CN1553928A - 基于表面改性甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物的透明板材 - Google Patents
基于表面改性甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物的透明板材 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的整块状或层状板状透明材料,该层状材料具有由甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物制造的两个外层的至少一层,其特征在于,该甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物整块状板材或至少一层层状板材的甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物外层,在表面区域,在由表面起至少50nm的深度内具有0.1~1g/cm3的平均密度增加,该平均密度是通过X射线反射仪测定的。
Description
本发明涉及改善了性能,特别是耐受微裂纹或龟裂(即“Crazing”)性能的,基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物,特别是基于聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)均聚物的整块状(monolithiques)或层状的(feuilletées)透明丙烯酸类材料。本发明还在于改善了性能的这些材料,在于玻璃,特别是在于基于这些材料的航空器的玻璃,在于为了改善性能而处理此类传统材料的方法,以及在于一般说来是能够改善此类材料性能的方法。
在下面的叙述当中,我们最经常涉及到飞机舷窗的外玻璃,它代表本发明优选的应用,但是理所当然地并不限于航空器用的玻璃(舷窗、风挡、直升机的座舱罩、座舱侧面玻璃),还包括了基于PMMA或类似材料的这些材料的所有其他可能的应用:各种类型的玻璃、座舱盖等。
当前,舷窗是用拉伸(étiré)的PMMA制造的。拉伸使PMMA材料得到增强,特别是抗槽口的扩展和耐受微裂纹的能力。由于良好的机械强度/重量比和比较容易使用:周边加工的块板、用有机硅酮料粘结的双层玻璃装配件。
相反,这种拉伸的丙烯酸类材料,其表面强度仍然比较差:在外表皮上的磨耗、划痕、微裂纹和裂纹的出现都使舷窗的光学性能受到损害,在一定的光线下会妨碍视线。在此阶段,应该拆除此舷窗—这是昂贵的操作—以便进行加工修复,或者予以更换。对于航空公司来说,这样的现状具有两个后果:当舷窗(光线)太弱时,既使乘客感觉很不舒服,显得公司形象很差,也要花费修理和/或更换的超额费用。
自从上个世纪80年代以来,已经出现了多次“裂纹危机”,影响到许多大航空公司,导致他们在飞行2,000小时以后就要更换舷窗,而在正常的时候是要飞行10,000~15,000小时的。为了解释这些危机,提出了一些假说:
微裂纹(对于飞行器的一种重要现象)的主要来源是由于在舷窗外表面上吸附/解吸水的现象,由于如下的循环使其放大:
-地面的大气压力+高湿度:水吸附
-在10,000m处的低压+低湿度:水解吸
水的这个进-出的现象本身对舷窗的寿命没有什么影响,因为它会导致水浓度的平衡。但是,水对于构成舷窗的聚合物(起着“增塑剂”的作用)具有亲合性,并将“溶解”在聚合物内部,然后扩散。然而,当发生此扩散和此吸附-解吸现象时,水本身夹带着硫酸,这是一种强氧化剂,在火山爆发时它在空气中的浓度将增加很快,而火山爆发并非很罕见的。此时,起着干燥剂作用的硫酸会加速水的解吸,导致强大的应力,直至产生微裂纹。舷窗的表面还经受安装的应力。因此会发生变形和体积变化,在硫的衍生物存在下这会受到促进,舷窗表面就不可避免地产生微裂纹。
为了克服拉伸PMMA材料具有的导致微裂纹的缺点,迄今为止提出过两种解决办法:
(1)选择很高质量的丙烯酸类原料,该材料是高度交联的,因此吸水性小,这与在无应力金刚石加工后得到的很好的表面质量有关;
(2)耐磨耗和克服各种微裂纹危险的保护清漆,由于不与水交换或很少与水交换,此类清漆可以是软质的(聚氨酯)或者是硬质的(聚硅氧烷);或者也对舷窗形成物理屏障的保护膜。
第一种解决办法(1)是完全不令人满意的。
在有很强硫酸污染的情况下,由于有“厚度”存在,表面的光学质量低于裸舷窗,第二种解决办法(2)也是不太令人满意的。另外,使用流动(“flow coating”)或者喷镀的技术布置清漆,由于还有必要保护与锪孔加工相称的舷窗的边缘,操作就变得复杂。再有,由于在涂布的瞬间,在表面上的灰尘将会产生很大的光学畸变(帐篷的小柱(piquet de tente)、麻丝等),由于放大镜的效应而特别明显,因此这些清漆必须在净化的房间(1000级)内进行。这些清漆,既不能修复,也不能再生,当其损坏时,必须重新加工此表面。
因此,涂布薄膜或者清漆带来了希望避免的额外费用。
为了解决此微裂纹的问题,公司研究了能够保持表面与裸舷窗一样的光学质量,能够以比较低的成本实施,还能够以低廉的费用更新的处理方法,换句话说,能够对零件进行重新处理,而不用像使用薄膜或清漆那样的手工和单个的操作。
因此,申请公司发现,对材料本身进行改性,使得至少在其表面更加致密,使得能够解决所提出的问题,避免了凝皮和镶嵌(rapportés)的清漆的缺点以及对界面的光学干扰。
因此,本发明的首要目的是基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的整块状或层状的透明板状材料,该层状材料具有由甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物制造的两个外层中的至少一个,其特征在于,该甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的整块状板材或至少一层层状的板状材料的甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的外层,在其表面区域当中,在由表面算起至少50nm的深度内,其平均密度增加0.1~1g/cm3,特别是0.1~0.4g/cm3,该平均密度是通过X射线反射仪测定的。
该材料优选以PMMA为基础。但是不排除它是由甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物制造的。
甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物指的是由含有至少50mol%甲基丙烯酸甲酯的单体组合物得到的共聚物,其余的单体选自各种可以进行共聚的单体,该单体是能够得到具有所需机械和光学性能板材的单体。
作为可聚合的共聚单体的例子,可以举出甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯-钠、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、乙烯基吡咯烷酮、硅氧烷的(甲基)丙烯酸酯,比如如下通式的化合物:
如下通式的含氟(甲基)丙烯酸酯:
(Me=甲基)
还可以举出少量存在的交联单体,比如二甲基丙烯酸三乙二醇酯(TEDMA)和二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EGDMA)。
层状板材是由多块片材或板材层叠而构成的板材,比如在其中在两片PMMA片材之间呈层状放置聚乙烯基butyral或聚氨酯(厚度一般为0.3~2mm)构成的材料。
另外,作为本发明目的的板材,无论是整块状板材还是层状板材,都可以是平面的或凸起的或者拱形的。
还要强调指出,原料PMMA的密度接近于1.1g/cm3。因此,在PMMA的表面,密度有着明显的增加。
按照本发明的一个特别优选的实施模式,该材料在直至5μm的深度,特别是在0.5~1.5μm的深度内受到适合于使表面致密化(densifier)的处理。
如上所述,密度的增加是通过X射线反射仪测定的;此测量最好在最多1μm,特别在最多500nm的深度进行。这并不意味着表面的致密化限制在这样的深度内。
表面的致密化处理,尤其是氟化或氧氟化处理,这导致从材料的表面向内部形成了氟原子的浓度梯度。
由SEM-EDS(扫描电子显微镜和能量分散系统)在材料的最表面处(最表面处意味着从材料的表面深度几个nm处)测定的氟原子浓度是每个重复单元具有至少0.25个氟原子,一般具有0.25~8个氟原子,尤其是具有0.25~5个氟原子,特别具有0.33~1.5个氟原子:
由此进行的氟化或氧氟化处理导致板材组成聚合物单体单元的某些氢原子被氟原子取代。由XPS(X-射线分光光度计)清楚地鉴定出,由氟化处理得到的基团,即-CF-、-CF2-和-CF3分别是287.9eV、290.8eV和293.7eV。
除了引进了氟以外,此处理还使得产生了游离基,以及在聚合物链之间形成共价键。由此“交联”效应导致材料致密化。
并不希望与任何理论相联系,我们认为,引进了与水的亲合性不大的氟原子,降低了水在板材中的“溶解”,而且由于压紧的表面收紧了水具有穿过其而扩散可能性的通道,从而避免了水的扩散。因此,在前面叙述的吸附-解吸过程在强度上减小了。相应地,不再具有渗进板内载体的硫酸就不能引起如上所述的微裂纹。
另外,表面的氟化或氧氟化处理,在板材的厚度中导致了确实的氟浓度梯度。板材的光学性能则不会像在使用外薄膜或清漆那样受到影响,在后者的情况下,板材的厚度中形成了突然而明显的边界,在使用具有高密度外层的材料进行共挤也是这样的情况。
本发明还涉及如上所定义的表面改性板材的制造方法,其特征在于,使用气体F2或NF3或ClF3(优选F2)+比如氦气、N2和CO2的载体气体,必要时在空气的残余氧存在下,在反应室中,对基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯的均聚物或共聚物一种或几种板材进行氟化或氧氟化处理,直至达到所需的密度增加。
这些处理本身是已知的,在欧洲专利申请EP-A-502,303和EP-A-629,654中被具体叙述,可以更详细地参照这些专利。
按照第一个可能的实施模式,按照如下的方式进行氟化/全氟化的周期:
-将放入待处理零件的反应器抽真空;
-将泵的通路与反应器分离,通入N2/F2混合物,直至压力达到250~300mbar;
-根据希望处理的表面深度不同,让零件与混合物接触10~60min的一段时间;
-在处理结束时,进行第一清除,以除去几乎全部没有反应的氟,然后在打开反应器之前通入空气进行补充清除。
按照第二种可能的实施模式,按照如下方式进行氧氟化的周期:
-将在其中放置了待处理零件的反应器的压力降低到大约200mbar;
-将泵通路与反应器分离,通入N2/F2混合物,直至压力达到350~400mbar;
-根据希望处理的表面深度不同,让零件与混合物接触10秒~3分钟的一段时间;
-在处理结束时,进行第一清除,以除去几乎全部没有反应的氟,然后在打开反应器之前通入空气进行补充清除。
通过氟化或氧氟化表面处理,机械性能、耐磨耗性(Taber硬度)、老化性能、温度老化性能(在80℃下保存90天)、紫外线下老化性能、亲水性和疏水性(hydrophobicité)(浸润角)都没有变化。
板材的颜色没有任何变化(在PMMA的情况下,a*=0.03,b*=0.12)。在所有的情况下,虚度(flou)仍然远低于2%。
由于处理造成的抗反射效果,光线的透射率增大至少4%。未处理PMMA的光学指数为1.47~1.51。在处理以后,在表面上此指数被改变,并且与加入的氟原子的局部浓度有关。如果考虑在PMMA表面上氟的平均浓度(假设是光学单层的),测定出指数为1.39~1.42。
氟化或氧氟化处理还带来了另外的优点,提供氟,改善了材料的粘结强度,这在将其保持在玻璃周边的连接件中将是很有用的。
本发明还涉及通过加入如上所述的材料,将曝露在外界大气中的表面,特别是航空器玻璃进行致密化,从而得到的适合抗微裂纹的玻璃。(实际上,上述方法将导致内外表面同时氟化。内表面也被氟化这个事实没有带来任何麻烦)。
通过Ag/Au层或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜形成的疏水性能或防日光性能可以以传统的方式引进这种玻璃中。
本发明还涉及如上所定义的玻璃,特别是飞机舷窗外板的制造方法,其特征在于,将基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的板材切割成用来形成玻璃的多个单块板,将每个单块板的板材进行拉伸,在切割之前或在拉伸之前或在拉伸之后进行如上所定义的氟化或氧氟化处理。
本发明还涉及飞行器使用的玻璃的修复方法,其特征在于,通过在0.3~0.7mm的深度进行的抛光机械处理,去掉构成待修复玻璃板材的外层,然后让所述板材经受如上所定义的氟化或氧氟化处理。
最后,本发明涉及能够赋予基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物整块状板材以抗微裂纹性能和/或改善材料的粘结强度的方法,其特征在于,在甲基丙烯酸甲酯-含氟共聚单体共聚物、通过在无水氢氟酸或选自NaF、KF、LiF和CaF2的盐的溶液中浸渍处理的甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物选择甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物,然后进行电解氟化反应(参见JP-61-162,008),还涉及通过如上所述的氟化或氧氟化方法进行表面处理的甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物。
含氟的共聚单体是比如上述所指出的,调节其在共聚物中的含量,以获得所需的密度增加,或者所追求的粘结强度的改善。在此情况下,在材料的整个厚度上都可以检出氟,而不仅在表面上。
下面的实施例说明本发明,而不对其范围构成限制。
实施例1:制造抗微裂纹舷窗外板
按照传统方式,一件舷窗包括两块相互以一定间距相对放置的拉伸PMMA板,它们被弹性体的周边密封件支撑,通过此密封件,此舷窗将能够嵌入飞机的金属机身中。此外板具有比较厚的板状,其边缘被磨成斜边。内板由厚度比外板薄的板材组成。两块板都是鼓起的,凹面朝着里面。
在一块PMMA板当中,切割出长度44cm×27cm和厚度3cm的外板,对其进行传统的拉伸处理。
使用5%或25%的F2的N2/F2混合物,以不同的处理时间(2、5、10、15、20min)在如前面所定义的条件下进行板面的氧氟化。
然后对含氟试样进行SIMS氟分析,得到的曲线成为图1和图2的对象(F2的浓度分别是5%和25%)。
实施例2:舷窗人工老化试验(“星状裂纹测试”:S7.8ASTM Meeting
1995,Oklahoma)
在此试验中,对具有如下特征的外板进行评价:
-拉伸PMMA外板A300,Saint Gobain Sully公司产品;
-按照在实施例1中叙述的方法,使用含F210%的N2/F2混合物进行氟化的PMMA外板A300,在标准条件下的处理时间60min。
“星状裂纹测试”试验包括4个阶段:
(1)在71℃的脱矿质水浴中浸渍板材5h,然后在环境温度下松弛该板材30min;
(2)在板材表面大约1/4上贴上遮盖物(保护胶粘剂)以后,在环境温度下在整个板面上喷洒7wt%的硫酸溶液(分布在整个表面上的直径3~5mm的液滴);
(3)在环境温度下,在适合于舷窗规格的设备在减压(650~680mbar)下连续施加应力12h(由舷窗油灰(gris du hublot)保证密封)。
在对拉伸PMMA板进行试验以后,观察存在的直径2~5mm的圆形小区,在此浓集了向着各个方向的条纹。在这些区域以外,也观察到存在着许多也是朝着各个方向的条纹。
在经过氟化的PMM板上,在16h结束时还观察不到微裂纹。此时继续进行减压处理。在64h末,也没有观察到任何微裂纹。
Claims (12)
1.基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的整块状或层状板状透明材料,该层状材料具有由甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物制造的其两个外层中至少一层,其特征在于,该甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的整块状板材或层状板材的甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的至少一个外层,在表面区域中,在由表面起至少50nm的深度内,其平均密度增加是0.1~1g/cm3,该平均密度是由X射线反射仪测定的。
2.如权利要求1的材料,其特征在于,平均密度增加是0.1~0.4g/cm3。
3.如权利要求1和2中之一的材料,其特征在于,该材料经受适合于使深度最大至5μm的表面致密化的处理。
4.如权利要求3的材料,其特征在于,该材料经受适合于使深度是0.5~1.5μm的表面致密化的处理。
5.如权利要求3和4中之一的材料,其特征在于,该表面致密化处理是用氟进行的处理,该处理导致在由表面向着材料的内部方向形成氟原子浓度梯度。
6.如权利要求5的材料,其特征在于,在材料的最表面处,用SEM-EDS测定的氟原子浓度为每个如下的重复单元至少0.25个氟原子
7.如权利要求6的材料,其特征在于,在材料的最表面处,用SEM-EDS测定的氟原子浓度为每个如下的重复单元0.25~8个氟原子,尤其是0.25~5个氟原子,特别是0.33~1.5个氟原子
8.如权利要求1~7中之一所定义的板材的制造方法,其特征在于,使用F2或NF3或ClF3+例如氦气、N2和CO2等载气的气体混合物,必要时有空气的残留氧存在,在反应室中将基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物的一种或几种板材进行表面氟化或氧氟化处理,直至获得所需的密度增加。
9.通过将曝露在外界大气中的表面致密化,得到的适合于抗微裂纹的、加入了如权利要求1~7中之一所定义材料的玻璃,尤其是航空器玻璃,特别是舷窗外板。
10.如权利要求9所定义的玻璃的制造方法,其特征在于,将基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物板切割成用来形成玻璃的多块单元板,以及将每块单元板进行拉伸,在切割前或拉伸前或者在拉伸以后进行如权利要求8所定义的氟化或氧氟化处理。
11.航空器用玻璃的修复方法,其特征在于,在深度0.3~0.7mm上,通过抛光机械处理去掉构成待修复玻璃的板材外层,然后让所述板材经受如权利要求8所定义的氟化或氧氟化处理。
12.赋予基于甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物的整块状板材抗微裂纹性能和/或改善粘结强度的方法,其特征在于,在一种或多种甲基丙烯酸甲酯-含氟共聚单体的共聚物,通过在无水氢氟酸溶液或选自NaF、KF、LiF和CaF2的盐的溶液中浸渍处理然后进行电解氟化反应的甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物和使用如在权利要求8中所述的氟化和氧氟化方法进行表面处理的甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物中选择甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物。
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JPS61162008A (ja) * | 1985-01-12 | 1986-07-22 | Fujitsu Ltd | プラスチツク光フアイバの製造方法 |
US5310571A (en) * | 1992-09-01 | 1994-05-10 | Allergan, Inc. | Chemical treatment to improve oxygen permeability through and protein deposition on hydrophilic (soft) and rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses |
DE29502546U1 (de) * | 1995-02-16 | 1995-04-06 | Röhm GmbH, 64293 Darmstadt | Fluorierte Flugzeugkabinenscheiben aus gerecktem Polymethylmethacrylat |
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2001
- 2001-07-13 FR FR0109732A patent/FR2827295B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2002
- 2002-07-10 WO PCT/FR2002/002415 patent/WO2003006538A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 2002-07-10 EP EP02784861A patent/EP1414890B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-10 KR KR10-2004-7000393A patent/KR20040014667A/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2002-07-10 US US10/483,570 patent/US7211290B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-10 CN CNB02817836XA patent/CN1294188C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-10 DE DE60214393T patent/DE60214393T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-10 ES ES02784861T patent/ES2271350T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-10 JP JP2003512303A patent/JP2004534138A/ja active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20040014667A (ko) | 2004-02-14 |
WO2003006538A1 (fr) | 2003-01-23 |
FR2827295B1 (fr) | 2004-07-09 |
CN1294188C (zh) | 2007-01-10 |
EP1414890B1 (fr) | 2006-08-30 |
ES2271350T3 (es) | 2007-04-16 |
EP1414890A1 (fr) | 2004-05-06 |
DE60214393D1 (de) | 2006-10-12 |
US20040247885A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
US7211290B2 (en) | 2007-05-01 |
JP2004534138A (ja) | 2004-11-11 |
DE60214393T2 (de) | 2007-09-13 |
FR2827295A1 (fr) | 2003-01-17 |
ATE338087T1 (de) | 2006-09-15 |
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