3至7个碳原子的环烷基或亚环烷基,其中
一个CH2基团可被O、NH、NA、NCOA或NCOOA替换,
Ar 为苯基,
N 为0、1或2,
Hal 为F、Cl、Br或I。
所述取代基优选的含义为上述式I化合物中提到的含义。
其中X为硝基的式1-I化合物优选通过将式III化合物
其中R1和R2具有权利要求1中给出的含义,
与式IV化合物反应得到,
其中
R3和R3’具有权利要求1中给出的含义,并且
L为Cl、Br、OH或反应活性的酯化OH基团。
如果L为反应活性的酯化OH基团,其优选为含1-6个C原子的烷基磺酰氧基(优选甲基磺酰氧基)或含6-10个C原子的芳基磺酰氧基(优选苯基-或对甲苯基-磺酰氧基,此外还可以是2-萘基-磺酰氧基)。
具体地,式II化合物与式III化合物的反应可在有或无惰性溶剂、温度为约-20至150℃、优选20至100℃之间的条件下进行。适宜的惰性溶剂的实例为烃类如己烷、石油醚、苯、甲苯或二甲苯;氯代烃,如三氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳、氯仿或二氯甲烷;醇,如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇或叔丁醇;醚,如二乙基醚、二异丙基醚、四氢呋喃(THF)或二噁烷;乙二醇醚,如乙二醇一甲醚、乙二醇单乙醚(甲基乙二醇或乙基乙二醇)、乙二醇二甲醚(二甘醇二甲醚);酮,如丙酮或丁酮;酰胺,如乙酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺或二甲基甲酰胺(DMF);腈,如乙腈;亚砜,如二甲基亚砜(DMSO);二硫化碳;羧酸,如甲酸或乙酸;硝基化合物,如硝基甲烷或硝基苯;酯,如乙酸乙酯,或上述所提及溶剂的混合物。
药用盐及其它形式
上述本发明的化合物可以以其最终的非盐形式使用。另一方面,使用根据本领域众所周知的方法由各种有机和无机酸和碱得到的这些化合物的可药用盐形式也在本发明的范围之内。式I化合物的大部分可药用盐形式可通过常规方法制备。当式I化合物含羧酸基团时,可将该化合物与适宜的碱反应形成其适宜的盐,以得到相应的碱加成盐。该碱的实例为碱金属氢氧化物,包括氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠和氢氧化锂;碱土金属氢氧化物,如氢氧化钡和氢氧化钙;碱金属醇化物,例如乙醇钾和丙醇钠;以及各种有机碱,如哌啶、二乙醇胺和N-甲基谷酰胺。还可包括式I化合物的铝盐。对于特定的式I化合物,可将所述化合物用可药用有机酸和无机酸处理,以形成其酸加成盐,所述的酸例如为氢卤酸,如盐酸、氢溴酸和氢碘酸;其它矿物质酸及其相应的盐,如硫酸盐、硝酸盐和磷酸盐等;烷基和单芳基磺酸盐,如乙基磺酸盐、甲苯基磺酸盐和苯基磺酸盐;其它有机酸及其相应的盐,如乙酸盐、酒石酸盐、马来酸盐、琥珀酸盐、柠檬酸盐、苯甲酸盐、水杨酸盐、抗坏血酸盐等。相应地,式I化合物的可药用酸加成盐包括但不局限于:乙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、精氨酸盐、门冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、亚硫酸氢盐、溴化物、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、辛酸盐、氯化物、氯苯甲酸盐、柠檬酸盐、环戊基丙酸盐、二葡萄糖酸盐、磷酸二氢盐、二硝基苯甲酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙基磺酸盐、延胡索酸盐、粘酸盐(galacterate)(来源于粘液酸)、半乳糖醛酸盐、葡萄糖庚酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、谷氨酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半琥珀酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、马尿酸盐、盐酸盐、溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基乙基磺酸盐、碘化物、羟乙基磺酸盐、异丁酸盐、乳酸盐、乳糖酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、杏仁酸盐、偏磷酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲基苯甲酸盐、磷酸一氢盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、油酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、苯乙酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、膦酸盐、邻苯二甲酸盐。
此外,本发明的化合物的碱盐包括但不局限于铝盐、铵盐、钙盐、铜盐、三价铁盐、亚铁盐、锂盐、镁盐、锰盐、二价锰盐、钾盐、钠盐和锌盐。上述盐中优选为铵盐;碱金属钠盐和钾盐;和碱土金属钙盐和镁盐。由可药用有机无毒碱得到的式I化合物的盐包括但不局限于伯胺、仲胺和叔胺、包括天然取代胺在内的取代胺、环胺和碱性离子交换树脂,如精氨酸、甜菜碱、咖啡因、氯普鲁卡因、胆碱、N,N′-二苄基乙二胺(苄乍生)、二环己基氨、二乙醇胺、二乙胺、2-二乙基氨基乙醇、2-二甲基氨基乙醇、乙醇胺、乙二胺、N-乙基吗啉、N-乙基哌啶、葡糖胺、氨基葡萄糖、组胺酸、哈胺(hydrabamine)、异丙胺、利多卡因、赖氨酸、葡甲胺、N-甲基-D-葡糖胺、吗啉、哌嗪、哌啶、聚胺树脂、普鲁卡因、嘌呤、可可碱、三乙醇胺、三乙胺、三甲胺、三丙胺及三-(羟甲基)-甲胺(氨丁三醇)的盐。
含有碱性含氮基团的本发明的化合物可被如下试剂四价化:(C1-C4)烷基卤化物,例如甲基、乙基、异丙基和叔丁基氯、溴和碘化物;二(C1-C4)烷基硫酸酯,例如二甲基、二乙基和二戊基硫酸酯;(C10-C18)烷基卤化物,例如癸基、十二烷基、月桂基、十四烷基和十八烷基氯、溴和碘化物;和芳基(C1-C4)烷基卤化物,例如苄基氯和苯乙基溴。所述盐使本发明的水溶性和油溶性化合物的制备成为可能。
在上述所提及的药物盐中,优选的药物盐包括但不局限于乙酸盐、苯磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、延胡索酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、半琥珀酸盐、马尿酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、羟乙基磺酸盐、杏仁酸盐、葡甲胺、硝酸盐、油酸盐、膦酸盐、新戊酸盐、磷酸钠、硬脂酸盐、硫酸盐、磺基水杨酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫代苹果酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐和氨丁三醇。
式I的碱性化合物的酸加成盐可通过常规方法将其游离形式与足够量的所需酸反应生成盐来制备。游离碱可通过常规方法将盐形式与碱反应并分离出游离碱来重新生成。游离碱形式与其各自的盐形式在某些物理性质如在极性溶剂中的溶解度方面多少有些不同,但是对于本发明的目的而言,所述盐与其各自的游离碱形式是相当的。
如所指出的,可用金属或胺、如碱金属和碱土金属或有机胺形成式I化合物的可药用碱加成盐。金属优选为钠、钾、镁和钙。有机胺优选为N,N’-二苄基乙二胺、氯普鲁卡因、胆碱、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、N-甲基-D-葡糖胺和普鲁卡因。
本发明的酸性化合物的碱加成盐可通过常规方法将其游离酸形式与足够量的所需碱反应生成盐来制备。该游离酸形式可通过常规方法将盐形式与酸反应并且分离出游离酸形式来重新生成。游离酸形式与它们各自的盐形式在物理性质如在极性溶剂中的溶解度多少有些不同,但是在本发明的目的中,所述盐与它们各自的游离酸形式是相当的。
当本发明的化合物含有多于一个能形成该可药用盐的基团时,多盐形式也包括在本发明的范围内。典型的多盐形式的实例包括但不局限于二酒石酸盐、二乙酸盐、二富马酸盐、二葡甲胺、二磷酸盐、二钠盐和三盐酸盐。
根据上述可以看出,如此处使用的短语“可药用盐”意欲指以其盐形式使用的、尤其是与以前所用的所述活性成分的游离形式或某些其它盐形式相比、使所述活性成分的药动学性质改善的所述盐形式使用的、含式I化合物的活性成分。所述活性成分的可药用盐形式也可赋予所述活性成分以前所没有的预期药动学性质,甚至可积极影响所述活性成分与其体内治疗活性有关的药动学。
所述活性成分可被有利影响的药动学性质包括,例如所述活性成分转运穿过细胞膜的方式,该方式反过来可直接和积极影响所述活性成分的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄。虽然药物组合物的给药途径很重要,并且多种解剖、生理和病理因素可关键性地影响生物利用度,然而所述活性成分的溶解度通常取决于其所用的具体盐形式的性质。此外,如技术人员可以理解的,所述活性成分的水溶液使所述活性成分在所治疗患者体内的吸收速率最快,而脂类溶液、悬浮液和固体剂型使所述活性成分的吸收速度降低。
出于安全、方便和经济的原因,式I化合物最优选的给药途径为口服摄入,然而该口服剂型的吸收可被物理性质如极性、胃肠道粘膜刺激引起的呕吐、消化酶和低pH破坏、当有食物或其它药物存在时的异常吸收或促进、以及粘膜酶代谢、肠道菌群代谢或肝代谢不利地影响。将所述活性成分制备成不同的可药用盐形式可有效地克服或缓和在口服剂型吸收中所遇到的一个或多个上述问题。
可通过有机化合物制备领域的化学家已知的任何常规方法从其最终形成的反应混合物中分离出根据此处描述的方法制备的式I化合物。一旦分离出,所述化合物可通过已知的方法纯化。可采用多种方法和技术来分离和纯化,包括例如,蒸馏、重结晶、柱色谱法、离子交换色谱法、凝胶色谱法、亲合性色谱法、制备性薄层色谱法以及溶剂萃取。
立体异构体
式I范围内的化合物可以是如下化合物:其组成原子尽管有相同的连接,然而在空间中仍能以两种或多种不同的方式排列。结果,所述化合物以立体异构体的形式存在。顺式-反式异构仅仅是立体异构体现象的一种类型。当所述立体异构体互为不能重叠的镜像时,它们是具有手性或刚性的对映体,因为在其组成结构中存在一个或多个非对称碳原子。旋光异构体具有光学活性,因此是可区分的,因为它们以相同的量但却是相反的方向旋转偏振光平面。
当式I化合物中有两个或多个非对称碳原子时,每个所述的碳原子有两种可能的构型。当存在两个非对称碳原子时,例如,有四种可能的立体异构体。另外,这四种可能的立体异构体可能排列出六对两两不同的立体异构体。为了使一对含多于一个非对称碳的分子为旋光异构体,其每个非对称碳的构型必须不同。那些不为旋光异构体的分子对具有不同的立体异构关系,即非对映异构关系。不为旋光异构体的立体异构体称为非对映异构体,或者更常称之为非对映体。
式I化合物所有众所周知的立体化学方面可作为本发明的一部分。因此在本发明范围内,还包括为立体异构体的式I化合物,并且其中立体异构体为旋光异构体、单独旋光异构体、所述旋光异构体的外消旋混合物、以及含有不同于外消旋混合物中所述旋光异构体比例的旋光异构体比例的人工(即合成的)混合物。当式I化合物中含有为非对映异构体的立体异构体时,单独非对映体和任两种或多种所述非对映体任何比例的混合物也包括在所述化合物的范围内。
顺便说明,当式I化合物中有一个产生其(-)(R)和(+)(S)旋光异构体的非对称C原子时,具有治疗活性并且可有效治疗或预防此处所述的疾病和病情的其所有可药用盐形式、前药及代谢物也包括在所述化合物的范围内。当式I化合物以(-)(R)和(+)(S)旋光异构体形式存在时,如果全部、基本上全部或主要的治疗活性在于仅一种所述旋光异构体,和/或不想要的副作用存在于仅一种所述旋光异构体,则仅(+)(S)旋光异构体或仅(-)(R)旋光异构体也在所述化合物范围内。当两种旋光异构体的生物学活性之间基本没有差异时,(+)(S)旋光异构体和(-)(R)旋光异构体以外消旋混合物或其任何适当量的比例存在的非外消旋混合物也包括在本发明的范围内。
式I化合物的一对或一套旋光异构体(如果存在的话)的特定生物学活性和/或理化性质可能提示使用特定比例的所述旋光异构体来形成最终的治疗产品。例如,当存在一对旋光异构体时,其可以以如90%(R)-10%(S);80%(R)-20%(S);70%(R)-30%(S);60%(R)-40%(S);50%(R)-50%(S);40%(R)-60%(S);30%(R)-70%(S);20%(R)-80%(S);和10%(R)-90%(S)的比例采用。在评价式I化合物的各种旋光异构体(如果存在的话)的性质后,可以以直观的方式确定具有某种所需性质的、构成最终治疗产品的一种或多种所述旋光异构体的相应量。
同位素
式I化合物同位素标记的形式也被认为包括在式I化合物的范围内。式I化合物同位素标记的形式与所述化合物是等同的,除了所述化合物的一个或多个原子被原子质量或质量数与自然界中常见的所述原子的原子质量或质量数不同的原子替换。易于商业购得且根据既定方法可引入式I化合物的同位素的实例包括氢、碳、氧、氟、磷、氟和氯的同位素,例如分别为2H、3H、13C、14C、15N、18O、17O、31P、32P、35S、18F和36Cl。可认为含上述一个或多个同位素和/或其它原子的其它同位素的式I化合物、前药、或其可药用盐在本发明的范围内。同位素标记的式I化合物可以以多种有利的方式使用。例如,同位素标记的式I化合物、例如引入了放射性同位素如3H或14C的式I化合物可用于药物和/或底物组织分布分析。特别优选这些放射性同位素,即氚(3H)和C-14(14C),因为它们易于制备和易于检测。在式I化合物中引入重同位素,如氘(2H),可产生基于所述同位素标记化合物更强的代谢稳定性的治疗优点。更强的代谢稳定性直接使体内半衰期增加,或者可减少所需的剂量,其在大多数情况下可构成本发明的优选实施方案。通常可通过进行合成方案及有关描述、实施例和制备中公开的方法,用易得的同位素标记的反应物替换其相应的非同位素标记的反应物来制备同位素标记的式I化合物。
为了以初级动力学同位素效应控制所述化合物的氧化代谢,可将氘、即2H引入式I化合物中。所述初级动力学同位素效应是由于同位素核的替换而引起的化学速率的变化,其由在所述同位素替换后形成共价键所需的基态能的变化所引起。重同位素替换通常使化学键的基态能降低,因此使键断裂限速步骤的速率降低。如果键断裂发生在沿多产物反应坐标的鞍点区或其附近时,可明显改变产物分配的比率。例如,当氘与不可交换位点的碳原子键合时,kM/kD的速率差别典型地为2-7。如果将该速率差异成功地用于氧化不稳定的式I化合物,则可显著影响所述化合物的体内性质,并且可以改善药动学性质。
在发现和开发治疗药物中,熟练的技术人员试图最优化药动学参数,而同时保持想要的体内性质。有理由推测,很多药动学性质不好的化合物易于氧化代谢。目前可得到的体外肝微粒体分析提供了关于该氧化代谢过程的有价值的信息,其从而可能合乎情理地设计通过对抗该氧化代谢而具有增强的稳定性的式I氘代化合物。由此可使式I化合物的药动学性质显著改善,并且可以以下术语量化表示:体内半衰期(t1/2)、最大治疗效果时的浓度(Cmax)、剂量响应曲线下面积(AUC)以及F的增加;和清除率、剂量及成本的降低。
以下描述用来说明上述内容:具有多个氧化代谢的潜在位点(例如苄基上的氢原子和与氮原子连接的氢原子)的式I化合物可作为一系列类似物制备,其中氢原子的各种组合可被氘原子取代,因而使一些、大部分或所有的所述氢原子被氘原子取代。测定半衰期可方便并精确地确定对于抗氧化代谢改善的程度。在此方法中可以确定的是,作为氘氢交换的结果,母体化合物的半衰期可被延长约100%。
作为减少或消除不希望的毒性代谢物的方式,式I化合物中的氘取代氢也可用于有利地改变化合物的代谢性质。例如,当毒性代谢物通过氧化碳-氢(C-H)键断裂产生时,可合乎情理地预期氘代类似物可显著减少或消除不想要的代谢产物,即使是当特定的氧化不是限速步骤时。可找到其它关于氘取代氢领域现阶段状态的信息,例如,Hanzlik等人,J.Org.Chem.55,3992-3997,1990;Reider等人,J.Org.Chem.52,3326-3334,1987;Foster,Adv.Drug Res.14,1-40,1985;Gillette等人,Biochemistry 33(10)2927-2937,1994和Jarman等人,Carcinogenesis 16(4),683-688,1993。
治疗应用
此外,本发明还涉及式I化合物治疗心肌疾病的应用。
冠状动脉疾病是西方世界最常见的死因。当冠状动脉极其狭窄时,血流减少可能会引起心肌缺血。根据前述局部缺血期的严重程度,开始再灌注可引起心肌可逆或不可逆受损,该受损以收缩功能长期抑制或不可逆损失为特征。根据心肌受影响区域的大小,可发展为急性或慢性心力衰竭。在上述情况中的具体临床问题是,在通过PTCA初期成功地干涉再灌注后出现再狭窄,甚至是在支架移植、溶栓或冠脉搭桥术后出现再狭窄。
根据上述提及的不同心脏疾病,即冠状动脉疾病本身、可逆或不可逆心肌缺血/再灌注损伤、急性或慢性心衰和再狭窄(包括支架内(instent)-再狭窄和支架-支架内(stent-in-stent)-再狭窄)中存在的试验动物和临床研究证据,炎症过程不起重要作用。所述炎症过程涉及安置和侵入巨嗜细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和TH1及TH2辅助细胞。该白细胞应答产生了特殊的细胞因子模式,包括TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10和IL-13(Pulkki KJ:细胞因子和心肌细胞死亡,Ann.Med.1997 29:339-343;Birks EJ,YacoubMH:心衰中一氧化氮和细胞因子的作用,Coron.Artery.Dis.1997 8:389-402)。这些种类的形成已经在患有心肌缺血的人患者中证明。动物模型表明,细胞因子产物与外周巨嗜细胞和嗜中性粒细胞的入侵有关,其可将损伤扩展到仍未受损的心肌。然而,在细胞因子响应中起主要作用的是TNF-α,其可综合炎症和凋亡前应答,并且还可对心肌细胞直接起负作用(Ceconi C,Curello S,Bachetti T,Corti A,Ferrari R:充血性心衰中的肿瘤坏死因子:新千年的发病机制?Prog.Cardiovasc.Dis.1998 41:25-30。Mann DL:肿瘤坏死因子α对心脏结构和功能的影响:关于两种细胞因子的故事,J.Card.Fail.1996 2:S165-S172。Squadrito F,Altavilla D,Zingarelli B,等人:肿瘤坏死因子在心肌缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用,Eur.J.Pharmacol.1993 237:223-230)。
在心肌梗塞动物模型中已经表明,在再灌注期可快速释放TNF-α(Herskowitz A,Choi S,Ansari AA,Wesselingh S:在局部缺血后/再灌注的心肌膜中的细胞因子mRNA表达,Am.J.Pathol.1995 146:419-428),并且药物如地塞米松(Arras M,Strasser R,Mohri M等人:肿瘤坏死因子-α在心脏微栓塞后由单核细胞/巨噬细胞表达并且被环孢菌素拮抗,Basic.Res.Cardiol.1998 93:97-107)、环孢菌素A(Arras M,Strasser R,Mohri M等人:肿瘤坏死因子-α在心脏微栓塞后由单核细胞/巨噬细胞表达并且被环孢菌素拮抗,Basic.Res.Cardiol.1998 93:97-107。Squadrito F,Altavilla D,Squadrito G等人:环孢菌素A在大鼠中减少白细胞聚集并且防止心肌缺血再灌注损伤,Eur.J.Pharmacol.1999 364:159-168)或clorichromene(Squadrito F,Altavilla D,Zingarelli B等人:Cloricromene,一种香豆素衍生物,在心肌缺血-再灌注损伤中对白细胞聚集、缺血性坏死和TNF-α生产的影响,Life Sci.1993 53:341-355)的保护效力与循环TNF-α的减少相符。具有式I的PDE IV抑制剂为巨嗜细胞和T-细胞细胞因子产物的有力拮抗剂。它们也可抑制T细胞增殖。相应地,PDE4抑制剂对心脏疾病具有有利的效力,其因此与细胞因子产生和炎症过程有关。与PDE3抑制剂和早期PDE4抑制剂咯利普兰相比,优选的PDE4抑制剂没有血液动力学副作用,所述的血液动力学副作用可限制大多数心血管病症治疗中的剂量。
本发明基于以下目的:发现具有有价值性质的化合物的新用途,尤其是那些可用于制备药物的化合物的新用途。
已经发现,式I化合物及其盐在治疗心肌疾病中具有非常有价值的药理学性质和较好的耐受力。
本发明优选提供了式I化合物在制备用于治疗心肌疾病中的用途,其中所述的心肌疾病表现出炎症和免疫学性质。
本发明更优选提供了式I化合物在制备用于治疗冠状动脉疾病、可逆和不可逆心肌缺血/再灌注损伤、急性或慢性心力衰竭和再狭窄(包括支架内再狭窄和支架-支架内再狭窄)中的用途。
本发明优选提供了式I化合物在制备用于治疗或预防选自以下的一种或多种疾病、紊乱和病情的药物中的用途:
任何类型、病因或发病机制的哮喘;或选自下组的哮喘:特应性哮喘;非特应性哮喘;变应性哮喘;特应性支气管IgE介导的哮喘;支气管哮喘;神经性哮喘;真气喘;由病理生理学紊乱引起的内因性哮喘;因环境因素引起的外因性哮喘;病因未知或不明的神经性哮喘;非特应性哮喘;支气管哮喘;气肿性哮喘;运动性哮喘;职业性哮喘;由细菌、真菌、原生动物或病毒感染引起的感染性哮喘;非变应性哮喘;早期哮喘;气喘婴儿综合症;
慢性或急性支气管收缩;慢性支气管炎;小气道阻塞;和肺气肿;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的梗阻性或炎症气道疾病;或选自下组的梗阻性或炎症气道疾病:哮喘;尘肺、慢性嗜酸细胞性肺炎;慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD);包括慢性支气管炎、肺气肿或与其有关的呼吸困难的COPD;以不可逆、进行性气道阻塞为特征的COPD;成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)和其它药物治疗引起的气道高反应性加剧;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的尘肺;或选自铝尘肺或铝土矿工人疾病、炭肺或矿工气喘、石棉肺或汽管装配工气喘、石末沉积症或石末病、因吸入鸵鸟羽毛灰尘引起的鸵鸟毛尘肺、因吸入铁微粒引起的肺铁末沉着病、硅肺或磨工病、棉尘肺或棉花灰尘哮喘和滑石粉尘肺的尘肺;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的的支气管炎;或选自急性支气管炎、急性喉气管支气管炎、花生仁吸入性支气管炎、卡他性支气管炎、格鲁布性支气管炎、干性支气管炎、感染性气喘性支气管炎、增生性支气管炎、葡萄球菌或链球菌所致的支气管炎和肺泡支气管炎的支气管炎;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的支气管扩张;或选自圆柱形支气管扩张、囊状支气管扩张、梭形支气管扩张(fusiform bronchiectasis)、毛细管支气管扩张、囊性支气管扩张、干性支气管扩张和滤泡性支气管扩张的支气管扩张症;
季节性过敏性鼻炎;或常年性过敏性鼻炎;或任何类型、病因或发病机制的鼻窦炎;或选自化脓性或非化脓性鼻窦炎的鼻窦炎;急性或慢性鼻窦炎;和筛骨、前、颚骨或蝶骨鼻窦炎,
任何类型、病因或发病机制的类风湿性关节炎;或选自急性关节炎、急性痛风性关节炎、慢性炎症关节炎、退行性关节炎、传染性关节炎、莱姆关节炎、增生性关节炎、银屑病关节炎和椎骨关节炎的类风湿性关节炎;
与炎症有关的痛风、发热和疼痛;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的与嗜酸性粒细胞有关的疾病;或者选自下组的与嗜酸性粒细胞有关的疾病:嗜酸性粒细胞增多症;肺嗜酸粒细胞浸润症;Loffier′s综合症;慢性嗜酸细胞性肺炎;热带性肺嗜酸细胞浸润症;支气管肺炎性曲霉病;曲霉肿;含嗜酸性粒细胞的肉芽肿;变应性肉芽肿性脉管炎或Churg-Strauss综合症;结节性全动脉炎(PAN);和全身坏死性血管炎;
特应性皮炎;或变应性皮炎;或变应性或特应性湿疹;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的荨麻疹;或选自免疫介导的荨麻疹、补体介导的荨麻疹、致荨麻疹物质引起的荨麻疹、物理因素引起的荨麻疹、紧张引起的荨麻疹、特发性荨麻疹、急性荨麻疹、慢性荨麻疹、血管神经性水肿、胆碱能荨麻疹、正常染色体占优势形式或后天获得形式中的寒性荨麻疹、接触性荨麻疹、巨大荨麻疹和丘疹性荨麻疹的荨麻疹;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的的结膜炎;或选自光化性结膜炎、急性卡他性结膜炎、急性触染性结膜炎、变应性结膜炎、特应性结膜炎、慢性卡他性结膜炎、化脓性结膜炎和春季结膜炎的结膜炎;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的葡萄膜炎;或选自葡萄膜全部或部分发炎、前眼色素层炎、虹膜炎、睫状体炎、虹膜睫状体炎、肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎、非肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎、晶状体抗原性色素层炎、后色素层炎、脉络膜炎和脉络膜视网膜炎的葡萄膜炎;
银屑病;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的多发性硬化症;或选自原发性进行性多发性硬化症和复发-缓解型多发性硬化症的多发性硬化症;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的自身免疫疾病或炎症疾病;或选自以下的自身免疫疾病或炎症疾病:自身免疫血液学疾病、溶血性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、纯红细胞性贫血、特发性小板减少性紫癜、系统性红斑狼疮、多软骨炎、硬皮病、韦格纳肉芽肿病、皮肌炎、慢性活动性肝炎、重症肌无力、Stevens-Johnson综合征、先天性口炎性腹炎、自身免疫炎性肠疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、节段性肠炎、内分泌性眼病、格拉夫斯病、结节病、肺泡炎、慢性过敏性肺炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、幼年期糖尿病或I型糖尿病、前眼色素层炎、肉芽肿性或后色素层炎、干燥型角膜结膜炎、流行性角膜结膜炎、弥漫性肺间质纤维化、特发性肺纤维化、囊性纤维化、银屑病关节炎、有或无肾病综合征的肾小球肾炎、急性肾小球肾炎、特发性肾病综合征、肾病的微小变化、炎症/增生性皮肤病、银屑病、特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎、变应性接触性皮炎、良性遗传性天疱疮、红斑性天疱疮、落叶状天疱疮和寻常性天疱疮;
预防器官移植后的异源移植排斥反应;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的炎性肠病(IBD);或选自溃疡性结肠炎(UC)、胶原性结肠炎;息肉状结肠炎、透壁性结肠炎和节段性肠炎(CD)的炎性肠病:
任何类型、病因或发病机制的感染性休克;或选自以下的感染性休克:肾功能衰竭、急性肾功能衰竭、恶病质、疟疾恶病质、垂体恶病质、尿毒症性恶病质、心恶病质、恶病质肾上腺机能障碍或阿狄森氏病、生癌的恶病质和人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染后引起的恶病质;
肝损伤;
肺性高血压;和缺氧引起的肺性高血压;
骨丢失疾病;原发性骨质疏松症;和继发性骨质疏松症;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的中枢神经系统疾病;或选自以下的中枢神经系统疾病:抑郁;帕金森氏病;学习和记忆缺陷;迟发性运动障碍;药物依赖性;动脉硬化痴呆;和伴随亨廷顿舞蹈病、Wilson氏病、震颤麻痹和视丘萎缩出现的痴呆;
感染,尤其是病毒引起的感染,其中所述的病毒使其宿主的TNF-α生产增加,或者其中所述的病毒对其宿主中TNG-α的增加敏感,从而使其复制或其它生命活动被不利地阻止,所述病毒包括选自HIV-1、HIV-2、HIV-3、巨细胞病毒、CMV、流行性感冒、腺病毒和疱疹病毒(包括带状疱疹和单纯疱疹)的病毒;
酵母和真菌感染,其中所述酵母和真菌对其宿主中TNG-α的增加或TNG-α生产的诱发敏感,例如真菌性脑膜炎;特别是当其与其它可选择药物联合给药用于治疗全身酵母和真菌感染时,包括但不局限于多粘菌素,例如多链丝霉素B;咪唑,例如克霉唑、益康唑、咪康唑和酮康唑;三唑,例如氟康唑和itranazole和两性霉素,如两性霉素B和脂质体两性霉素B;
局部缺血-再灌注损伤;自身免疫糖尿病;视网膜自身免疫;慢性淋巴细胞白血病;HIV感染;红斑狼疮;肾和输尿管疾病;泌尿生殖和胃肠道疾病;和前列腺疾病。
具体地,式I化合物可有效治疗(1)炎症疾病和病情,包括关节炎症、类风湿性关节炎、类风湿性脊椎炎、骨关节炎、炎症性肠疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、慢性肾小球肾炎、皮炎和节段性回肠炎;(2)呼吸疾病和病情,包括哮喘、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性肺炎症疾病、支气管炎、慢性阻塞性气道病和硅肺;(3)感染性疾病和病情,包括败血症、感染性休克、内毒素性休克、革兰氏阴性败血症、中毒性休克综合征、因细菌、病毒或真菌感染引起的发热和肌痛和流行性感冒;(4)免疫疾病和病情,包括自身免疫糖尿病、系统性红斑狼疮、移植物抗宿主反应、同种异体移植排斥反应、多发性硬化症、银屑病和过敏性鼻炎;和(5)其它疾病和病情,包括骨吸收疾病、再灌注损伤、由于感染或恶性疾病引起的恶病质、由人获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)、人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染、或与AIDS有关的并发症(ARC)引起的恶病质;瘢痕形成;瘢痕组织形成;I型糖尿病和白血病。
本发明还涉及式I化合物与一种和多种选自以下的药物的联合:
(a)白三烯生物合成抑制剂:选自以下的5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂和5-脂肪氧化酶激活蛋白(FLAP)拮抗剂:齐留通;ABT-761;芬留顿;替泊沙林;Abbott-79175;Abbott-85761;N-(5-取代)噻吩-2-烷基磺胺类;2,6-二叔丁基苯酚腙;包括Zeneca ZD-2138的甲氧基四氢吡喃类;化合物SB-210661及其所属的类别;L 739,010所属的吡啶基取代-2-氰基-萘化合物类;L-746,530所属的2-氰基喹啉化合物类;MK-591、MK-886和BAYx 1005所属的吲哚和喹啉化合物类;(b)白三烯LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4的受体拮抗剂,选自L-651,392所属的吩噻嗪-3-酮类化合物;CGS-2501 9c所属的脒基类化合物;昂唑司特所属的苯并噁唑胺类;BIIL 284/260所属的苯基-甲亚胺酸酰胺类;和扎鲁司特、阿鲁司特、孟鲁司特、普仑司特、维鲁司特(MK-679)、RG-12525、Ro-245913、伊拉司特(CGP 45715A)和BAY x 7195所属的化合物类;(c)PDE4抑制剂;(d)5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂或5-脂肪氧化酶激活蛋白(FLAP)拮抗剂;(e)5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)双重抑制剂和血小板激活因子(PAF)拮抗剂;(f)白三烯拮抗剂(LTRAs),包括LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4拮抗剂;(g)抗组胺H1受体拮抗剂,包括西替利嗪、氯雷他定、地氯雷他定、非索非那定、阿司咪唑、氯卓斯汀、氯苯那敏;(h)胃保护H2受体拮抗剂;(i)口服或局部作为解充血剂使用的α1-和α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂血管收缩拟交感神经药,包括环己丙甲胺、苯福林、苯丙醇胺、伪麻黄碱、盐酸萘甲唑啉、盐酸羟甲唑啉、盐酸四氢唑啉、盐酸塞洛唑啉和盐酸乙基去甲肾上腺素;j)与5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂联合的α1-和α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂;(k)抗胆碱能药,包括异丙托溴铵、噻托溴铵、氧托溴铵、哌仑西平和替仑西平;(l)β1至β4肾上腺素受体激动剂,包括异丙喘宁、异丙肾上腺素、喘息定、舒喘灵、沙丁胺醇、福莫特罗、沙美特罗、特布他林、奥西他林、比托特罗甲磺酸和吡布特罗;(m)甲基黄嘌呤,包括茶碱和氨茶碱;(n)色甘酸钠;(o)毒蕈碱受体(M1、M2和M3)拮抗剂;(p)COX-1抑制剂(NSAID);COX-2选择性抑制剂,包括罗非考昔;和一氧化氮NSAID;(q)I型胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)模拟物;(r)环索奈德;(s)全身副反应减少的吸入糖皮质素,包括强的松、泼尼松龙、氟尼缩松、曲安西龙丙酮化合物、倍氯米松二丙酸盐、布德松、氟替卡松丙酸盐和莫米松糠酸酯;(t)类胰蛋白酶抑制剂;(u)血小板活化因子(PAF)拮抗剂;(v)对抗内源性炎症实体活性的单克隆抗体;(w)IPL 576;(x)抗肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)药,包括依那西普、英夫利昔单抗和D2E7;(y)DMARD,包括来氟米特;(z)TCR肽;(aa)白介素转换酶(ICE)抑制剂;(bb)IMPDH抑制剂;(cc)粘连分子抑制剂,包括VLA-4拮抗剂;(dd)组织蛋白酶;(ee)MAP激酶抑制剂;(ff)葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶抑制剂;(gg)激肽-B1-和B2-受体拮抗剂;(hh)含金硫基团和多个亲水基团形式的金;(ii)免疫抑制剂,例如环孢菌素、硫唑嘌呤和氨甲蝶呤;(jj)抗痛风药,例如秋水仙碱;(kk)黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,例如别嘌呤醇;(II)排尿酸药,例如丙磺舒、苯磺唑酮和苯溴马隆;(mm)抗肿瘤药,尤其是抗有丝分裂药,包括长春花生物碱,如长春花碱和长春新碱;(nn)生长激素促分泌药;(oo)基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)抑制剂,例如基质降解酶、胶原酶和白明胶酶,以及聚集蛋白聚糖酶(aggrecanase);尤其是胶原酶-1(MMP-1)、胶原酶-2(MMP-8)、胶原酶-3(MMP-13)、基质降解酶-1(MMP-3)、基质降解酶-2(MMP-10)和基质降解酶-3(MMP-11);(pp)转化生长因子(TGFβ);(qq)血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF);(rr)成纤维细胞生长因子,例如基础成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF);(ss)粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF);(tt)辣椒辣素;(uu)选自NKP-608C、SB233412(他奈坦)和D-4418的速激肽NK1和NK3受体拮抗剂;和(w)选自UT-77HE-0892D的弹性蛋白酶抑制剂。
本发明涉及式I化合物与一种或多种其它治疗药物的联合对患者共同给药以得到某一特别想要的治疗终结果。第二种及其它治疗药物也可以是如上所述的一种或多种化合物,或者是一种或多种本领域已知的和此处详细描述的PDE4抑制剂。更典型地,第二种及其它治疗药物选自不同类别的治疗药物。以下详细描述了这些选择。
如此处所用的,指式I化合物与一种或多种其它治疗药物“共同给药”和“联合给药”的术语意欲指,并且确实指和包括下述:
(a)对需要治疗的患者同时给予化合物与治疗药物的联合,当该成分一起制成基本上同时对所述患者释放所述成分的单一剂型时;
(b)对需要治疗的患者基本上同时给予化合物与治疗药物的联合,当该成分分别制成基本上同时被患者摄入的单独剂型时,其中所述成分基本上同时对所述患者释放;
(c)对需要治疗的患者依次给予化合物与治疗药物的联合,当该成分分别制成单独剂型时,其中所述的剂型被所述患者连续摄入,且每次摄入之间有明显的时间间隔,因此基本上不同时对患者释放所述成分;
(d)对需要治疗的患者依次给予化合物与治疗药物的联合,当该成分一起制成以控释方式释放所述成分的单一剂型时,因此,它们可在相同和/或不同时间被患者同时、依次和/或重叠摄入。
与白三烯生物合成抑制剂的联合:5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂和5-脂肪氧
化酶激活蛋白(FLAP)拮抗剂
可使用一种或多种式I化合物与白三烯生物合成抑制剂、如5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂和/或5-脂肪氧化酶活化蛋白拮抗剂联合,以形成本发明的实施方案。5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)为代谢花生四烯酸的两组酶之一,另一组为环氧合酶COX-1和COX-2。5-脂肪氧化酶活化蛋白为能通过5-脂肪氧化酶刺激胞内花生四烯酸转化的18kDa膜结合的、花生四烯酸结合蛋白。花生四烯酸转化为5-过氧化氢廿碳四烯酸(5-HPETE),该途径最终导致炎症白三烯的生成;因此,阻滞5-脂肪氧化酶活化蛋白或5-脂肪氧化酶本身可提供能有利干涉该途径的预期靶点。该5-脂肪氧化酶之一为齐留通。
可用于与式I化合物形成治疗联合的白三烯合成抑制剂类为下述:
(a)氧化还原作用活化剂,包括N-羟基脲;N-烷基-羟胺酸;亚硒酸盐;羟基苯并呋喃;羟胺;和儿茶酚;参见Ford-Hutchinson等人,“5-脂肪氧化酶”Ann.Rev.Biochem.63,383-417,1994;Weitzel和Wendel,“含硒酶通过过氧化物浓度调节白细胞5-脂肪氧化酶的活性”J.Bi0l.Chem.268,6288-92,1993;Bjrnstedt等人,“将亚硒酸盐与NADPH和哺乳动物硫氧还蛋白还原酶一起培养产生了硒化物,其可抑制脂肪氧化酶并且改变活性部位铁的电子自旋共振波谱”Biochemistry 35,8511-6,1996;和Stewart等人,“N-羟基脲5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂的构效关系”J.Med.Chem.40,1955-68,1997;
(b)烷化剂和能与SH基团反应的化合物,已发现它们可抑制白三烯的体外合成;参见Larsson等人,“1-氯-2,4,6-三硝基苯对5-脂肪氧化酶活性和细胞白三烯合成的影响”Biochem.Pharmacol.55,863-71,1998;和
(c)基于硫代吡喃并吲哚和甲氧基烷基噻唑结构的5-脂肪氧化酶竞争性抑制剂;其可作为5-脂肪氧化酶的非氧化还原抑制剂起作用;参见Ford-Hutchinson等人,同上;和Hamel等人,“作为有效的可口服的5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂的取代的(吡啶基甲氧基)奈--L-739,010的合成、生物学特性和药动学”J.Med.Chem.40,2866-75,1997。
花生四烯酰羟胺酸盐可抑制5-脂肪氧化酶的观察结果使得发现了可临床使用的5-脂肪氧化酶选择性抑制剂,如N-羟基脲衍生物齐留通和ABT-761,如下表示:
齐留通
ABT-761
另一N-羟基脲化合物为芬留顿(Abbott-76745):
芬留顿
另一N-羟基脲化合物为Abbott-79175:
Abbott-79175的作用时间比齐留通长;Brooks等人,Pharm.Exp.Therapeut 272724,1995。另一N-羟基脲化合物为Abbott-85761
Abbott-85761通过均一、物理稳定和接近于单分散制剂的气雾剂给药转运至肺;Gupta等人,“5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂Abbott-85761在比哥猎犬中的肺部给药”International Journal of Pharmaceutics 147,207-218,1997。
芬留顿、Abbott-79175、Abbott-85761或其或替泊沙林任意上述的衍生物均可与式I化合物联合,以构成本发明的实施方案。
自从阐明了5-LO生物合成途径,已经进行了关于抑制5-脂肪氧化酶或拮抗肽基-或非肽基-白三烯受体是否更有利的讨论。认为5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂优于LT-受体拮抗剂,因为5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂阻断了5-LO产物所有的作用,而LT-拮抗剂产生狭窄的作用。然而,如下所述,本发明的实施方案包括式I化合物与LT-拮抗剂和5-LO抑制剂的联合。具有不同于上述N-羟基脲和异羟肟酸类的化学结构的5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂也可用于与式I化合物联合,以形成本发明的另一实施方案。该不同类别的实例为具有下式的N-(5-取代的)-噻吩-2-烷基磺胺类:
其中X为O或R;R′为甲基、异丙基、正丁基、正辛基或苯基;R为正丙基、环己基、苯基、四氢-1-萘基、1-或2-萘基、或者被Cl、F、Br、CH3、OCH3、SCH3、SO2CH3、CF3或异丙基一或二取代的苯基。优选的化合物为
这些化合物的其它描述可以参见Beers等人,“N-(5-取代的)噻吩-2-烷基磺胺作为5-脂肪氧化酶的有效抑制剂”Bioorganic & MedicinalChemistry 5(4),779-786,1997。
另一类不同的5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂为2,6-二叔丁基苯酚腙类抑制剂,其在Cuadro等人,“2,6-二叔丁基苯酚腙的合成以及作为5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂的生物学评估”Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 6,173-180,1998中描述。该类化合物以下式表示:
其中″Het″为苯并噁唑-2-基、苯并噻唑-2-基、吡啶-2-基、吡嗪-2-基、嘧啶-2-基、4-苯基嘧啶-2-基、4,6-二苯基嘧啶-2-基、4-甲基嘧啶-2-基、4,6-二甲基嘧啶-2-基、4-丁基嘧啶-2-基、4,6-二丁基嘧啶-2-基和4-甲基-6-苯基嘧啶-2-基。
N-(5-取代的)-噻吩-2-烷基磺胺或2,6-二叔丁基苯酚腙或其任意上述的衍生物均可与上述式I化合物联合以形成本发明的实施方案。
另一类不同的5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂为Zeneca ZD-2138所属的甲氧基四氢吡喃类抑制剂
ZD-2138在多种物种中具有高度的选择性和口服活性,并且已经评价了其口服治疗哮喘和类风湿性关节炎的效力。有关ZD-2138及其衍生物的其它细节在Crawley等人,J.Med.Chem.,35,2600,1992和Crawley等人,J.Med.Chem.36,295,1993中公开。
另一类不同的5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂为SmithKline Beecham化合物SB-210661所属的类别
另两类不同和有关的5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂包括Merck Frosst公开的吡啶基取代的2-氰基萘化合物系列和2-氰基喹啉化合物系列。这两类5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂的实例分别为L-739,010和L-746,530:
关于L-739,010和L-746,530的细节在Dube等人,“喹啉化合物作为有效的5-脂肪氧化酶抑制剂:L-746,530的合成和生物学特性”Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 8,1255-1260,1998和WO95/03309(Friesen等人)中公开。
包括Zeneca ZD-2138的甲氧基四氢吡喃类;或先导化合物SB-210661及其所属的类别;或L 739,010所属的吡啶基取代的2-氰基萘化合物系列,或L-746,530所属的2-氰基喹啉化合物系列;或者任意上述类别的任意上述衍生物均可与式I化合物联合以形成本发明的实施方案。
除了5-脂肪氧化酶,其它在白三烯生物合成中起重要作用的内源性物质为5-脂肪氧化酶活化蛋白(FLAP)。与5-脂肪氧化酶的直接作用相反,该作用是间接的。然而,5-脂肪氧化酶活化蛋白拮抗剂可用于抑制白三烯的细胞合成,并且同样也可用于与式I化合物联合以形成本发明的实施方案。已经由吲哚和喹啉结构合成了能结合5-脂肪氧化酶活化蛋白并因此阻止利用内源性花生四烯酸的化合物;参见Ford-Hutchinson等人,同上;Rouzer等人“WK-886,一种有效并且是特异性的白三烯生物合成抑制剂,其阻断并且逆转离子载体攻击的白细胞中膜与5-脂肪氧化酶的结合”J.Biol.Chem.265,1436-42,1990;和Gorenne等人,“{(R)-2-喹啉-2-基-甲氧基}苯基)-2-环戊基乙酸}(BAYx1005),一种有效的白三烯合成抑制剂:在人气道中对于抗-IgE攻击的效力”J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.268,868-72,1994。
MK-591,即quiflipon sodium,如下所示:
上述吲哚和喹啉类化合物以及具体的化合物MK-591、IVIK-886和BAY x 1005或者任意上述类别的任意上述衍生物均可与式I化合物联合以形成本发明的实施方案。
与白三烯LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4受体拮抗剂的联合
可将一种或多种式I化合物与白三烯LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4受体拮抗剂联合使用。这些白三烯在调节炎症反应方面最引人注意的是LTB4和LTD4。以下段落中描述了这些白三烯受体拮抗剂的分类。
4-溴-2,7-二甲氧基-3H-吩噻嗪-3-酮、包括L-651,392为有力的LTB4受体拮抗剂,其在美国专利US 4,939,145(Guindon等人)和US 4,845,083(Lau等人)中描述
包括CGS-25019c在内的脒基类化合物在美国专利US 5,451,700(Morrissey和Suh)、US 5,488,160(Morrissey)和US 5,639,768(Morrissey和Suh)中描述。这些LTB4受体拮抗剂以CGS-25019c为代表,如下所示:
昂唑司特,LTB4受体拮抗剂苯并噁唑胺类之一,在欧洲专利EP535521(Anderskewitz等人)中描述:
该组工作人员还已经发现了苯甲亚胺酸酰胺类LTB4受体拮抗剂,其在WO97/21670(Anderskewitz等人)和WO 98/11119(Anderskewitz等人)中描述,以BIIL 284/260为代表:
扎鲁司特为以名称Accolate出售的LTC4、LTD4和LTE4受体拮抗剂。其属于美国专利US 4,859,692(Bernstein等人)、US 5,319,097(Holohan和Edwards)、US 5,294,636(Edwards和Sherwood)、US 5,482,963、US5,583,152(Bernstein等人)和US 5,612,367(Timko等人)中描述的杂环酰胺衍生物类:
扎鲁司特
阿鲁司特为LTD4受体拮抗剂,即Ro 23-3544/001:
阿鲁司特
孟鲁司特为以名称Singulair出售的LTD4受体拮抗剂,其在美国专利US 5,565,473中描述:
孟鲁司特
其它的LTD4受体拮抗剂包括普仑司特、维鲁司特(MK-679)、RG-12525、Ro-245913、伊拉司特(CGP 45715A)和BAY x 7195。
上述包括L-651,392的吩噻嗪-3-酮类化合物、包括CGS-25019c的脒基化合物类、包括昂唑司特的苯并噁唑胺类、以BIIL 284/260为代表的苯甲亚胺酸酰胺类、包括扎鲁司特的杂环酰胺衍生物、阿鲁司特和孟鲁司特以及它们所属的化合物类、或任意上述类别的任意上述衍生物均可与式I化合物联合形成本发明的实施方案。
与其它治疗药物的联合
一种或多种式I化合物可与其它治疗药物和非治疗药物联合使用以形成联合形式,该联合形式为本发明的其它实施方案,并且可用于治疗相当数目此处描述的不同疾病、紊乱和病情的联合形式。所述实施方案含一种或多种式I化合物以及一种或多种下述药物:
(a)PDE4抑制剂;
(b)5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂;或5-脂肪氧化酶激活蛋白(FLAP)拮抗剂;
(c)5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)双重抑制剂和血小板激活因子(PAF)拮抗剂;
(d)白三烯拮抗剂(LTRAs),包括LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4拮抗剂;
(e)抗组胺H1受体拮抗剂,包括西替利嗪、氯雷他定、地氯雷他定、非索非那定、阿司咪唑、氯卓斯汀、氯苯那敏;
(f)胃保护H2受体拮抗剂;
(g)口服或局部作为解充血剂使用的α1-和α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂血管收缩拟交感神经药,包括环己丙甲胺、苯福林、苯丙醇胺、伪麻黄碱、盐酸萘甲唑啉、盐酸氧甲唑啉、盐酸四氢唑啉、盐酸木甲唑啉和盐酸乙基去甲肾上腺素;
(h)与5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂联合的α1-和α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂;
(i)抗胆碱能药,包括异丙托溴铵、噻托溴铵、氧托溴铵、哌仑西平和替仑西平;
(j)β1至β4肾上腺素受体激动剂,包括异丙喘宁、异丙肾上腺素、喘息定、舒喘灵、沙丁胺醇、福莫特罗、沙美特罗、特布他林、奥西他林、比托特罗甲磺酸和吡布特罗;
(k)茶碱和氨茶碱;
(l)色甘酸钠;
(m)毒蕈碱受体(M1、M2和M3)拮抗剂;
(n)COX-1抑制剂(NSAID);COX-2选择性抑制剂,包括罗非考昔;和一氧化氮NSAID;
(o)I型胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)模拟物;
(p)环索奈德;
(q)全身副反应减少的吸入糖皮质素,包括强的松、泼尼松龙、氟尼缩松、曲安西龙丙酮化合物、倍氯米松二丙酸盐、布德松、氟替卡松丙酸盐和莫米松糠酸酯;
(r)类胰蛋白酶抑制剂;
(s)血小板活化因子(PAF)拮抗剂;
(t)对抗内源性炎症实体活性的单克隆抗体;
(u)IPL 576;
(v)抗肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)药,包括依那西普、英夫利昔单抗和D2E7;
(w)DMARDs,包括来氟米特;
(x)TCR肽;
(y)白介素转换酶(ICE)抑制剂;
(z)IMPDH抑制剂;
(aa)粘连分子抑制剂,包括VLA-4拮抗剂;
(bb)组织蛋白酶;
(cc)MAP激酶抑制剂;
(dd)葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶抑制剂;
(ee)激肽-B1-和B2-受体拮抗剂;
(ff)含金硫基团和多个亲水基团形式的金;
(gg)免疫抑制剂,例如环孢菌素、硫唑嘌呤和氨甲蝶呤;
(hh)抗痛风药,例如秋水仙碱;
(ii)黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,例如别嘌呤醇;
(jj)排尿酸药,例如丙磺舒、苯磺唑酮和苯溴马隆;
(kk)抗肿瘤药,尤其是抗有丝分裂药,包括长春花生物碱,如长春花碱和长春新碱;
(ll)生长激素促分泌药;
(mm)基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)抑制剂,即基质降解酶、胶原酶和白明胶酶,以及聚集蛋白聚糖酶;尤其是胶原酶-1(MMP-1)、胶原酶-2(MMP-8)、胶原酶-3(MMP-13)、基质降解酶-1(MMP-3)、基质降解酶-2(MMP-10)和基质降解酶-3(MMP-11);
(nn)转化生长因子(TGFβ);
(oo)血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF);
(pp)成纤维细胞生长因子,例如基础成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF);
(qq)粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF);
(rr)辣椒辣素;
(ss)选自NKP-608C、SB233412(他奈坦)和D-4418的速激肽NK1和NK3受体拮抗剂;
(tt)选自UT-77HE-0892D的弹性蛋白酶抑制剂;
(uu)阿糖腺苷A2α受体激动剂。
药物组合物和制剂
下述说明涉及以下方式:式I化合物、当希望时可以是其与其它治疗药物或非治疗药物一起与在极大程度上为常规的可药用载体联合,以形成适于不同给药途径的剂型,所述的剂型可用于任何给定的患者,并且适用于任何给定的所治疗患者的疾病、紊乱或病情。
本发明的药物组合物含有任一或多种上述的本发明的抑制性化合物或其同样如上所述的可药用盐,以及具有本领域众所周知的载体的性质和预期性能的可药用载体。
与载体物质联合以形成单一剂型的活性成分的量可根据所治疗的宿主和具体给药模式而变化。然而应当理解的是,对任意特定患者的具体剂量和治疗方案取决于多种因素,包括所用具体化合物的活性、年龄、体重、健康状况、性别、饮食、给药时间、排泄速率、药物联合以及治疗医师的判断和所治疗具体疾病的严重程度。活性成分的量也取决于与之共同给药的治疗药物或预防药物(如果有的话)。
可使用式I化合物的酸形式、酯形式或所述化合物所属的其它化合物化学类别。使用这些化合物来源于各种有机和无机酸碱的可药用盐形式也同样在本发明的范围内。含优选化合物的活性成分通常可以以其盐的形式使用,尤其是当与所述活性成分的游离形式或以前所用的某些其它盐形式比较、所述盐形式使所述活性成分的药动学性质改善时。所述活性成分的可药用盐形式也可使所述活性成分具有其原本未有的预期药动学性质,并且,甚至可积极影响所述活性成分与其体内治疗活性有关的药动学。
所述活性成分可被有利影响的药动学性质包括,例如所述活性成分转运通过细胞膜的方式,该方式反过来可直接和积极影响所述活性成分的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄。虽然药物组合物的给药途径很重要,并且各种解剖学、生理学和病理学因素可关键性地影响生物利用度,然而所述活性成分的溶解度通常取决于其所用的具体盐形式的性质。此外,如技术人员可以理解的,所述活性成分的水溶液使所述活性成分在所治疗患者体内的吸收速率最快,而脂类溶液、悬浮液和固体剂型使所述活性成分的吸收速率下降。出于安全、方便和经济的原因,式I化合物最优选的给药途径为口服摄入,然而该口服剂型的吸收可被物理性质如极性、胃肠道粘膜刺激引起的呕吐、消化酶和低pH破坏、当有食物或其它药物存在时的异常吸收或促进、以及粘膜酶代谢、肠道菌群代谢或肝代谢不利地影响。将所述活性成分制备成不同的可药用盐形式可有效地克服或缓和在口服剂型吸收中所遇到的一个或多个上述问题。
在上述可药用盐中,优选的盐包括但不局限于乙酸盐、苯磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、富马酸盐、葡糖酸盐、半琥珀酸盐、马尿酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、羟乙基磺酸盐、扁桃酸盐、葡甲胺、硝酸盐、油酸盐、膦酸盐、新戊酸盐、磷酸钠、硬脂酸盐、硫酸盐、磺基水杨酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫代苹果酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐和氨丁三醇。
当式I化合物含多于一个能形成所述可药用盐的基因时,多盐形式也包括在本发明的范围内。典型的多盐形式的实例包括但不局限于二酒石酸盐、二乙酸盐、二富马酸盐、二葡甲胺、二磷酸盐、二钠盐和三盐酸盐。
本发明的药物组合物含任一或多种上述的抑制性化合物或其同样如上所述的可药用盐,以及具有本领域众所周知的载体的性质和预期性能的可药用载体。
如这里所用的术语“载体”包括可药用的稀释剂、赋形剂、辅助剂、载体、增溶剂、粘度调节剂、防腐剂和技术人员所熟知的其它能使最终药物组合物具有有利性质的载体。为了解释所述载体,以下给出了可用于本发明药物组合物的可药用载体的简述,其后更详细地说明了各种类型的成分。典型的载体包括但不以任何方式局限于离子交换组合物;氧化铝;硬脂酸铝;卵磷脂;血清蛋白,例如人血清蛋白;磷酸盐;甘氨酸;山梨酸;山梨酸钾;饱和植物脂肪酸的部分甘油酯混合物;氢化棕榈油;水;盐或电解质,例如硫酸醇溶蛋白、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠和锌盐;胶体二氧化硅;三硅酸镁;聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;纤维素类物质,例如羧甲基纤维素钠;聚乙二醇;聚丙烯酸酯;蜡;聚乙烯-聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物;和羊毛脂。
更具体地,用于本发明的药物组合物的载体包括各种级别和类别的、可彼此独立地选自下述段落中引用的添加剂。
可加入酸性化剂或碱性化剂以得到想要的或预定的pH,其包括酸性化剂,例如乙酸、冰醋酸、苹果酸和丙酸。也可使用强酸如盐酸、硝酸和硫酸,但不优选强碱。碱性化剂包括,例如依地醇、碳酸钾、氢氧化钾、四硼酸钠、碳酸钠和氢氧化钠。也可使用含活性氨基基团的碱性化剂,例如二乙醇胺和三乙醇胺。
当药物组合物作为强压下的气雾剂输送时,需要有气雾抛射剂。该抛射剂包括,例如可药用的氟氯烷烃类,如二氯二氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙烷和三氯一氟甲烷;氮气;或挥发性碳氢化合物,如丁烷、丙烷、异丁烷或其混合物。
当药物组合物局部用于皮肤(所述皮肤可能有患病的不利情形或使皮肤接触到细菌、真菌或原生动物感染的持续擦伤或割伤)时,可加入抗微生物剂,包括抗细菌剂、抗真菌剂和抗原生动物药。抗微生物剂包括如苄醇、氯化丁醇、苯乙基醇、醋酸苯汞、山梨酸钾和山梨酸的化合物。抗真菌剂包括如苯甲酸、尼泊金丁酯、尼泊金乙酯、尼泊金甲酯、尼泊金丙酯和苯甲酸钠的化合物。
在本发明的药物组合物中加入抗微生物防腐剂,以防止它们生长可能有害的微生物,所述的有害微生物通常在水相中生长,但是在某些情况下也在组合物的油相中生长。因此,希望防腐剂同时具有水溶性和脂溶性。适宜的抗微生物防腐剂包括,例如对羟基苯甲酸烷基酯、丙酸盐、苯氧乙醇、尼泊金甲酯钠、尼泊金丙酯钠、甲酯吡喃酮钠、苯扎氯铵、氯化苄乙铵、苄醇、乙内酰脲衍生物、季铵化合物和阳离子聚合物、咪唑啉脲和乙二胺四乙酸三钠(EDTA)。优选防腐剂的用量为组合物总重量的约0.01%至约2.0%。
可加入抗氧化剂以使药物组合物的所有成分免受组合物本身或使用环境中存在的氧化剂破坏或降解,例如anoxomer、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、丁羟茴醚、丁羟甲苯、次磷酸、焦亚硫酸钾、没食子酸丙酯、辛酯和十二醇酯、焦亚硫酸钠、二氧化硫和生育酚。
可使用缓冲物质以维持组合物的预期pH(一旦确定)免受外界物质以及组合物成分平衡移动的影响。缓冲物质可选自药物组合物制备中熟练技术人员所熟知的缓冲物质,例如钙、乙酸盐、偏磷酸钾、磷酸二氢钾和酒石酸。
可使用螯合剂以辅助维持药物组合物的离子强度,并可结合和有效除去破坏性的化合物和金属,所述螯合剂包括,例如依地酸二钾、依地酸二钠和EDTA。
当局部使用本发明的药物组合物时,可加入皮肤病活性药物,包括,例如创伤愈合药物,如肽衍生物、酵母、泛醇、己雷琐辛、苯酚、盐酸四环素、核纤层蛋白和激动素;治疗皮肤癌的视黄醛类,如视黄醇、维A酸、异维A酸、阿维A酯、阿维A和arotinoid;治疗皮肤感染的温和抗菌剂,如间苯二酚、水杨酸、过氧化苯甲酰、红霉素-过氧化苯甲酰、红霉素和克林霉素;治疗体癣、脚癣、念珠菌病和花斑癣的抗真菌药,如灰黄霉素、吡咯类如咪康唑、益康唑、伊曲康唑、氟康唑和酮康唑,以及丙烯胺如萘替芬和特非那芬;治疗皮肤单纯疱疹、带状疱疹和水痘的抗病毒药,如阿昔洛韦、法昔洛韦和伐昔洛韦;治疗瘙痒、特应性皮炎和接触性皮炎的抗组胺药,如苯海拉明、特非那定、asternizole、氯雷他定、西替利嗪、阿伐斯汀和替美斯汀;缓解疼痛、刺激和瘙痒的局部麻醉药,例如盐酸苯佐卡因、盐酸利多卡因、盐酸地步卡因和盐酸普莫卡因;缓解疼痛和炎症的局部止痛药,例如水杨酸甲酯、樟脑、薄荷脑和间苯二酚;预防感染的局部抗菌药,例如苯扎氯铵和聚维酮碘;和维生素及其衍生物,例如生育酚、醋酸维生素E、视黄酸和视黄醇。
可使用分散剂和混悬剂辅助稳定制剂的制备,其包括例如,聚吉南、聚维酮和二氧化硅。
润滑剂优选为非油和水溶性的,该润滑剂可柔软和润滑皮肤,特别是可柔软和润滑由于过度失水而变得干燥的皮肤。该润滑剂可与本发明中预局部使用的药物组合物联合使用,包括,例如烃油和蜡、甘油三酯、乙酰化单酸甘油酯、C10-C20脂肪酸的甲酯或其它烷基酯、C10-C20脂肪酸、C10-C20脂肪醇、羊毛酯及其衍生物、多元醇酯如聚乙二醇(200-600),聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯、蜡酯、磷脂类和甾醇;用于制备水包油乳剂的乳化剂;赋形剂,如月桂氮卓酮和聚乙二醇甲基醚;湿润剂,如山梨醇,甘油和透明质酸;软膏基质,如矿脂、聚乙二醇、羊毛脂和泊洛沙姆;渗透促进剂,如二甲基异山梨醇酯、二乙基-乙二醇单乙基醚,1-十二烷基氮杂-环庚基-2-酮,和二甲亚砜(DMSO);防腐剂,例如苯扎氯铵、氯化苄乙铵、对羟基苯甲酸烷基酯、乙内酰脲衍生物、氯化十六烷基吡啶、尼泊金丙酯、季铵化合物如苯甲酸钾和硫柳汞;含环糊精的多价螯合剂;溶剂,例如丙酮、乙醇、叔戊醇、丁醇、玉米油、棉花籽油、乙酸乙酯、甘油、己二醇、异丙醇、异硬脂醇、甲醇、二氯甲烷、矿物油、花生油、磷酸、聚乙二醇、聚氧丙烯15硬脂醚、丙二醇、丙二醇二乙酸酯、芝麻油和纯水;稳定剂,例如糖二酸钙和百里酚;表面活性剂,例如拉匹氯铵;聚乙二醇单十二醚4,即α-十二烷基-ω-羟基-聚(氧基-1,2-乙二基)或聚乙二醇单月桂醚。
乳化剂,包括乳化和硬化剂以及乳剂添加剂,可用于制备水包油型乳剂,所述的乳剂形成本发明的药物组合物的基质。该乳化剂包括,例如非离子型乳化剂,如C10-C20脂肪醇以及所述脂肪醇与2至20摩尔的环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷的缩合产物、2至20摩尔环氧乙烷与(C6-C12)烷基苯酚的缩合产物、乙二醇的单和二(C10-C20)脂肪酸酯、C10-C20脂肪酸单酸甘油酯、二甘醇、分子量为200-6000的聚乙二醇、分子量为200-3000的聚丙二醇和特别是山梨醇、脱水山梨糖醇、聚氧乙烯山梨醇、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇、亲水性蜡酯、十八醇十六醇混合物、油醇、羊毛酯醇、胆固醇、甘油单酯和甘油二酯、甘油单硬脂酸酯、聚乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、乙二醇和聚氧乙烯的混和单和二硬脂酸酯、1,2-丙二醇单硬脂酸酯和羟丙基纤维素。也可使用含活性氨基基团的乳化剂,其典型地包括阳离子型乳化剂,如脂肪酸皂,例如C10-C20脂肪酸的钠皂、钾皂和三乙醇胺皂;碱金属、铵或取代铵的(C10-C30)烷基硫酸盐、(C10-C30)烷基磺酸盐和(C10-C50)烷基乙氧基醚磺酸盐。其它适宜的乳化剂包括蓖麻油和氢化蓖麻油;卵磷脂;和通过蔗糖和/或季戊四醇的烯丙基醚交联的2-丙烯酸聚合物与丙烯酸聚合物,其具有不同的粘度,以产品名卡波姆910、934、934p、940、941和1342区分。也可使用具有活性氨基基团的阳离子型乳化剂,包括基于季铵离子、吗啉正离子和吡啶鎓化合物的乳化剂。同样,也可使用具有活性氨基基团的两性乳化剂,如椰油甜菜碱、月桂二甲胺氧化物和椰油基咪唑啉。有用的乳化和硬化剂也包括十六醇和硬脂酸钠;和乳剂助剂如油酸、硬脂酸和硬脂醇。
赋形剂包括,例如月桂氮卓酮和聚乙二醇单甲醚。当本发明的药物组合物用于局部使用时,可使用渗透促进剂,所述的渗透促进剂包括,例如二甲基异山梨醇酯、二乙基-乙二醇-单乙醚、1-十二烷基氮杂环庚-2-酮和二甲亚砜(DMSO)。该组合物也可典型地包括软膏型基质,例如矿脂、聚乙二醇、羊毛酯和泊洛沙姆,所述泊洛沙姆为聚氧乙烯和聚氧丙烯的嵌段共聚物,并且也可用作表面活性剂或乳化剂。
可使用防腐剂以防止本发明的药物组合物受到周围微生物的破坏性攻击,其包括,例如苯扎氯铵、氯化苄乙铵、对羟基苯甲酸烷基酯、乙内酰脲衍生物、氯化十六烷基吡啶、硫化甘油、苯酚、苯氧乙醇、尼泊金甲酯、咪唑烷基脲、甲酯吡喃酮钠、尼泊金丙酯、季铵化合物、尤其是聚合物如聚塞氯铵、苯甲酸钾、甲醛合次硫酸钠、丙酸钠和硫柳汞。
可使用多价螯合剂来改善本发明的药物组合物的稳定性,其包括,例如能与多数物质形成包合物的天然环状寡糖家族且具有不同环大小的环糊精,环上具有6-、7-和8-个葡糖残基的环糊精通常分别称之为α-环糊精、β-环糊精、γ-环糊精。适宜的环糊精包括,例如α-环糊精、β-环糊精、γ-环糊精、δ-环糊精和阳离子型环糊精。
可用于制备本发明的药物组合物的溶剂包括,例如,丙酮、乙醇、水合戊醛、丁醇、玉米油、棉花籽油、乙酸乙酯、甘油、2-甲-2,4-戊二醇、异丙醇、异硬脂醇、甲醇、二氯甲烷、矿物油、花生油、磷酸、聚乙二醇、聚氧丙烯15硬脂醚、丙二醇、丙二醇二乙酸酯、芝麻油和纯水。
适用的稳定剂包括,例如,糖二酸钙和百里酚。在局部用制剂中可典型地使用硬化剂,以得到预期的粘度和可操作性质,所述硬化剂包括,例如,十六烷基酯蜡、肉豆蔻醇、石蜡油、合成石蜡油、乳化蜡、微晶体蜡、白蜡和黄蜡。
常使用糖以使本发明的药物组合物具有多种想要的性质,并且为了改善得到的结果,所述糖包括,例如单糖、双糖和多糖,如葡萄糖、木糖、果糖、reose、核糖、戊糖、阿拉伯糖、阿洛糖、塔罗糖、阿蜀糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、乳糖、蔗糖、赤藓糖、甘油醛或及其任意的联合。
可使用表面活性剂来提高本发明的多组分药物组合物的稳定性,增强这些组合物现有的性质,并赋予所述组合物新的性质。表面活性剂可用作润湿剂、减少水表面张力的消泡剂和乳化剂、分散剂和渗透剂促进剂,包括,例如表面活性剂,例如拉匹氯铵;聚乙二醇单十二醚4,即α-十二烷基-ω-羟基-聚(氧基-1,2-乙二基)或聚乙二醇单月桂醚;聚乙二醇单十二醚9,即每个分子平均有9个环氧乙烷基团的聚乙二醇单月桂醚;单乙醇胺;壬苯醇醚4、9和10,即聚乙二醇单(对壬基苯基)醚;壬苯醇醚15,即α-(对壬基苯基)-ω-羟基-十五(氧乙烯基);壬苯醇醚30,即α-(对壬基苯基)-ω-羟基三十(氧乙烯基);泊洛沙林,即聚乙烯聚丙烯二醇非离子型聚合物,MW接近于3000;泊洛沙姆,参见上述软膏型基质的讨论;聚乙二醇8、40和50硬脂酸酯,即聚(氧-1,2-乙二基),α-氢-ω-羟基-十八烷酸酯;聚乙二醇10油醚,即聚(氧-1,2-乙二基),α[(Z)-9-十八烷基-ω-羟基-;聚山梨酯20,即脱水山梨糖醇,单十二烷酸酯,聚(氧-1,2-乙二基);聚山梨酯40,即脱水山梨糖醇,单十六烷酸酯,聚(氧-1,2-乙二基);聚山梨酯60,即脱水山梨糖醇,单十八烷酸酯,聚(氧-1,2-乙二基);聚山梨酯65,即脱水山梨糖醇,三-十八烷酸酯,聚(氧-1,2-乙二基);聚山梨酯80,即脱水山梨糖醇,单-9-单癸烯酸酯,聚(氧-1,2-乙二基);聚山梨酯85,即脱水山梨糖醇,三-9-十八碳烯酸酯,聚(氧-1,2-乙二基);十二烷基硫酸钠;脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯;脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯;脱水山梨糖醇单棕酸酯;脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯;脱水山梨糖醇倍半油酸酯;脱水山梨糖醇三油酸酯;和脱水山梨糖醇三硬脂酸酯。
本发明的药物组合物可使用具有普通技能的技术人员所熟知的非常直观的方法制备。当本发明的药物组合物仅仅是水溶液和/或其它溶剂的溶液时,总组合物中的各种成分可以以任何实施顺序混合,其主要是考虑便利而确定。可将水溶性小、但在同一含水助溶剂中具有足够溶解度的所有成分溶解于所述助溶剂中,之后将助溶剂溶液加入载体中的水中,从而使其中溶解的物质可溶解于水中。可采用表面活性剂辅助该分散/溶解过程。
当本发明的药物组合物为乳剂形式时,药物组合物的成分可按照下述常规方法混合。首先将连续水相加热至约60℃至约95℃,优选约70℃至约85℃,所用温度的选择取决于构成水包油乳剂的成分的理化性质。一旦连续水相达到所选择的温度,则将最终组合物中此时应加入的成分与水混合,并快速搅拌使之分散。接着,使水温大约恢复至其原水平,之后将下一阶段所包括的成分加入缓和搅拌的组合混合物中,并连续混合约5至约60分钟,优选约10至约30分钟,混合时间取决于前两个阶段的成分。之后,将组合混合物的温度逐渐或快速冷却至约20℃至约55℃,加入剩余的任何成分,之后加入足够量的水,使之达到在总组合物中的原预定浓度。
根据本发明,药物组合物可以是无菌注射制剂的形式,例如无菌注射水或油状悬浮液。该悬浮液可按照本领域已知的技术使用适宜的分散或润湿剂和悬浮剂来制备。无菌注射制剂也可以是在无毒非胃肠道可用的稀释剂或溶剂、例如1,3-丁二醇中的无菌注射溶液或悬浮液。在可接受的载体和溶剂中,可采用水、林格溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液。另外,也可常规采用无菌的不挥发油作为溶剂或悬浮介质。为此目的,可使用不挥发油的任何混合物,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。和天然可药用油(如橄榄油或蓖麻油,尤其是其聚氧乙基化形式)一样,脂肪酸、例如油酸及其甘油酯衍生物可用于制备注射剂。这些油溶液或悬浮液也可含长链醇稀释剂或分散剂,如Rh、HClX或类似的醇。
本发明的药物组合物可以以任意可口服的剂型口服给药,所述的可口服剂型包括但不局限于胶囊、片剂、水悬浮液或溶液。当为口服片剂时,常规使用的载体包括乳糖和玉米淀粉。也可典型地加入润滑剂,如硬脂酸镁。对于口服胶囊,有用的稀释剂包括乳糖和干燥玉米淀粉。当为口服悬浮液时,将活性成分与乳化剂和悬浮剂混合。如果希望的话,也可加入某种甜味剂、矫味剂或着色剂。可选择地,本发明的药物组合物可以以栓剂形式直肠给药。其可通过将药物与适宜的非刺激性赋形剂混合而制备,其中所述的赋形剂在室温下为固态,而在直肠温度下为液态,因此其在直肠中可熔化以释放药物。该物质包括可可脂、蜂蜡和聚乙二醇。
本发明的药物组合物也可以局部给药,尤其是所治疗的靶点包括局部应用易于到达的表面或器官时,包括眼部、皮肤或较低肠道的疾病。可制备适宜的局部用制剂用于这些表面或器官。
在较低肠道的局部应用可通过如上所述的直肠栓剂制剂进行,或者以适宜的灌肠剂进行。也可使用局部活性的透皮贴剂。
对于局部应用,可将该药物组合物制成含有悬浮或溶解在一种或多种载体中的活性成分的适宜软膏。用于本发明的化合物局部给药的载体包括但不局限于矿物油、液体石蜡、白矿脂、丙二醇、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯化合物、乳化蜡和水。可选择地,可将该药物组合物制成含有悬浮或溶解在一种或多种可药用载体中的活性成分的适宜洗液或膏霜。适宜的载体包括但不局限于矿物油、脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、聚山梨酯、十六烷基酯蜡、十六醇、2-辛基十二醇、苄醇和水。
本发明范围内的药物组合物包括下述药物组合物:其以适于全身给药的剂型提供治疗有效量的、含有治疗或预防由PDE4活性控制介导的或与之有关的疾病、紊乱和病情(如此处所述)所需的式I化合物的活性成分。该药物组合物含适宜液体形式的所述活性成分,以下述方式转运:(1)动脉内、真皮内或透皮、皮下、肌肉内、脊内、鞘内或静脉内注射或输注,其中所述活性成分:(a)作为溶质含在溶液中;(b)含在乳剂的非连续相或在注射或输液时发生逆转的逆乳的非连续相中,所述的乳剂含有适宜的乳化剂;或(c)以胶体或微粒形式作为悬浮固体含在悬浮液中,所述悬浮液含有适宜的悬浮剂;(2)作为药物储库注射或输注入适宜的身体组织或腔内,其中所述组合物可存储所述活性成分,并且随后使所述活性成分以延迟释放、缓释和/或控释的方式释放以达到全身分布;(3)所述药物组合物以适宜的固态形式滴入、吸入或吹入适宜的身体组织或腔内,其中所述活性成分:(a)包含在固体植入组合物中,使所述活性成分延迟释放、缓释和/或控释;(b)包含在供吸入肺的特定组合物中;或(c)包含在供吹入适宜的身体组织或腔内的特定组合物中,其中所述组合物可选能使所述活性成分延迟释放、缓释和/或控释;或(4)摄入适宜的用于经口输送所述活性成分的固体或液体形式的药物组合物,其中所述活性成分含在固体剂型中;或(b)包含在液体剂型中。
上述药物组合物的具体剂型包括(1)作为特殊类型植入剂的栓剂,含在在室温下为固态而在体温下熔化的基质,其可将所含的活性成分缓慢释放至体内的周边组织,该活性成分在此处被吸收并转运,从而完成全身给药;(2)选自下组的固体口服剂型:(a)延迟释放的口服片剂、胶囊、囊形片、糖锭、锭剂和多颗粒体系;(b)肠包衣片和胶囊,其可防止药物在胃内释放和吸收而使之到达所治疗患者远离胃的部分;(c)缓释口服片、胶囊和微粒,其能在达24个小时的时间内以控制释放的方式全身转运活性成分;(d)速溶片;(e)软胶囊(encapsulated solution);(f)口腔贴片;(g)掺入所治疗患者的食物中的颗粒形式;和(h)选自溶液、悬浮液、乳剂、逆乳、酏剂、浸膏、酊剂和浓缩液的液体口服剂型。
本发明范围内的药物组合物包括下述药物组合物:其以适于全身给药的剂型提供药物有效量的、含有治疗或预防由PDE4活性控制介导的或与之有关的疾病、紊乱和病情(如此处所述)所需的式I化合物的活性成分,其中所述药物组合物含有适宜的液态形式的所述活性成分,用于通过下述方式转运活性成分:(1)通过动脉内、关节内、软骨内、肋内、囊内、真皮内或透皮、束内、韧带内、髓内、肌肉内、鼻内、神经内、眼内(如眼睛给药)、骨内、骨盆内、心包内、脊柱内、胸骨内、滑膜腔内、跗骨内或鞘内对局部部位注射或输注;包括将所述活性成分延迟释放、控释和/或缓释至所述局部部位的成分;其中所述活性成分:(a)作为溶质含在溶液中;(b)含在乳剂的非连续相或在注射或输液时发生逆转的逆乳的非连续相中,所述的乳剂含有适宜的乳化剂;或(c)以胶体或微粒形式作为悬浮固体含在悬浮液中,所述悬浮液含有适宜的悬浮剂;或(2)作为药物储库将活性成分转运至所述局部部位的注射液或输液,其中所述组合物可存储所述活性成分,并且因此使所述活性成分向所述局部部位延迟释放、缓释和/或控释,并且其中所述组合物还含有能确保所述活性成分主要在局部起作用而具有较少全身活性的成分;或者其中所述药物组合物含有在适宜固体剂型中以下述方式转运所述抑制剂的所述活性成分;(3)向所述局部部位滴入、吸入或吹入,其中所述活性成分包含在:(a)置于所述局部部位的固体植入组合物中,所述组合物可选能使所述活性成分向所述局部部位延迟释放、缓释和/或控释;(b)可吸入至局部部位包括肺的特定组合物中;或(c)可吹入至局部部位的特定组合物中,其中所述组合物含有能确保所述活性成分主要在局部起作用而全身活性不明显的成分,并且可选能使所述活性成分向所述局部部位延迟释放、缓释和/或控释。对于眼部应用,可将该药物组合物制成在等渗、PH调节过的无菌盐水中的微粉化悬浮液,或者优选制成在等渗、PH调节过的无菌盐水中的溶液,其可含有或不含有防腐剂,如苄扎氯铵。可选地,对于眼部应用,可将药物组合物配制在软膏中,如矿脂。
本发明的药物组合物也可使用喷雾器、干粉吸入装置或压力定量气雾剂、以鼻腔气雾剂或吸入剂给药。该组合物可根据药物制剂领域中众所周知的技术制备,并且可使用苄醇或其它适宜的防腐剂、提高生物利用度的吸收促进剂、四氟化碳和/或其它常规增溶剂或分散剂将其制备成盐水溶液。
如已经提到的,本发明的式I化合物可以以适宜液体形式的药物组合物形式通过注射或输注对所治疗的患者全身给药。患者体内有多个部位和器官系统,一旦注射或输注了适当制备的药物组合物,这些部位和器官系统能使药物组合物渗透所治疗患者的整个身体和所有器官系统。注射剂为通常通过注射器注入有关组织的单剂量药物组合物。注射剂最常规的类型为肌肉内、静脉注射和皮下注射。作为对照,输液是将药物组合物逐渐输入所涉及的组织内。输液最常规的类型为静脉输液。其它类型的注射剂或输液包括动脉内、真皮内或透皮(包括皮下)或脊柱内,尤其是鞘内。在这些液体药物组合物中,活性成分可作为溶质包含在溶液中。这是该组合物最常规和最优选的类型,但是其需要活性成分为具有较好水溶性的盐形式。水(或盐水)为该组合物至今最优选的溶剂。偶尔也可使用过饱和溶液,但是这样会出现使其不适于每天使用的稳定性问题。
如果不能得到具有必需水溶解度的某个优选化合物,如经常发生的那样,则制备乳剂是在技术人员的技能范围内的,所述乳剂为一种液体的小液滴(非连续相或内相)分散在第二种液体(连续相或外相)中,且两者不相混合。可使用可药用乳化剂使两种液体维持在乳化状态。因此,如果活性成分为水不溶性的油,其可以以乳剂的非连续相给药。同样当活性成分为水不溶性、但可溶于与水不互溶的溶剂中时,也可使用乳剂。虽然活性成分可最常规地用作称之为水包油乳剂的非连续相或内相,但也可用作逆乳(通常称之为油包水乳剂)的非连续相或外相。此外活性成分可溶于水中,并且以简单的水溶液给药。然而,逆乳将注射液或输液转入水介质如血中,并且使之与使用水溶液相比,具有将活性成分更快速和更有效地分散于水性介质中的优点。可使用本领域所熟知的适宜可药用乳化剂来制备逆乳。当活性成分的水溶性有限时,也可以以在悬浮液中的胶体或微粒形式的悬浮固体给药,所述悬浮液用适宜的可药用悬浮剂制备。也可将含活性成分的悬浮固体制备成延迟释放、缓释和/或控释的组合物。
虽然全身给药最常通过注射或输注液体进行,然而在很多情况下,将活性成分以固体转运是有利的,甚至是必须的。固体全身给药可通过滴入、吸入或吹入含活性成分的适宜固体形式的药物组合物进行。滴入活性成分可使滴入的固体植入组合物到达适宜的身体组织或腔内。植入剂可含有生物兼容和生物可降解的骨架,其中固体活性成分颗粒分散于其中,或者如果可能,液态活性成分的液滴或单独小胞分散于其中。希望基质能被破坏并被身体完全吸收。还优选骨架组合物能使活性物质在较长时间内、甚至是几个月时间内延迟释放、缓释和/或控释。
术语“植入剂”通常指含活性成分的固体药物组合物,而术语“储库”通常指含活性成分的液体药物组合物,其可沉积在任意适宜的身体组织或腔内以形成可缓慢转移至周边组织和器官、并最终达到全身分布的储库或池。然而,这些差别在本领域并不一定严格地遵守,并且因此,可认为液体植入剂和固体储库、甚至是混合的固体及液体形式也包括在本发明的范围内。可认为栓剂是植入剂的一种,因为它们含有在室温下为固态而在患者体温下熔融、从而将它们所含的活性成分缓慢释放至患者体内的周边组织、在那里活性成分被吸收并转运以完成全身给药的基质。
全身给药也可通过粉末、即含活性成分的微粒组合物吸入或吹入来完成。例如,通过常规的微粒制剂喷雾装置将粉末形式的活性成分吸入至肺中。作为微粒形式的活性成分也可通过简单的吹或使用常规微粒制剂喷雾装置、以吹入法(如吹入)或别的方式使之分散于适宜的身体器官或腔内给药。也可根据众所周知的原则和已知的物质将这些微粒组合物制成能延迟释放、缓释和/或控释的制剂。
其它可使用液体或固体形式的本发明的活性成分的全身给药方式包括透皮、鼻腔内和眼睛途径。具体地,可根据众所周知的药物转运技术制备透皮贴剂,并且可用于所治疗患者的皮肤,之后,活性成分由于其制备可溶性而穿过患者皮肤的表皮到达真皮层,在那儿其构成患者全身循环的一部分,最终使活性成分在预期较长时间内达到全身分布。也包括置于皮肤表皮层下、即置于所治疗患者皮肤的表皮和真皮之间的植入剂。该植入剂可根据转运领域中众所周知的原则和常用物质来制备,并且可将其制成能使活性成分延迟释放、缓释和/或控释至患者的全身循环中的剂型。该表皮下(表皮下)植入剂具有与透皮贴剂相同的使用便利和转运效力,而没有由于接触患者皮肤的表层而造成的降解、损害或意外除去的限制。
在上述含优选化合物的药物组合物的描述中,对这些药物组合物采用了“给药”的多种等同的表达方式。当使用这些表达时,意欲指对需要治疗的患者以此处描述的任意给药途径提供本发明的药物组合物,其中所述活性成分为优选的化合物,或其能有效治疗所述患者中由PDE4活性调节介导的或与之有关的疾病、紊乱或病情的前药、衍生物或代谢物。相应地,其他任何通过对患者给药能直接或间接地得到优选化合物的化合物也包括在本发明的范围内。可将该化合物看作是前药,并且可用多种即定的方法制备优选化合物的该前药形式。
可有效治疗或预防由PDE4活性控制介导的或与之有关的疾病、紊乱或病情的化合物的剂量和剂量速率取决于多种因素,如抑制剂的性质、患者体重、治疗目标、所治疗病变的性质、所用的具体药物组合物、以及治疗医师的观察和结论。
例如,当剂型为口服剂型如片或胶囊时,式I化合物适宜的剂量水平为每天约0.1μg/kg至约50.0mg/kg体重、优选为每天约5.0μg/kg至约5.0mg/kg体重、更优选为每天约10.0μg/kg至约1.0mg/kg体重、最优选为每天约20.0μg/kg至约0.5mg/kg体重的活性成分。
当剂型对支气管和肺局部给药、例如通过粉末吸入或喷雾剂方式给药时,化合物适宜的剂量水平为每天约0.001μg/kg至约10.0mg/kg体重、优选为每天约0.5μg/kg至约0.5mg/kg体重、更优选为每天约1.0μg/kg至约0.1mg/kg体重、最优选为每天约2.0μg/kg至约0.05mg/kg体重的活性成分。
使用代表性的体重10kg和100kg来解释如上所述的、可使用的每日口服剂量的范围,式I化合物适宜的剂量水平为每天约1.0-10.0μg至500.0-5000.0mg、优选为每天约50.0-500.0μg至约50.0-500.0mg、更优选为每天约100.0-1000.0μg至约10.0-100.0mg、最优选为每天约200.0-2000.0μg至约5.0-50.0mg的含优选化合物的活性成分。这些剂量范围给出了对指定患者每日活性成分的总剂量。每天剂量给予的次数取决于药理学和药动学因素,如活性成分的半衰期(其可反映其代谢速率和清除速率)以及治疗所需的、在患者中所述活性成分达到的最小和最佳血药浓度或其它体液中的浓度。
在确定每日剂量数目和每剂量给予的活性成分的量时,必须考虑多种其它因素。在这些其它因素中相当重要的是所治疗患者的个体响应。因此,例如,当活性成分用于治疗或预防哮喘并通过喷雾吸入至肺局部给药时,每天可给予含自动备给或配药装置、即吸入剂“一喷”的一至四个剂量。每次剂量含约50.0μg至约10.0mg的活性成分。
本发明还涉及含有至少一种式I化合物和/或其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其各种比例的混合物,以及可选含有赋形剂和/或辅助剂的药物。
本发明还涉及含有至少一种式I化合物和/或其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其各种比例的混合物以及至少一种其它药物活性成分的药物。
本发明还涉及含有下述单独包装的成套包装(或试剂盒):(a)有效量的式I化合物和/或其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其各种比例的混合物,和(b)有效量的其它药物活性成分。
该成套包装包括适宜的容器,例如盒子、单独的小瓶、袋或安瓿。该成套包装例如含有单独的安瓿,每个安瓿含溶解或冷冻干燥形式的有效量的式I化合物和/或其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其各种比例的混合物,以及有效量的其它药物活性成分。
上下文中所有的温度均以℃给出。在下述实施例中,“常规处理”指如果需要,加入水;如果需要,根据终产品的组成,调节pH为2至10;混合物用乙酸乙酯或二氯甲烷萃取并分离;有机相用硫酸钠干燥并浓缩;残余物用硅胶色谱法和/或结晶纯化。
质谱(MS):EI(电子碰撞电离)M+
FAB(快原子轰击)(M+H)+
实施例1
1.1 于20-25℃下将70ml 3-氯羰基丙酸甲酯在100ml二氯甲烷中的溶液加入80.0g AlCl3在300ml二氯甲烷中的悬浮液中。0℃下加入85.0g 1,2-二乙氧基苯在100ml二氯甲烷中的溶液。该溶液于室温下搅拌14个小时。按常规进行处理,得到122.2g的4-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-4-氧代-丁酸甲酯(“AA”),m.p.84-85℃。
1.2 将122.2g“AA”和40ml氢氧化肼在500ml乙酸中的混合物回流3个小时。按常规进行处理,得到105.9g的6-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-4,5-二氢-2H-哒嗪-3-酮(“AB”),m.p.142-143℃。
1.3 在N2氛围下,于0-5℃下将200ml THF中的7.0g LiAlH4加入45.0g“AB”在300ml THF中的悬浮液中。将该混合物于室温下搅拌1小时。按常规进行处理,得到42.3g 3-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-1,4,5,6-四氢-哒嗪(“AC”),m.p.77-78℃。
1.4 于0℃下将100ml二氯甲烷中的11.0g加入14.1g“AC”和5ml吡啶在200ml二氯甲烷中的溶液中。将该溶液于室温下搅拌16个小时。按常规进行处理,得到17.1g[3-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(3-硝基-苯基)-甲酮(“AD”),m.p.119-120℃。
1.5 以常规方法将17.0g“AD”氢化。按常规进行处理,得到14.1g[3-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(3-硝基-苯基)-甲酮(“AE”),m.p.162-163℃。
1.6 于-2至0℃下将5ml水中的147mg亚硝酸钠加入1.5ml HCl(25%)和709mg“AE”在30ml水中的悬浮液中,将混合物搅拌1个小时。加入在5ml水中的128mg丙二腈,所得混合物于室温下搅拌2小时。用醋酸钠水溶液调节pH为5。收集沉淀,用水和少量乙醇冲洗,于50℃下干燥16个小时。加入一当量的0.5M KOH/甲醇。加入异丙醇使钾盐结晶。产出:300mg 2-[(3-{1-[3-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐。
类似地,将丙二腈与下述化合物反应:
[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-2-氯-苯基)-甲酮,
[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-苯基)-甲酮,
[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-2-氟-苯基)-甲酮,
[3-(3-苄氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-苯基)-甲酮,
[3-(3,4-二氟-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-苯基)-甲酮,钾盐;
[3-(4-乙基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-苯基)-甲酮,
[3-(3-丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-苯基)-甲酮,
[3-(3-异丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(4-氨基-苯基)-甲酮,
得到下述化合物:
2-[(3-氯-4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐;
2-[(4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐;
2-[(3-氟-4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐;
2-[(4-{1-[3-(3-苄氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐;
2-[(4-{1-[3-(3,4-二氟-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐;
2-[(4-{1-[3-(4-乙基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐;
2-[(4-{1-[3-(3-丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐;
2-[(4-{1-[3-(3-异丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐。
实施例2
2.1 将异香草酚与乙腈中的碘乙烷和碳酸钾反应。按常规进行处理,得到3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯甲醛(“BA”)。
2.2 将“BA”与吗啉、氰化钠和对甲苯基磺酸在四氢呋喃(THF)中反应,得到(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-吗啉-4-基-乙腈(“BB”)。
2.3 将“BB”与甲基丙烯酸甲酯在乙醇钠中反应,得到4-氰基-4-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-4-吗啉-4-基-丁酸甲酯(“BC”)。
2.4 将“BC”与氢氧化肼在乙醇中反应,得到6-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-4,5-二氢-2H-哒嗪-3-酮(“BD”)。
2.5 与实施例1.3相似,将“BC”转化为3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-1,4,5,6-四氢-哒嗪(“BE”)。
2.6 与实施例1.4相似,将“BE”与2-氯-4-硝基-苯甲酰氯反应,得到[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(2-氯-4-硝基-苯基)-甲酮(“BF”)。
2.7 在THF中用阮内镍氢化将“BF”转化为[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-(2-氯-4-氨基-苯基)-甲酮(“BG”)。
2.8 与实施例1.6相似,将“BF”与丙二腈反应,得到2-[(3-氯-4-{1-[3-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈,钾盐。
实施例3
将含500mg 2-[(3-氟-4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈、66mg氯化铵、81mg叠氮化钠和催化量的氯化锂的4ml DMF溶液于120℃搅拌24个小时。常规处理后,将干燥的结晶重新溶解于甲醇中。加入1当量的KOH甲醇溶液。除去溶剂,并在残余物中加入乙酸乙酯/二乙醚。
产出:460mg 1-[(4-{I-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-3-氟-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,钾盐。
类似地,得到以下化合物:
[(3-{1-[3-(3,4-二乙氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]甲酰氧基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,
[(3-氯-4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,
[(4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,
[(4-{1-[3-(3-苄氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,
[(4-{1-[3-(3,4-二氟-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,
[(4-{1-[3-(4-乙基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,
[(4-{1-[3-(3-丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈,
[(4-{1-[3-(3-异丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈。
实施例4
与实施例1或2相似,得到下述式I-A的化合物(表1)
表1
编号 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R3’ | R6 | R7 | 注释 |
I-A-1 | OMe | OMe | F | H | H | H | |
I-A-2 | OMe | OMe | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-A-3 | OMe | OMe | H | H | H | H | |
I-A-4 | OMe | OMe | H | F | H | H | |
I-A-5 | OMe | OMe | H | Cl | H | Cl | |
I-A-6 | OMe | OEt | F | H | H | H | |
I-A-7 | OMe | OEt | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-A-8 | OMe | OEt | H | H | H | H | |
I-A-9 | OMe | OEt | H | F | H | H | |
I-A-10 | OMe | OEt | H | Cl | H | Cl | |
I-A-11 | OMe | OCp | F | H | H | H | |
I-A-12 | OMe | OCp | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-A-13 | OMe | OCp | H | H | H | H | |
I-A-14 | OMe | OCp | H | F | H | H | |
I-A-15 | OMe | OCp | H | Cl | H | Cl | |
I-A-16 | OMe | OCF2 | F | H | H | H | |
I-A-17 | OMe | OCF2 | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-A-18 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | H | H | |
I-A-19 | OMe | OCF2 | H | F | H | H | |
I-A-20 | OMe | OCF2 | H | Cl | H | Cl |
OMe=甲氧基;OEt=乙氧基;OCp=环戊氧基
实施例5
与实施例1或2相似,得到下述式I-B的化合物(表II)
表II
编号 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R3’ | R6 | R7 | 注释 |
I-B-1 | OMe | OMe | H | H | H | H | |
I-B-2 | OMe | OMe | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-B-3 | OMe | OMe | H | H | F | H | |
I-B-4 | OMe | OMe | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-B-5 | OMe | OMe | H | F | H | H | |
I-B-6 | OMe | OMe | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-B-7 | OMe | OMe | H | OMe | H | H | |
I-B-8 | OMe | OEt | H | H | H | H | |
I-B-9 | OMe | OEt | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-B-10 | OMe | OEt | H | H | F | H | |
I-B-11 | OMe | OEt | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-B-12 | OMe | OEt | H | F | H | H | |
I-B-13 | OMe | OEt | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-B-14 | OMe | OEt | H | OMe | H | H | |
I-B-15 | OMe | OCp | H | H | H | H | |
I-B-16 | OMe | OCp | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-B-17 | OMe | OCp | H | H | F | H | |
I-B-18 | OMe | OCp | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-B-19 | OMe | OCp | H | F | H | H | |
I-B-20 | OMe | OCp | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-B-21 | OMe | OCp | H | OMe | H | H |
I-B-22 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | H | H | |
I-B-23 | OMe | OCF2 | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-B-24 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | F | H | |
I-B-25 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-B-26 | OMe | OCF2 | H | F | H | H | |
I-B-27 | OMe | OCF2 | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-B-28 | OMe | OCF2 | H | OMe | H | H |
OMe=甲氧基;OEt=乙氧基;OCp=环戊氧基
实施例6
与实施例3相似,得到下述式I-C的化合物(表III)
表III
编号 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R3’ | R6 | R7 | 注释 |
I-C-1 | OMe | OMe | F | H | H | H | |
I-C-2 | OMe | OMe | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-C-3 | OMe | OMe | H | H | H | H | |
I-C-4 | OMe | OMe | H | F | H | H | |
I-C-5 | OMe | OMe | H | Cl | H | Cl | |
I-C-6 | OMe | OEt | F | H | H | H | |
I-C-7 | OMe | OEt | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-C-8 | OMe | OEt | H | H | H | H | |
I-C-9 | OMe | OEt | H | F | H | H | |
I-C-10 | OMe | OEt | H | Cl | H | Cl | |
I-C-11 | OMe | OCp | F | H | H | H | |
I-C-12 | OMe | OCp | Cl | H | H | H |
I-C-13 | OMe | OCp | H | H | H | H | |
I-C-14 | OMe | OCp | H | F | H | H | |
I-C-15 | OMe | OCp | H | Cl | H | Cl | |
I-C-16 | OMe | OCF2 | F | H | H | H | |
I-C-17 | OMe | OCF2 | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-C-18 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | H | H | |
I-C-19 | OMe | OCF2 | H | F | H | H | |
I-C-2O | OMe | OCF2 | H | Cl | H | Cl |
OMe=甲氧基;OEt=乙氧基;OCp=环戊氧基
实施例7
与实施例3相似,得到下述式I-D的化合物(表IV)
表Iv
编号 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R3’ | R6 | R7 | 注释 |
I-D-1 | OMe | OMe | H | H | H | H | |
I-D-2 | OMe | OMe | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-D-3 | OMe | OMe | H | H | F | H | |
I-D-4 | OMe | OMe | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-D-5 | OMe | OMe | H | F | H | H | |
I-D-6 | OMe | OMe | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-D-7 | OMe | OMe | H | OMe | H | H | |
I-D-8 | OMe | OEt | H | H | H | H | |
I-D-9 | OMe | OEt | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-D-10 | OMe | OEt | H | H | F | H |
I-D-11 | OMe | OEt | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-D-12 | OMe | OEt | H | F | H | H | |
I-D-13 | OMe | OEt | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-D-14 | OMe | OEt | H | OMe | H | H | |
I-D-15 | OMe | OCp | H | H | H | H | |
I-D-16 | OMe | OCp | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-D-17 | OMe | OCp | H | H | F | H | |
I-D-18 | OMe | OCp | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-D-19 | OMe | OCp | H | F | H | H | |
I-D-20 | OMe | OCp | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-D-21 | OMe | OCp | H | OMe | H | H | |
I-D-22 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | H | H | |
I-D-23 | OMe | OCF2 | Cl | H | H | H | |
I-D-24 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | F | H | |
I-D-25 | OMe | OCF2 | H | H | Cl | H | |
I-D-26 | OMe | OCF2 | H | F | H | H | |
I-D-27 | OMe | OCF2 | H | Cl | H | H | |
I-D-28 | OMe | OCF2 | H | OMe | H | H |
OMe=甲氧基;OEt=乙氧基;OCp=环戊氧基
实施例1:式I化合物对T-细胞增殖的影响
通过Lymphoprep梯度法从健康供体血中分离出外周血单核细胞(PBMC)。于37℃和10%CO2下在96孔平底微量滴定板中、以200000PBMC/孔于含5%热灭活人血清的RPMI 1640培养介质中培养5天(AB池)。PBMC标本中的T细胞可被CD3单克隆抗体选择性刺激。将培养物分成三份,包括不接受处理的对照组。将式I化合物以10-2M溶解在DMSO中,并且在培养介质中稀释。对照培养物用与抑制剂浓度相当的DMSO处理。分析结束前18个小时,将3H-胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷加入培养物中。接着用β-计数器测定细胞中掺入的放射活性。将至少三个独立试验的数据以不含抑制剂的对照的抑制百分数(平均值±SEM)计算。从该数据中可确定IC-50值。
结果:
式I化合物可显著减少T-细胞的增殖。
实施例II:式I化合物对人外周血单核细胞中细胞因子生产的影响
通过Lymphoprep梯度法从健康供体血中分离出外周血单核细胞(PBMC)。于37℃和10%CO2下在96孔平底微量滴定板中、以200000PBMC/孔于含5%热灭活人血清的RPMI 1640培养介质中培养(AB池)。将培养物份成三份,包括对照组。在DMSO中制备式I化合物10-2M的溶液,并且在培养介质中稀释。对照培养物用与抑制剂浓度相当的DMSO浓度处理。收集三个独立试验的培养上清液,并用商业购得的ELISA测试试剂盒测定上清液中细胞因子的活性。数据以不使用化合物的对照的抑制/刺激百分数计算,并测定其IC50值或在刺激的情况下测定其EC50值。
结果
式I化合物使IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-12的释放显著减少。然而,抑制免疫力的细胞因子IL-10被刺激。
实施例III:式I化合物对实验型大鼠心肌梗塞模型的影响
在大鼠左冠状动脉可逆阻塞前1小时腹膜内给予式I化合物1、3和10mg/kg,使梗塞大小发生显著的剂量依赖型减少。与该保护作用一致,经ELISA测定,观察到血浆TNF-α的下降。
实施例IV:式I化合物对实验型家兔心肌梗塞模型的影响
在接受30分钟冠状动脉阻塞(左冠状动脉旋支的侧支)、之后再灌注120分钟的麻醉家兔中,抑制PDE4可产生心脏保护作用。在冠状动脉闭塞前给予式I化合物使梗塞大小比安慰剂治疗的减少。在verum和安慰剂组之间,处于危险的面积相当。由于心率和平均主动脉压在整个试验方案中保持不变,因此心脏保护作用不能归因于有利的血液动力学效应。
下述实施例涉及药物制剂:
实施例A:注射小瓶
将3升含100g式I的活性化合物和5g磷酸氢二钠的双蒸水溶液用2N盐酸调节pH至6.5,无菌过滤,装入注射小瓶中,无菌条件下冷冻干燥,无菌密封。每个注射小瓶含5mg活性化合物。
实施例B:栓剂
将20g式I的活性化合物与100g豆磷脂和1400g可可脂熔融后倒入模型中,冷却。每个栓剂含20mg活性化合物。
实施例C:溶液
制备含1g式I的活性化合物、9.38g NaH2PO4·2H2O、28.48gNa2HPO4·12H2O和0.1g氯苄烷铵的940ml双蒸水溶液。调节溶液pH至6.8,加双蒸水至1升,辐射灭菌。该溶液可以滴眼液的形式使用。
实施例D:软膏
无菌条件下将500mg式I的活性化合物与99.5矿脂混合。
实施例E:片剂
将1kg式I的活性化合物、4kg乳糖、1.2kg马铃薯淀粉、0.2kg滑石粉和0.1kg硬脂酸镁的混合物以常规方法压制成片剂,每片含10mg活性化合物。
实施例F:包衣片
与实施例E相似,压片,接着以常规方法用蔗糖、马铃薯淀粉、滑石粉、黄蓍胶和着色剂的包衣层进行包衣。
实施例G:胶囊
以常规方法将2kg式I的活性化合物填充入硬明胶胶囊壳中,每粒胶囊含20mg活性化合物。
实施例H:安瓿
将1kg式I的活性化合物在60升双蒸水中的溶液无菌过滤,装入安瓿中,无菌条件下冷冻干燥,无菌密封。每个安瓿含10mg活性化合物。
Claims (21)
1.式I化合物、其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物
其中,
R1、R2 彼此独立地为H、OH、OR5、-SR5、-SOR5、-SO2R5或Hal,
R1和R2 也可以一起为-OCH2O-或-OCH2CH2O-,
R3、R3’ 彼此独立地为H、R5、OH、OR5、NH2、NHR5、NAA′、NHCOR5、NHCOOR5、Hal、COOH、COOR5、CONH2、CONHR5或CONR5A′,
R4 为CN或
R5 为A或含3至6个碳原子、可被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代的环烷基,或者为-(CH2)n-Ar,
A、A′ 彼此独立地为含1至10个碳原子的烷基或含2至8个碳原子的链烯基,其可被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代,
A和A′ 也可以一起为含3至7个碳原子的环烷基或亚环烷基,其中一个CH2基团可被O、NH、NA、NCOA或NCOOA替换,
Ar 为苯基,
N 为0、1或2,
Hal 为F、Cl、Br或I。
2.根据权利要求1中所述的化合物、其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,其中R1、R2彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal。
3.根据权利要求1中所述的化合物、其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,其中
R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3 为H、Hal或OA。
4.根据权利要求1中所述的化合物、其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,其中
R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3 为H、Hal或OA,
R5 为A。
5.根据权利要求1中所述的化合物、其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,其中
R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3 为H、Hal或OA,
R5 为A,
A 为含1-6个C原子的烷基。
6.根据权利要求1中所述的化合物、其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,其中
R1、R2 彼此独立地为OA、A、OAr或Hal,
R3、R3’ 彼此独立地为H、Hal或OA,
R5 为A,
A 为含1-6个C原子的烷基,
Ar 为苯基。
7.根据权利要求1中所述的化合物,选自
a)2-[(3-氯-4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
b)2-[(4-{1[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
c)2-[(3-氟-4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
d)2-[(4-{1-[3-(3-苄氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
e)2-[(4-{1-[3-(3,4-二氟-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
f)[(4-{1-[3-(3-乙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-3-氟-苯基)-亚肼基]-2-(1H-四唑-5-基)-乙腈;
g)2-[(4-{1-[3-(4-乙基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
h)2-[(4-{1-[3-(3-丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
i)2-[(4-{1-[3-(3-异丙氧基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-5,6-二氢-4H-哒嗪-1-基]-甲酰基}-苯基)-亚肼基]-丙二腈;
及其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物。
8.根据权利要求1至7中一项或多项所述的作为磷酸二酯酶IV抑制剂的式I化合物。
9.制备其中R4为氰基的式I化合物及其盐和溶剂化物的方法,
其特征在于
a)将式II化合物
其中
R1、R2、R3、R3’具有权利要求1中指出的含义,
与丙二腈反应,
或者
b)在式I化合物中,通过将氰基转化为四唑基而将R4基团转化为另一种R4基团,
和/或通过酸处理将式I的碱性化合物转化为其盐之一。
10.一种药物,含有至少一种权利要求1至7中一项或多项所述的式I化合物和/或其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,以及任选含有的赋形剂和/或辅助剂。
11.根据权利要求1至7中一项或多项所述的式I化合物和/或其可药用盐或溶剂化物在制备用于治疗患有由PDE4同工酶通过调节人嗜酸性粒细胞活化和脱粒中而介导的疾病或病情的患者的药物中的用途。
12.根据权利要求11中所述的权利要求1至7中一项或多项所述的式I化合物和/或其可药用盐或溶剂化物的用途,其用于制备用于治疗过敏性疾病、哮喘、慢性支气管炎、特应性皮炎、银屑病和其它皮肤疾病、炎症疾病、自身免疫疾病,如类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化症、节段性回肠炎、糖尿病或溃疡性结肠炎、骨质疏松症、移植排斥反应、恶病质、肿瘤生长或肿瘤转移、败血症、记忆障碍、动脉粥样硬化和AIDS的药物。
13.根据权利要求11或12中所述的如权利要求1至7中定义的式I化合物的用途,其用于制备用于治疗或预防选自以下的一种或多种疾病、紊乱和病情的药物:
任何类型、病因或发病机制的哮喘;或选自下组的哮喘:特应性哮喘;非特应性哮喘;变应性哮喘;特应性支气管IgE介导的哮喘;支气管哮喘;神经性哮喘;真气喘;由病理生理学紊乱引起的内因性哮喘;因环境因素引起的外因性哮喘;病因未知或不明的神经性哮喘;非特应性哮喘;支气管哮喘;气肿性哮喘;运动性哮喘;职业性哮喘;由细菌、真菌、原生动物或病毒感染引起的感染性哮喘;非变应性哮喘;早期哮喘;气喘婴儿综合症;
慢性或急性支气管收缩;慢性支气管炎;小气道阻塞;和肺气肿;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的梗阻性或炎症气道疾病;或选自下组的梗阻性或炎症气道疾病:哮喘;尘肺、慢性嗜酸细胞性肺炎;慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD);包括慢性支气管炎、肺气肿或与其有关的呼吸困难的COPD;以不可逆、进行性气道阻塞为特征的COPD;成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)和其它药物治疗引起的气道高反应性加剧;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的尘肺;或选自铝尘肺或铝土矿工人疾病、炭肺或矿工气喘、石棉肺或汽管装配工气喘、石末沉积症或石末病、因吸入鸵鸟羽毛灰尘引起的鸵鸟毛尘肺、因吸入铁微粒引起的肺铁末沉着病、硅肺或磨工病、棉尘肺或棉花灰尘哮喘和滑石粉尘肺的尘肺;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的的支气管炎;或选自急性支气管炎、急性喉气管支气管炎、花生仁吸入性支气管炎、卡他性支气管炎、格鲁布性支气管炎、干性支气管炎、感染性气喘性支气管炎、增生性支气管炎、葡萄球菌或链球菌所致的支气管炎和肺泡支气管炎的支气管炎;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的支气管扩张;或选自圆柱形支气管扩张、囊状支气管扩张、梭形支气管扩张、毛细管支气管扩张、囊性支气管扩张、干性支气管扩张和滤泡性支气管扩张的支气管扩张症;
季节性过敏性鼻炎;或常年性过敏性鼻炎;或任何类型、病因或发病机制的鼻窦炎;或选自化脓性或非化脓性鼻窦炎的鼻窦炎;急性或慢性鼻窦炎;和筛骨、前、颚骨或蝶骨鼻窦炎,
任何类型、病因或发病机制的类风湿性关节炎;或选自急性关节炎、急性痛风性关节炎、慢性炎症关节炎、退行性关节炎、传染性关节炎、莱姆关节炎、增生性关节炎、银屑病关节炎和椎骨关节炎的类风湿性关节炎;
与炎症有关的痛风、发热和疼痛;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的与嗜酸性粒细胞有关的疾病;或者选自下组的与嗜酸性粒细胞有关的疾病:嗜酸性粒细胞增多症;肺嗜酸粒细胞浸润症;Loffier′s综合症;慢性嗜酸细胞性肺炎;热带性肺嗜酸细胞浸润症;支气管肺炎性曲霉病;曲霉肿;含嗜酸性粒细胞的肉芽肿;变应性肉芽肿性脉管炎或Churg-Strauss综合症;结节性全动脉炎(PAN);和全身坏死性血管炎;
特应性皮炎;或变应性皮炎;或变应性或特应性湿疹;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的荨麻疹;或选自免疫介导的荨麻疹、补体介导的荨麻疹、致荨麻疹物质引起的荨麻疹、物理因素引起的荨麻疹、紧张引起的荨麻疹、特发性荨麻疹、急性荨麻疹、慢性荨麻疹、血管神经性水肿、胆碱能荨麻疹、正常染色体占优势形式或后天获得形式中的寒性荨麻疹、接触性荨麻疹、巨大荨麻疹和丘疹性荨麻疹的荨麻疹;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的的结膜炎;或选自光化性结膜炎、急性卡他性结膜炎、急性触染性结膜炎、变应性结膜炎、特应性结膜炎、慢性卡他性结膜炎、化脓性结膜炎和春季结膜炎的结膜炎;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的葡萄膜炎;或选自葡萄膜全部或部分发炎、前眼色素层炎、虹膜炎、睫状体炎、虹膜睫状体炎、肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎、非肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎、晶状体抗原性色素层炎、后色素层炎、脉络膜炎和脉络膜视网膜炎的葡萄膜炎;
银屑病;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的多发性硬化症;或选自原发性进行性多发性硬化症和复发-缓解型多发性硬化症的多发性硬化症;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的自身免疫疾病或炎症疾病;或选自以下的自身免疫疾病或炎症疾病:自身免疫血液学疾病、溶血性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、纯红细胞性贫血、特发性小板减少性紫癜、系统性红斑狼疮、多软骨炎、硬皮病、韦格纳肉芽肿病、皮肌炎、慢性活动性肝炎、重症肌无力、Stevens-Johnson综合征、先天性口炎性腹炎、自身免疫炎性肠疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、节段性肠炎、内分泌性眼病、格拉夫斯病、结节病、肺泡炎、慢性过敏性肺炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、幼年期糖尿病或I型糖尿病、前眼色素层炎、肉芽肿性或后色素层炎、干燥型角膜结膜炎、流行性角膜结膜炎、弥漫性肺间质纤维化、特发性肺纤维化、囊性纤维化、银屑病关节炎、有或无肾病综合征的肾小球肾炎、急性肾小球肾炎、特发性肾病综合征、肾病的微小变化、炎症/增生性皮肤病、银屑病、特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎、变应性接触性皮炎、良性遗传性天疱疮、红斑性天疱疮、落叶状天疱疮和寻常性天疱疮;
预防器官移植后的异源移植排斥反应;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的炎性肠病(IBD);或选自溃疡性结肠炎(UC)、胶原性结肠炎;息肉状结肠炎、透壁性结肠炎和节段性肠炎(CD)的炎性肠病:
任何类型、病因或发病机制的感染性休克;或选自以下的感染性休克:肾功能衰竭、急性肾功能衰竭、恶病质、疟疾恶病质、垂体恶病质、尿毒症性恶病质、心恶病质、恶病质肾上腺机能障碍或阿狄森氏病、生癌的恶病质和人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染后引起的恶病质;
肝损伤;
肺性高血压;和缺氧引起的肺性高血压;
骨丢失疾病;原发性骨质疏松症;和继发性骨质疏松症;
任何类型、病因或发病机制的中枢神经系统疾病;或选自以下的中枢神经系统疾病:抑郁;帕金森氏病;学习和记忆缺陷;迟发性运动障碍;药物依赖性;动脉硬化痴呆;和伴随亨廷顿舞蹈病、Wilson氏病、震颤麻痹和视丘萎缩出现的痴呆;
感染,尤其是病毒引起的感染,其中所述的病毒使其宿主的TNF-α生产增加,或者其中所述的病毒对其宿主中TNG-α的增加敏感,从而使其复制或其它生命活动被不利地阻止,所述病毒包括选自HIV-1、HIV-2、HIV-3、巨细胞病毒、CMV、流行性感冒、腺病毒和疱疹病毒,包括带状疱疹和单纯疱疹的病毒;
酵母和真菌感染,其中所述酵母和真菌对其宿主中TNG-α的增加或TNG-α生产的诱发敏感,例如真菌性脑膜炎;特别是当其与其它可选择药物联合给药用于治疗全身酵母和真菌感染时,包括但不局限于多粘菌素,例如多链丝霉素B;咪唑类,例如克霉唑、益康唑、咪康唑和酮康唑;三唑类,例如氟康唑和itranazole;和两性霉素,例如两性霉素B和脂质体两性霉素B;
局部缺血-再灌注损伤;自身免疫糖尿病;视网膜自身免疫;慢性淋巴细胞白血病;HIV感染;红斑狼疮;肾和输尿管疾病;泌尿生殖和胃肠道疾病;和前列腺疾病。
14.根据权利要求11、12或13中所述的如权利要求1至7中定义的式I化合物的用途,其用于制备用于治疗下述疾病的药物:(1)炎症疾病和病情,包括关节炎症、类风湿性关节炎、类风湿性脊椎炎、骨关节炎、炎症性肠疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、慢性肾小球肾炎、皮炎和节段性回肠炎;(2)呼吸疾病和病情,包括哮喘、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性肺炎症疾病、支气管炎、慢性阻塞性气道病和硅肺;(3)感染性疾病和病情,包括败血症、感染性休克、内毒素性休克、革兰氏阴性败血症、中毒性休克综合征、因细菌、病毒或真菌感染引起的发热和肌痛和流行性感冒;(4)免疫疾病和病情,包括自身免疫糖尿病、系统性红斑狼疮、移植物抗宿主反应、同种异体移植排斥反应、多发性硬化症、银屑病和过敏性鼻炎;和(5)其它疾病和病情,包括骨吸收疾病、再灌注损伤、由于感染或恶性疾病引起的恶病质、由人获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)、人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染、或与AIDS有关的并发症(ARC)引起的恶病质;瘢痕形成;瘢痕组织形成;I型糖尿病和白血病。
15.根据权利要求11中所述的如权利要求1至7中定义的式I化合物在制备用于治疗心肌疾病的药物中的用途。
16.根据权利要求15中所述的如权利要求1至7中定义的式I化合物在制备用于治疗心肌疾病的药物中的用途,其中所述的心肌疾病表现出炎症和免疫学特征。
17.根据权利要求15中所述的如权利要求1至7中定义的式I化合物的用途,其中所述的用途为在制备用于治疗冠状动脉疾病、可逆或不可逆心肌缺血/再灌注损伤、急性或慢性心衰和再狭窄,包括支架内再狭窄和支架-支架内再狭窄的药物中的用途。
18.如权利要求1至7中定义的化合物与选自下述的一种或多种药物的联合:
(a)白三烯生物合成抑制剂:选自以下的5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂和5-脂肪氧化酶激活蛋白(FLAP)拮抗剂:齐留通;ABT-761;芬留顿;替泊沙林;Abbott-79175;Abbott-85761;N-(5-取代)噻吩-2-烷基磺胺类;2,6-二叔丁基苯酚腙;Zeneca ZD-2138;SB-210661;吡啶基取代的-2-氰基-萘化合物L 739,010;2-氰基喹啉化合物L-746,530;吲哚和喹啉化合物MK-591、MK-886和BAY×1005;
(b)白三烯LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4的受体拮抗剂,选自吩噻嗪-3-酮类化合物L-651,392;脒基化合物CGS-25019c;苯并噁唑胺类化合物昂唑司特;苯基-甲亚胺酸酰胺类BIIL 284/260;和扎鲁司特、阿鲁司特、孟鲁司特、普仑司特、维鲁司特(MK-679)、RG-12525、Ro-245913、伊拉司特(CGP 45715A)和BAY×7195;
(c)PDE4抑制剂;
(d)5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂和5-脂肪氧化酶激活蛋白(FLAP)拮抗剂;
(e)5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)双重抑制剂和血小板激活因子(PAF)拮抗剂;
(f)LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4的白三烯拮抗剂(LTRA);
(g)抗组胺H1受体拮抗剂西替利嗪、氯雷他定、地氯雷他定、非索非那定、阿司咪唑、氯卓斯汀、氯苯那敏;
(h)胃保护H2受体拮抗剂;
(i)口服或局部作为解充血剂使用的α1-和α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂血管收缩拟交感神经药,选自环己丙甲胺、苯福林、苯丙醇胺、伪麻黄碱、盐酸萘甲唑啉、盐酸羟甲唑啉、盐酸四氢唑啉、盐酸塞洛唑啉和盐酸乙基去甲肾上腺素;
(j)与一种或多种以上(a)中所述的5-脂肪氧化酶(5-LO)抑制剂联合的一种或多种以上(i)中所述的α1-和α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂;
(k)抗胆碱能药,选自异丙托溴铵、噻托溴铵、氧托溴铵、哌仑西平和替仑西平;
(l)β1至β2肾上腺素受体激动剂,包括异丙喘宁、异丙肾上腺素、喘息定、舒喘灵、沙丁胺醇、福莫特罗、沙美特罗、特布他林、奥西他林、比托特罗甲磺酸和吡布特罗;
(m)茶碱和氨茶碱;
(n)色甘酸钠;
(o)毒蕈碱受体(M1、M2和M3)拮抗剂;
(p)COX-1抑制剂(NSAID);和一氧化氮NSAID;
(q)COX-2选择性抑制剂罗非考昔;
(r)I型胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)模拟物;
(s)环索奈德;
(t)全身副反应减少的吸入糖皮质素,选自强的松、泼尼松龙、氟尼缩松、曲安西龙丙酮化合物、倍氯米松二丙酸盐、布德松、氟替卡松丙酸盐和莫米松糠酸酯;
(u)类胰蛋白酶抑制剂;
(v)血小板活化因子(PAF)拮抗剂;
(w)对抗内源性炎症实体活性的单克隆抗体;
(x)IPL 576;
(y)抗肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)药,选自依那西普、英夫利昔单抗和D2E7;
(z)DMARD,选自来氟米特;
(aa)TCR肽;
(bb)白介素转换酶(ICE)抑制剂;
(cc)IMPDH抑制剂;
(dd)粘连分子抑制剂,包括VLA-4拮抗剂;
(ee)组织蛋白酶;
(ff)MAP激酶抑制剂;
(gg)葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶抑制剂;
(hh)激肽-B1-和B2-受体拮抗剂;
(ii)含金硫基团和多个亲水基团形式的金;
(jj)免疫抑制剂,选自环孢菌素、硫唑嘌呤和氨甲蝶呤;
(kk)抗痛风药,选自秋水仙碱;
(ll)黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,选自别嘌呤醇;
(mm)排尿酸药,选自丙磺舒、苯磺唑酮和苯溴马隆;
(nn)抗肿瘤药,尤其是选自长春花碱和长春新碱的抗有丝分裂药;
(oo)生长激素促分泌药;
(pp)基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)抑制剂,选自基质降解酶、胶原酶、白明胶酶、聚集蛋白聚糖酶、胶原酶-1(MMP-1)、胶原酶-2(MMP-8)、胶原酶-3(MMP-13)、基质降解酶-1(MMP-3)、基质降解酶-2(MMP-10)和基质降解酶-3(MMP-11);
(qq)转化生长因子(TGFβ);
(rr)血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF);
(ss)成纤维细胞生长因子,选自基础成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF);
(tt)粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF);
(uu)辣椒辣素;
(vv)选自NKP-608C、SB233412(他奈坦)和D-4418的速激肽NK1和NK3受体拮抗剂;
(ww)选自UT-77和ZD-0892的弹性蛋白酶抑制剂;和
(xx)腺苷A2a受体激动剂。
19.一种药物,含有至少一种权利要求1至7一项或多项中所述的式I化合物和/或其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其所有比例的混合物,以及至少一种其它药物活性成分。
20.含有下述单独包装的成套包装(试剂盒):
(a)有效量的根据权利要求1至15一项或多项中所述的式I化合物和/或其可药用衍生物、溶剂化物和立体异构体,包括其各种比例的混合物,和
(b)有效量的其它药物活性成分。
21.式I-I的中间体及其盐
其中,
R1、R2 彼此独立地为H、OH、OR5、-SR5、-SOR5、-SO2R5或Hal,
R1和R2 也可以一起是-OCH2O-或-OCH2CH2O-,
R3、R3’ 彼此独立地为R5、OH、OR5、NH2、NHR5、NAA′、NHCOR5、NHCOOR5、Hal、COOH、COOR5、CONH2、CONHR5或CONR5A′,
R5 为A或含3至6个碳原子且被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代的环烷基,或-(CH2)n~Ar,
X 为NO2或NH2,
A,A′ 彼此独立地为含1至10个碳原子的烷基或含2至8个碳原子的链烯基,其可被1至5个F和/或Cl原子取代,
A和A′ 也可以一起是含3至7个碳原子的环烷基或亚环烷基,其中一个CH2基团可被O、NH、NA、NCOA或NCOOA替换,
Ar 为苯基,
N 为0、1或2,
Hal 为F、Cl、Br或I。
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UA82323C2 (uk) * | 2002-08-09 | 2008-04-10 | Меда Фарма Гмбх & Ко. Кг | Нова комбінація глюкокортикоїду та pde-інгібітору для лікування респіраторних захворювань, алергічних захворювань, астми та хронічних обструктивних легеневих захворювань |
EP2181704B1 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2015-05-06 | Angiotech International Ag | Drug delivery from rapid gelling polymer composition |
WO2004067006A1 (en) * | 2003-01-27 | 2004-08-12 | Pharmacia Corporation | Combination of a pde iv inhibitor and a tnf-alpha antagonist |
WO2004087641A1 (ja) * | 2003-03-31 | 2004-10-14 | Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | ヒドラゾン誘導体 |
AR049384A1 (es) * | 2004-05-24 | 2006-07-26 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Derivados de purina |
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GB0514809D0 (en) | 2005-07-19 | 2005-08-24 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Compounds |
KR101054325B1 (ko) | 2006-03-31 | 2011-08-04 | 얀센 파마슈티카 엔.브이. | 히스타민 h4 수용체 조절제로서의 벤조이미다졸―2―일 피리미딘 및 피라진 |
US9371311B2 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2016-06-21 | Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv | Benzoimidazol-2-yl pyrimidine derivatives |
WO2011041584A2 (en) | 2009-09-30 | 2011-04-07 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods for modulation of autophagy through the modulation of autophagy-enhancing gene products |
WO2011163231A2 (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-29 | Theracos, Inc. | Combination therapy for the treatment of diabetes |
US9446131B2 (en) | 2013-01-31 | 2016-09-20 | Merz Pharmaceuticals, Llc | Topical compositions and methods for making and using same |
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US10500178B2 (en) | 2015-03-13 | 2019-12-10 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | LTB4 inhibition to prevent and treat human lymphedema |
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