CN1469957A - 用于大跨度厂房的平底面双预应力组合屋顶天花板结构 - Google Patents
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Abstract
建筑大跨度厂房用的有平底面的预应力屋顶天花板组合结构是支承平面空间装配的预制件。除了天花板看起来美观外,它还解决了大跨度建筑物平底面光洁天花板的建筑问题;减少加热容积;确保有通风隔热的顶层空间,可将各种设备放入其中。该结构包括宽厚不等的混凝土预制板(1),和由二部分组成的上部钢结构(2),它们之间用垂直构件(3)互相连接。本结构用二种独立的方法施加二次预应力。混凝土底板在模板(6)中中心受到预应力作用,在平板(1)的混凝土凝固后,在中跨处将分开的二半钢构件(2)推开而在此上部钢结构(2)中产生预应力,随后将这二半连接起来。楼板(1)施加预应力可消除或减少混凝土中的裂纹,同时将二半分开的钢构件(2)推开而形成上部钢结构的预应力可用来控制挠曲。
Description
技术领域
根据国际专利分类,本发明涉及E04B1/00所约定的领域,E04B1/00一般和建筑物及建筑部件E04C3/00有关,更具体地说,和E04C3/00及3/294组有关。
技术问题
具有平底天花板的双预应力组合屋顶天花板结构是平面空间承载预制件,用于建造大跨度厂房,它能解决若干部分技术问题以达到下述目的:建筑大跨度建筑物中的平底面以消除建筑物内部到屋顶结构不美观的外表,消除屋顶斜梁间的无用空间并减少建筑物内部非必要的受热容积,在屋顶和天花板之间形成自然通风空间以节约热能及使设备能通过窄的顶层空间而不会被看到,通过大幅但相对轻的构件的应用解决高处作业安全问题和提高大跨度屋顶天花板建筑速度。
上述技术问题的解决关键是解决建造技术问题,保证建筑物有承载能力,适中的适用性和耐久性,防止细长的混凝土预制板底面出现太大挠度和宽的裂纹。
应用普通的钢筋混凝土底面预制板会减少这些细长结构的跨度并使这些结构的适用性变得不可靠。
采用刚性好的上部结构或用形状做成反向挠曲来补偿,都能降低钢筋混凝土平底预制件的大的挠度,但用这样办法来减小挠度不仅不经济而且不可靠,因此,裂缝问题仍得不到解决。
大跨度钢筋混凝土底面预制件应用时受到大的张力,因而会产生裂缝并且由于混凝土的徐变及收缩,裂纹会扩展,因此当裂缝加宽时挠度会因相互作用而加大。大的轴向拉力和在上部结构与底面连接处局部集中的小弯矩,两者组合造成底面板中的初始裂缝,并随时间推移而加宽,而不是想象那样分布在钢筋混凝土的底面板全长上。
因此问题集中在用适当的预应力方法,预应力可靠而持久地抵抗大的挠度并消除或减小在高张力底面板中混凝土的开裂,本预应力法使混凝土底面板向上弯并在板中引起压力。
该问题用通常的混凝土预应力法不能解决,因为这些结构有其特异性,由于与整个横断面重心的偏心距小,作用在底面板重心上的中心预应力只会影响底面板中的裂缝,不会影响挠度。
普通预应力法将压力引入梁中或混凝土桁架结构中混凝土横断面重心以下,但由于截面特殊的几何形状使构件向上挠曲,同时解决了挠曲问题和混凝土开裂的问题。
特殊的平底面屋顶天花板组合结构,由于其整个横断面重心与底面板的偏心度小到可以忽略不计,因此不能用普通预应力法将压力引进混凝土主体中来施加预应力,同时获得底面板向上的反向挠曲和其裂纹的闭合。
在横断面重心以下偏心距外引入这样的预应力需要将钢筋重心设置在位于底面板平面以下,这样会使平的底面破坏。
向中心加预应力会将压力引入底面板重心,由于其偏心距小,所以只会影响裂缝,一点不会影响挠曲。大跨度时其他的技术问题是稳定上部细长结构,防止在其整个长度上发生横向压曲,而引起整个结构的不稳定和失效。
技术背景
本发明涉及特定的组合屋顶天花板结构,就我所知未曾有类似解决方案。本发明的全部优点归功于本预应力法,该方法使其能应用到大跨度厂房的建造。
各种传统的混凝土预应力法均适合具有相应横断面形状的混凝土特殊性,因此将预应力引入梁、桁架或板块的下部区域,由于压力施加在横断面重心以下偏心距处,因而可同时解决挠曲和开裂问题。有几种施加预应力的方法在建筑钢建筑时是常见的,这时桁架的某些构件用力学或热学方法引进预应力。
以上施加预应力方法是众所周知的,应用于单种材料的结构,因而适用于它的专指特征。这些结构,由于其具有的特殊性,如用混凝土和钢部件制成的混合梁,在预应力准则下不能与常见的结构比较,因此在同样意义上,有几种技术办法应用于将预应力引入横断面重心以下。
发明的公开
本发明解决了建造大跨度工业建筑物用的特定的组合屋顶天花板平底面结构施加预应力的问题,其优点如下:
大跨度建筑物有平底面可消除从建筑物内部到屋顶结构不美观问题,除了通常应用在坚固的行业和仓库外,这种结构可适用精致行业、商店等。预先制作的底面是精加工的,无需现场附加加工。
消除屋顶斜梁间的无用空间可减少屋内受热面积,节约热能。
用滚球简单地隔热的自然通风顶层改进屋顶的隔热,因而能使所有设备通过窄的顶层空间放在看不见地方,确保维修方便,而不是通过墙壁或其它室内部分看得见的地方。
由于所有作业都是在底板平面上完成,能在自然的站立位置下工作,安装屋顶作业时,高处作业的安全性得到提高。
立刻可盖住大区段屋顶的板状大型预制板构件的应用比许多常见采用主副大梁的施工方法有很多优点。
为了在大跨度时获得这些结构的上述优点,问题集中在如何确保该结构的承载能力、适用性和耐久性的建筑技术问题上。这些问题可用将二个独立的预应力方法结合起来的双预应力法解决,其中一个减少结构的混凝土底板的挠度,另一个消除或减少因大的张力引起的裂纹。
为了较好理解本发明解决的技术问题,在图1及图2所示的简化模型上将常见的预应力法与平底面屋顶天花板组合结构应用的预应力法作比较。
图1所示梁或桁架施加预应力的常见方法是将压力(P0),在张力区内或外的混凝土横断面重心(T)以下偏心距(e)处引进,将梁的两端向中跨推,从而产生负的弯矩(M=e×P0),此弯矩使梁向上挠曲(u)。通过这一预应力,向上挠曲使外力产生的向下挠曲减小,同时,外加的压力(Nt)使梁的张力区中的裂纹闭合。
此方法不适用于特殊的组合屋顶天花板结构,此结构有宽的底板,其横断面重心位置低。结构的下部采用重的混凝土楼板,上部是轻的钢构件的结构看起来是不合理的,因为钢在经受很大压力时存在稳定性问题,而只能承受小拉力的混凝土却暴露在大的拉力下。然而,为了获得平底面及其优点,作此选择必须付出代价。由于这样承重是不合理的选择,所以这样施加预应力比常见的混凝土施加预应力方法需要更多费用。在横断面重心以下处引进预应力(P0)须使预应力钢筋下放到底板以下,这样会破坏平底板的效果。
图2所示本发明施加预应力的原理是常见方法的一种转变。
为了获得向上挠曲(u),将在中间分开的上部结构从中跨向其两端推,从而在混凝土横断面重心(T)之上的偏心距(e)处作用预压应力(P0)。
在两种对比的方法中,产生负的弯矩(M=e×P0)使底板向上挠曲(u)。但因采用常见施加预应力方法将要求的外加压力(Nt)引进到楼板中,在另一情况中将其上部结构推向其两端,所以引进了不希望有的张力(Nr),它必须用另外的预应力加以减小或消除,这就是为获得平底面所付出的代价。
图3示出同一模型上作第二次附加的中心预应力施加方法,该方法在底板中引进压力(Nt1)来消除由于外载及在图2所示第一预应力造成的张力。这第二次预应力的施加不产生弯矩,因为力的作用点与混凝土重心的偏心度几乎为零,且对挠曲的影响也远不如第一次预应力。
因此,控制结构中裂缝和挠曲的技术问题由二次独立的施加预应力方法来解决。
在图4的实际模型中示出二次施加预应力的实际做法。上部钢结构包括二根在跨度中间断开的对称两半(2),和垂直的连接件(3)。在中跨处的断开位置具有带有垂直楔的部件,上部结构靠它来施加预应力,并随后互相连接。上部结构的两半首先定位在浇铸楼板的模壳(form)(6)上。
在模板(4)中预应力钢筋受到预应力,预应力钢筋事先穿进条钢(3)端部的孔(5)中,使钢构件(3)与混凝土楼板(1)连结,底板(1)随后浇混凝土。混凝土凝固后,将预应力钢筋与模壳(6)脱离,结果楼板受压力。此结构目前通过第一步产生预应力。
现在上部结构(2)与混凝土底板(1)结合。混凝土板这时处在压应力作用下,如图1所示,但底板并未向上挠区。
现在按图2所示原理施加附加预应力。在上部结构(2)断开处,钢楔(7)设置在连接分开部分部件两端的连接槽中,并准备好推动钢楔的推动装置(8)。
推动在部件(7)内的钢楔使上部结构(2)的二个分离部件推向底板(1)的端部,在底板内产生了拉力,但底板在第一次预应力施加中已受到先前的压缩。
第一次预加应力产生的压力,其值必须是在减去第二次加预应力引起的拉力之后仍留下足够的压力,因而混凝土底板中减去由于外力引起的拉力后,留下的拉力小于许用值或等于零。
附图说明
图1在简化模型上示出普通施加预应力方法的原理,即将压应力预先加到横断面重心以下,并示出产生的内力。
图2在简化模型上示出施加预应力方法的原理,即通过推开上部结构,在横断面重心上方引进压缩预应力,并示出产生的内力。
图3在简化模型上示出在结构楼板中附加中心预应力,并示出产生的内力。
图4是实际模型的侧视图,示出了说明施加预应力方法及其组成部件所必需的。
图5是具有组成部件的该结构的断面图。
图6是施加有预应力的分开的上部结构的详图。
图7示出上部结构防止压曲的方法。
优选实施例的说明
在中跨处对称地分成二个相同部件的上部钢结构(2)放置到模板(6)上,以便向立着垂直构件(3)的底板(1)浇混凝土。事先穿进条钢(3)端部的孔(5)中的钢筋在模板(4)中施加预应力,然后向底板(1)浇混凝土。混凝土硬化后用蒸汽养护工艺加固,将钢筋(4)与模板(6)脱离。于是第一次预应力施加完成。
钢结构(2)断成预制件可减少应力集中,安装好钢楔(7)并准备好推动钢楔的推动装置(8)。推动部件(7)内的钢楔,则上部结构(2)的二个分开的部件受到预应力,因而通过测量中跨处底板(1)的向上挠曲和用推动装置(8)上的表压测量钢楔的驱动力,可控制引入的力。由这二种测量结果能可靠算出引入的力。
有平底面的双预应力组合屋顶天花板结构是打算用于建造大跨度工业建筑物和类似大跨度建筑物。由于它的方法特别,当与某些常见的施工方法比较发现它有许多优点,如板状大型构件立即可获得屋顶和底面光洁的天花板。美观的底面封闭屋顶斜梁间的无用空间,也降低内部受热容积,节省热能。
天花板和屋顶之间的自然通风空间的形成,使各种设备可通过窄的顶屋空间而看不见,不必影响建筑物内部,否则花费不少。
可立即盖住大区段屋顶的板状大预制板构件比许多常见采用主梁和副梁的建筑法有很多优点。美观的底面封闭了屋顶斜梁间的无用空间,降低内部受热容积,节省热能。
安装底板后可确保施工时高处作业安全,因此可将隔热层安放在宽的平面上,能站立工作无需爬上大梁。这些结构件成本低是因为包括最后精整屋顶底面的屋顶天花板同时又是耗材料少的承重构件。预应力推开法成本便宜,能快速组装的大型预制板屋顶天花板结构可立即盖住大区段屋顶,这些构件的表面容积比适合于用可快速生产的蒸气迅速使混凝土凝固。
由于平底面有上述优点,其上可将任意厚度的隔热层放置在贴近窄的自然通风顶层空间,这些结构适用于内部空间精致,适应气候的建筑物,如精细行业、大型超市、体育及类似建筑物。
Claims (5)
1.用于建造大跨度工业建筑物的具有平底面结构的双预应力组合屋顶天花板结构,其特征在于,它包括宽厚不等的精制混凝土预制板(1)和由两部分组成的上部钢结构(2),倾斜或呈弧形的上部钢结构(2)由垂直构件(3)连接到底板(1)且是施加预应力的中心,在模板(6)上通过附着作用施加预应力,因而用中跨处的钢楔(7)的推开作用向上部钢结构(2)施加预应力,随后将分离的钢构件连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的有平底面的预应力组合屋顶天花板结构,其特征在于,混凝土预制板(1)与该钢结构之间的连接是通过加入垂直构件(3)并浇筑混凝土实现的,从而使钢筋(4)穿过垂直构件(3)底端的孔(5),同时将钢筋焊接网状物在浇筑混凝土时固定在浇铸范围内。
3.如权利要求1所述的有平底面的预应力组合屋顶天花板结构,其特征在于,用二种独立的方法施加预应力,因而通过对上梁(2)施加预应力来控制混凝土楼板的挠曲,并且由加在中心的预应力来控制混凝土底板中的裂纹宽度。
4.如权利要求1所述的有平底面的预应力组合屋顶天花板结构,其特征在于,上梁(2)通过锚定在底板(1)的混凝土中的横向构件(9)防止发生压曲。
5.如权利要求1所述的有平底面的预应力组合屋顶天花板组合结构,其特征在于,按照图2推开而引进到结构中的预应力(P0),作用在组合结构的整个断面重心(T)上方偏心距(e)处。
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HRP20020044B1 (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2008-11-30 | Mara-Institut D.O.O. | Indirectly prestressed, concrete, roof-ceiling construction with flat soffit |
HRP20020208B1 (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2011-02-28 | Mara-Institut D.O.O. | Doubly prestressed roof-ceiling construction with grid flat soffit for extremely large spans |
US7753937B2 (en) * | 2003-12-10 | 2010-07-13 | Facet Solutions Inc. | Linked bilateral spinal facet implants and methods of use |
KR101011976B1 (ko) * | 2008-05-02 | 2011-02-07 | 신재혁 | 미닫이문의 무단 열림 방지용 내장형 고정장치 |
CN102337784B (zh) * | 2011-07-13 | 2013-07-10 | 葛加君 | 高曲塔建筑钢混模架施工方法 |
CN102287050B (zh) * | 2011-07-13 | 2012-12-05 | 葛加君 | 大跨度钢混屋架施工方法 |
CN106760829B (zh) * | 2017-01-22 | 2022-05-31 | 南京丰源建筑设计有限公司 | 一种高气密性一次成型平房仓拱板屋盖的设计及建造方法 |
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US2626688A (en) * | 1950-01-05 | 1953-01-27 | Richard F Tickle | Adjustable joist |
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US3385015A (en) * | 1966-04-20 | 1968-05-28 | Margaret S Hadley | Built-up girder having metal shell and prestressed concrete tension flange and method of making the same |
US3398498A (en) * | 1966-09-09 | 1968-08-27 | Barkrauss Entpr Ltd | Composite steel truss and precast concrete slab and beam units |
DE1659218C3 (de) * | 1967-11-11 | 1978-07-27 | Hermann Rueter Gmbh, 3012 Langenhagen | Verbundfachwerkträger sowie Verfahren zu dessen Montage |
GB1228598A (zh) * | 1968-05-20 | 1971-04-15 | ||
US3835607A (en) * | 1972-04-13 | 1974-09-17 | N Raaber | Reinforced girders of steel and concrete |
FR2238824A1 (en) * | 1973-07-25 | 1975-02-21 | Brizet Andre | Prestressed steel portal frame - is prestressed at its apex to reduce moments in columns |
FR2600358B1 (fr) * | 1986-06-23 | 1991-07-12 | Bouygues Sa | Poutres en beton arme et en acier de grande portee |
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IT1283189B1 (it) * | 1996-03-05 | 1998-04-16 | Italcementi Spa | Metodo per la realizzazione di una trave composita e trave cosi' realizzata |
US6058666A (en) * | 1997-08-31 | 2000-05-09 | Lin; Wei-Hwang | Twin-axis prestressed single-tee beam with lower flange and process of construction |
US5867954A (en) * | 1997-09-06 | 1999-02-09 | Lin; Wei-Hwang | Multi-axis prestressed double-tee beam and method of construction |
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KR100423757B1 (ko) * | 2001-05-04 | 2004-03-22 | 원대연 | 프리스트레스트 합성 트러스 보 및 그의 제조 방법 |
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