CN1476524A - 在超临界压力下排热的制冷或热泵系统 - Google Patents

在超临界压力下排热的制冷或热泵系统 Download PDF

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CN1476524A
CN1476524A CNA018194869A CN01819486A CN1476524A CN 1476524 A CN1476524 A CN 1476524A CN A018194869 A CNA018194869 A CN A018194869A CN 01819486 A CN01819486 A CN 01819486A CN 1476524 A CN1476524 A CN 1476524A
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heat
air
heat exchanger
aforementioned
described system
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CN1250927C (zh
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科勒・阿弗莱克特
科勒·阿弗莱克特
・布雷德森
阿尔内·布雷德森
哈夫纳
阿明·哈夫纳
纳克萨
彼得·纳克萨
・彼得森
约斯坦·彼得森
・雷克斯塔德
哈瓦尔·雷克斯塔德
斯凯于根
吉尔·斯凯于根
・维斯特
西韦特·维斯特
・R・扎克里
格拉姆·R·扎克里
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Sinvent Co Ltd
Sinvent AS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/0233—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with air flow channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
    • F25B39/04—Condensers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D23/00—General constructional features
    • F25D23/003—General constructional features for cooling refrigerating machinery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/047—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • F28D1/0477—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag the conduits being bent in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/022—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with multiple channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
    • F28F1/22—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F25B2309/061—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

一种制冷或热泵系统，包括蒸发器(23)、压缩机(20)、气冷排热换热器(21)和膨胀装置(22)，这些部件闭环连接，并在超临界蒸气压缩循环中工作。该排热换热器(21)通过空气的自然向上流动/对流而冷却。在优选实施例中，排热换热器(21)形成于气流导管或壳体(11)中，以便通过形成烟囱效果而增强自然空气流动。

Description

在超临界压力下排热的制冷或热泵系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制冷或热泵系统，尤其是涉及一种用于零售和/或储存柜(cabinet)的制冷系统，以冷却或冷冻食品或饮料，或者涉及一种用于建筑物加热的热泵，在这两种情况下都使用二氧化碳作为制冷剂。
背景技术
用于冷却或冷冻柜的制冷系统通常有制冷剂，该制冷剂通过蒸发和冷凝在蒸气压缩循环中工作。选择制冷剂以使它的临界温度远远低于所需的排热(冷凝)温度。为了在气冷系统中获得有效冷凝，需要相对较高的空气流速，同时冷凝器和气流系统需要较大空间。在大部分系统中需要风扇，以便使空气在冷凝器上环流。该方法的一个问题是风扇需要相对较大功率，且风扇和它的气流系统需要附加的空间。强制气流和风扇以及风扇马达也可能产生噪音问题，且安装风扇增加了系统的成本和复杂性。
向室内空气供热的住宅用轻型热泵通常有室内单元，用于迫使空气从冷凝器上流过。还有，需要空气流动风扇或鼓风机，从而产生附加的功率消耗和噪音。而且，由于以较大空气流速和/或高速气流进行通风，同时温度只是稍微高于室温，因此热舒适性降低。由于需要较大气流，室内单元需要设计有较大容积，这减小了对有吸引力的产品设计的可选择性。
目前的制冷或热泵系统中的制冷剂或者是基于碳氟化合物的化学品，或者是基于可燃碳氢化合物的流体，基于碳氟化合物的化学品并不合适，因为它的臭氧消耗特性和/或引起人造气候变化，而基于可燃碳氢化合物的流体在安全方面有问题。
在超临界系统中，通过减小超临界增压制冷剂的温度而排热，且并不象普通系统那样在恒温下冷凝。当超临界压力制冷剂流过换热器时，它放出热量，且它的温度减小(渐变温度)。理想的是，对于逆流的制冷剂和空气流，制冷剂温度将接近空气进口温度。
在以渐变温度从制冷剂排热的情况下，与冷凝器的情况相比，可以使空气流速减小，并使空气出口温度增加。在冷凝器中，空气出口温度必须低于冷凝温度。在超临界系统中，较高空气温度和减小空气流速将有助于从换热器上流过的空气的自然对流，它将减小噪音，还在热泵用途中有热舒适性方面的优点。
发明内容
因此，考虑到上述问题和缺点，本发明的目的是提供一种制冷系统，在该制冷系统中采用安全和对环境友好的制冷剂，同时有紧凑的自然空气环流排热系统，而不需要风扇功率，或者在高负载情况下只需要很小的风扇功率。
为了实现上述目的，本发明介绍了一种使用不可燃、无毒和对环境友好的二氧化碳流体(CO2)作为制冷剂的系统。
本发明的特征在于：制冷剂在超临界压力下通过排热换热器以渐变温度进行排热，该排热换热器通过空气的自然向上环流/对流而冷却，如独立权利要求1所述。
本发明的优选实施例在从属权利要求2-8中进一步限定。
通过利用CO2的特定热力学性质和合适的设计系统，排热可以如上所述通过空气的自然对流来进行，从而大大减小了空气流速，同时不需要专用的空气环流风扇。
附图说明
下面将通过实例并参考附图进一步介绍本发明，附图中：
图1表示了超临界蒸气压缩系统，它包括闭环连接的压缩机、利用自然空气环流的气冷排热单元、膨胀装置和蒸发器。
图2表示了利用自然空气环流的排热单元的剖视图，该排热单元包括气流导管和排热换热器，根据本发明，该排热换热器基于直线布置的圆管。
图3表示了利用自然空气环流的排热单元的剖视图，该排热单元包括气流导管和排热换热器，根据本发明第二实施例，该排热换热器基于交错布置的圆管。
图4表示了利用自然空气环流的排热单元的侧视图，该排热单元包括气流导管和排热换热器，根据本发明第三实施例，该排热换热器基于弯折的管。
图5表示了具有气流导管和排热换热器的排热单元的剖视图，根据本发明第四实施例，该排热换热器形成为螺旋几何形状。
图6表示了排热单元，其中，根据本发明的第五实施例，管安装在板上，以便增加空气侧传热表面。
图7表示了利用自然空气流动的完全逆流排热单元，它采用多个伸长口的(Multi Port Extruded)(MPE)换热器，在所述换热器的一侧或两侧有延伸表面的板肋。
图8表示了根据权利要求5的实施例，用于冰箱或类似装置。
具体实施方式
下面将参考图1至6详细介绍本发明的实施例。
图1表示了蒸气压缩系统的一个实施例，该蒸气压缩系统包括压缩机20、气冷排热单元21、膨胀装置22和蒸发器23。这些部件闭环连接，并在超临界蒸气压缩循环中工作，即具有超临界高压侧压力。排热换热器21通过空气的自然向上环流/对流而冷却。
图2表示了排热单元的剖视图，该排热单元有气流导管或外部气流壳体或罩11以及换热器管10。管以成直线地一个在另一个上面的方式布置在壳体11内。空气在系统较低端的进口i处进入，并在顶部的出口o处离开。空气环流通过当空气由换热器管加热时的自然对流而实现。来自压缩机的高温制冷剂通过换热器制冷剂进口12进入，并流过换热器，同时向空气排热，从而获得高效的烟囱效果。冷却的制冷剂通过出口13离开换热器。为了进一步增加空气流速，导管11a的额外垂直段可以添加在换热器上面，以便提高烟囱效果。“烟囱”或排气管也可以形成有收敛和发散的喷嘴横截面，以便增强气流。
如图3的剖视图所示，传热管10也可以以交错形式布置在流动导管内，以便增大表面，提高传热。
图4表示了自然空气环流排热单元的侧视图，该排热单元具有气流导管11和基于弯折管10的换热器。为了增大空气流动和换热效率，制冷剂将相对于空气以基本逆流的方向流动。通过在顶部12处的制冷剂进口和在底部13处的出口，如图所示，可以在不同的气流和制冷剂流之间获得合适的关系。
图5中表示了另一可选实施例，其中，气流导管11具有圆形截面，传热管10在该气流导管11内形成螺旋形。为了优化空气导管11相对于气流的截面，可以通过将内部环流管插入该导管内而形成装有传热管的环形套筒，该插入的管在端头处封闭。
如图6所示，传热管可以形成为板或导管11中的壳体的整体部分，即可以形成于导管或壳体内，以便增加面对气流的传热表面。需要时，通过在板中形成狭槽、裂口或放热孔14，可以减少或消除沿导管高度方向的热传导。
壳体板或导管可以有扁平表面，或者该表面可以包括垂直肋或开口或封闭管状结构，它们提高了自然对流气流。
在附加权利要求中所述的本发明并不局限于附图所示和上面所述的实例，因此，在所有上述实施例中，导管或壳体的一个或多个壁也可以用作传热表面。而且，尽管图中所示的传热管具有圆形截面，但是可以采用任意几何形状的管，包括扁平管、卵形管、多孔管以及更复杂的几何形状的管。还有，制冷剂管也可以结合在气流导管材料中，从而形成整体排热和空气导管单元，它也能通过辐射而增强传热。传热管也可以有多个增强部分和外表面延伸部分，包括金属线、肋、柱等。图7中表示了一个实例，它采用了具有板肋延伸表面的Multi PortExtruded(MPE)换热器，其中，高温制冷剂从顶部进入，并在完全逆流换热过程中在通过空气的自然向上环流/对流而冷却之后从底部离开，完全逆流换热是该情况的理想形式。
图8表示了根据权利要求5的实施例，用于冰箱或类似装置中。换热器10布置在底部隔腔中，并有在冰箱后面的气流导管11a，且气流壳体或罩11伸出，以便增强自然空气流动/循环。

Claims (9)

1.一种制冷或热泵系统，包括各个以下部件的至少一个：蒸发器(23)、压缩机(20)、气冷排热换热器(21)和膨胀装置(22)，这些部件闭环连接，并在蒸气压缩循环中工作，其特征在于：
制冷剂在超临界压力下通过排热换热器(21)而以渐变温度进行排热，该排热换热器通过空气的自然向上环流/对流而冷却。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于：
排热换热器(21)形成于气流导管或壳体(11)中，以便增强自然空气环流。
3.根据权利要求1和2所述的系统，其特征在于：
气流导管(11)沿大致垂直方向向上延伸。
4.根据前述权利要求1-3所述的系统，其特征在于：
流过排热换热器(21)的制冷剂管或导管(10)的制冷剂大致从在顶部的入口(12)通向在底部的出口(13)。
5.根据一个或多个前述权利要求1-4所述的系统，其特征在于：
附加气流导管(11a)安装在排热换热器(21)的顶部，以便增加空气流速。
6.根据一个或多个前述权利要求1-5所述的系统，其特征在于：
附加气流嘴结构安装在排热换热器(21)的顶部，以便增加空气流速。
7.根据一个或多个前述权利要求1-6所述的系统，其特征在于：
气流导管或壳体(11)完全或部分用作传热表面，从而使制冷剂管或导管(10)形成该导管或壳体(11)的整体部分。
8.根据一个或多个前述权利要求1-7所述的系统，其特征在于：
风扇安装在气流导管(11)的前面、后面或内部，以便在高负载情况下提高气流。
9.根据一个或多个前述权利要求1-8所述的系统，其特征在于：二氧化碳用作制冷剂。
CNB018194869A 2000-11-24 2001-11-16 在超临界压力下排热的制冷或热泵系统 Expired - Fee Related CN1250927C (zh)

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