CN1377280A - 神经外胚层肿瘤的诊断和治疗 - Google Patents
神经外胚层肿瘤的诊断和治疗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供用于检测和治疗神经外胚层肿瘤的融合蛋白。此前的工作已证实chlorotoxin能特异性针对神经胶质衍生的或脑脊膜瘤衍生的肿瘤细胞。本发明将chlorotoxin-细胞毒素融合蛋白延伸应用于治疗所有神经外胚层肿瘤如神经胶质瘤、脑脊膜瘤、室管膜瘤、成神经管瘤、成神经细胞瘤、神经节瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、黑素瘤、PPNET’s、肺小细胞癌、尤因肉瘤、以及脑内转移瘤。此外,本发明还提供了筛选恶性神经外胚层肿瘤的诊断方法。
Description
发明背景
联邦基金说明
本发明部分利用由联邦政府以NIH批号R01 NS 36692的名义提供的基金完成。因此,联邦政府对本发明具有特定的权力。
发明领域
本发明主要涉及细胞生理学、神经学、发育生物学、及癌症学领域。更具体地,本发明涉及利用chlorotoxin敏感性胞质蛋白诊断和治疗原发性(primitive)神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET)的新方法。
相关领域描述
在胚胎发育阶段,将来的神经系统由被称为神经外胚层的外胚层细胞特化层形成。该层沿着与将来的脊柱一致的体轴纵向延伸。神经外胚层的内陷产生神经管,基本上中枢神经系统(CNS)的所有成分包括脊柱均由神经管发育。特化细胞沿内陷神经管的边缘聚集,隔离着神经管和神经嵴而停留。这些高度移动性的神经外胚层细胞在全身产生特化细胞,包括神经鞘细胞(Schwann cell)、外周神经系统(PNS)的神经元细胞(肠神经元、副交感神经元、肾上腺交感神经元、和感觉神经元)、色素细胞(黑素细胞)、内分泌细胞以及形成脸部和颈部的结缔组织的细胞。由于这些细胞与中枢神经系统的细胞具有共同的胚胎来源,因此,这些细胞,或从这些细胞衍生的肿瘤与中枢神经系统细胞具有某些共同的遗传表型和抗原表型并不令人意外。
例如,黑素瘤与成胶质细胞瘤在编码表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的基因中有一个共同的突变(1)。恶性星形细胞瘤和神经纤维瘤不仅高水平表达表皮生长因子受体,而且高水平表达血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGF-R)和血小板衍生的生长因子受体(PDGF-R)(2)。已证实神经胶质肿瘤中存在突变体EGFRvIII,以及细胞外基质蛋白GP240和结合腕蛋白(3)的高表达。在神经胶质瘤和原发性神经外胚层肿瘤组织中均发现了结合腕蛋白和神经节苷脂-3’,6’-异LD1(3)。在另一项研究中,针对结合腕蛋白的抗体可强有力结合CNS神经胶质瘤以及黑素瘤,乳腺、肺、及鳞状细胞癌(4)。另一种神经节苷脂,GD2,已显示是神经胶质瘤和原发性神经外胚层肿瘤组织的共同抗原标志(5)。黑素瘤和神经胶质瘤之间的其它共同抗原已通过显示Tyr,TRP-1,TRP-2和gp100的基因产物可见于黑素瘤和神经胶质瘤中而得到证实(6)。已鉴定出与星形细胞瘤、室管膜瘤和原发性神经外胚层肿瘤相关的共同细胞因子或它们的受体:白细胞介素(IL)IL-1α,IL-1,IL-1R1,IL-1R拮抗剂和转化生长因子(TGF)TGF-β1(11)。
另一类用作神经胶质瘤和原发性神经外胚层肿瘤之标记的蛋白为细胞骨架蛋白,神经细丝(NE),胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP),中间丝(IF),中间体相关蛋白丝(IFAP),中间丝波形蛋白,nestin和角蛋白。这些标记已用于测定多种细胞谱系的分化阶段(12)。将星形细胞瘤与特定原发性神经外胚层肿瘤相关联的新证据是细胞骨架标记IFAP-300kDa,一种不成熟的神经胶质的标记(13)。
可根据中枢神经系统和外周中神经外胚层衍生细胞对后天影响的相似依赖性,而找出它们之间紧密联系的进一步证据。例如,交感肾上腺前体神经元需要基本的成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)来增殖和分化,但这些细胞的存活取决于神经生长因子(NGF)应答能力和神经生长因子的有效性(availability)(14)。其它每一细胞类型的需求也与此类似。原发性神经外胚层肿瘤和神经胶质瘤之间仍未解释清楚的关联,不仅必需生长因子和营养因子,还需要细胞因子和激素。
然而,神经外胚层衍生的细胞之间除了这里所列的相似性以外,它们各有独特的细胞学、生物化学和功能上的特征,是明显相互区别的实体。事实上,所列的迄今未与其它神经外胚层衍生细胞共享的独特特征超出了上述共同表型的范围。因此,无法根据神经外胚层衍生细胞类型的任何其它成员的表达来推测给定细胞类型中特定抗原或表型的表达,即priori。
成神经细胞瘤通常有出现于脑部发育之胚胎期的MYCN基因拷贝数的选择性增加,表明细胞起源与肿瘤细胞去分化能力之间的联系(7)。但现已证实该基因也出现在神经胶质瘤细胞中。在神经胶质瘤和原发性神经外胚层肿瘤中并不共有的其它蛋白质已得到证实。CD99免疫反应性被用作鉴定神经外胚层肿瘤的工具(8)并已显示出现在尤因肉瘤(Ewing’s sarcoma)中,但不出现在神经胶质瘤中(9)。另一种因子,干细胞因子及其受体,c-kit,也在原发性神经外胚层肿瘤和尤因肉瘤中表达(10)。
共同的起源以及在正常发育过程中应答内部及外部信号的能力提示,中枢神经系统细胞和外周神经外胚层衍生细胞可能在病理性进展,如瘤形成期间具有共同的机制。这类肿瘤组织包括CNS神经胶质瘤,它们是神经胶质衍生的特异于CNS的肿瘤细胞。它们仅在CNS包括脊柱内转移。据认为它们源于至少三种不同谱系,可以来自未分化的前体细胞或通过星形胶质细胞、少突神经胶质细胞或室管膜细胞的去分化产生。
原发性神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET)可见于CNS和PNS。仅见于PNS的原发性神经外胚层肿瘤称为外周原发性神经外胚层肿瘤(PPNET)。原发性神经外胚层肿瘤好发于儿童,能发展成神经元性、星形胶质细胞性、室管膜性、肌肉性、和黑素性肿瘤。将这些肿瘤归为一组的基础是它们有共同的始祖细胞并具有相似的肿瘤转化,该转化导致具有相似形态学特征和生物学行为的肿瘤。然而,对于将所有原发性神经外胚层肿瘤归为一类仍有争议。以下几段证实各类CNS和PNS肿瘤之间共同抗原的重叠的例子。
脑幕上的原发性神经外胚层肿瘤包括大脑成神经管瘤、大脑成神经细胞瘤、‘兰色’肿瘤、成室管膜细胞瘤及其它原发性神经外胚层肿瘤,如成松果体细胞瘤(WHOIV级)。针对这些肿瘤的最有效标记包括GFAP、NFP、结蛋白和黑素。这些肿瘤中发现的其它抗原有中间丝波形蛋白、nestin、角蛋白,但它们均不能有效用于诊断。
肾上腺(髓质)和交感神经系统的外周成神经细胞瘤是儿童期CNS外肿瘤的最常见类型。这些原发性神经外胚层肿瘤的原发位点位于肾上腺、腹部、胸部、子宫颈及骨盆交感神经节中,但还包括其它原发位点如眼眶、肾脏、肺、皮肤、卵巢、精索、和膀胱。这些相关肿瘤的具体名称是嗜铬细胞瘤、副神经节瘤、成神经细胞瘤、神经节瘤、成神经节细胞瘤、神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤、和恶性外周神经鞘肿瘤。这些均在神经嵴中具有共同起源。所有成神经细胞瘤均有TRK-A(NGFR)和CD44的高表达。神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE),突触素,神经细丝(NF)蛋白,GD2,酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)及嗜铬粒蛋白均被用作也在成神经管瘤中发现的诊断标记。成神经细胞瘤通常表达脑部发育胚胎期出现的MYCN基因拷贝数的选择性增加(7)。
成神经管瘤是原发性神经外胚层肿瘤中的成员,其被描述为小脑中发现的CNS极恶性幼稚化肿瘤(WHO IV级)。这些成神经管瘤与其它神经元谱系的肿瘤的共同抗原是突触素(其未见于神经胶质肿瘤或脑间质肿瘤)。Nestin(IF蛋白)可见于发育中的CNS前体细胞、成神经管瘤、以及某些外周神经外胚层来源的细胞。Nestin(以及中间丝波形蛋白)可见于成神经管瘤、星形细胞瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、神经节瘤和脑脊膜瘤(仅GFAP可见于星形细胞衍生的细胞,其偶尔‘被陷于’成神经管瘤中)。在这些肿瘤中发现神经细胞粘附分子(N-CAM)的水平增加,可反映肿瘤发育中的分化水平(15)。几乎所有肿瘤中可发现不同水平的神经生长因子(NGF),成神经管瘤却显示出对NGF受体及相关蛋白,神经营养蛋白(NT)NT-3,TRK-C和脑衍生的神经营养因子(BDNF)的较强反应性(16)。
由黑素细胞经扩散性黑素细胞增多症的逐级发展导致黑素细胞瘤这种恶性黑素瘤。S100蛋白是这些肿瘤的标记,因为中间丝波形蛋白和NSE的反应性均可变。
肺的小细胞神经内分泌癌具有高侵袭性,通常见于成年吸烟者。它们对外周原发性神经外胚层肿瘤、神经胶质瘤、及室管膜瘤等肿瘤分化的多种神经标记和神经内分泌标记(其中部分与N-CAM类似)显示反应性。这些标记包括神经特异性烯醇化酶和极高水平的c-src表达(17)。
发育中的CNS细胞和神经嵴衍生细胞明显共同的特征是它们易于转移至靶或靶区。据信当细胞分化和成熟后这种能力消失。但CNS肿瘤显示向健康脑部的显著细胞转移和侵入,这提示细胞已维持或重新获得这种增强的转移能力。因此,CNS外之神经外胚层衍生细胞的肿瘤性转化具有类似转移能力也不奇怪。在预定的目的地,这些细胞分化成它们的终末表型,其类似于正常发育,受各种类型细胞增殖和分化的数种关键性神经营养因子的影响。
现有技术缺乏特异性针对原发性神经外胚层肿瘤的诊断和治疗试剂。本发明将满足本领域的这一长期需要。
发明简述
本发明的一个实施方案中,描述了通过给予与一种细胞毒组分融合的特异性针对神经外胚层起源之肿瘤的配体而治疗这类肿瘤的方法。可用这种方式治疗的具体神经外胚层肿瘤有神经胶质瘤、脑脊膜瘤、室管膜瘤、成神经管瘤、成神经细胞瘤、神经节瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、黑素瘤、外周原发性神经外胚层肿瘤、肺小细胞癌、尤因肉瘤、以及位于脑内的神经外胚层来源的转移瘤。
在优选实施方案中,所述神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体是chlorotoxin,其为与细胞毒组分的融合蛋白形式。Chlorotoxin可以是天然的、合成的或重组的chlorotoxin。可能的细胞毒组分包括白树毒素、蓖麻蛋白、皂角苷、假单胞菌外毒素、美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白、白喉毒素、及补体蛋白。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,所述神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体是抗chlorotoxin受体的抗体,可能是一种72kDa的氯离子通道。所述抗体可与白树毒素、蓖麻蛋白、皂角苷、假单胞菌外毒素、美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白、白喉毒素、和补体蛋白融合。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,提出了一种从非肿瘤组织中区分神经外胚层肿瘤衍生的恶性肿瘤组织的方法。这通过使组织暴露于标记的chlorotoxin并测定标记chlorotoxin的结合而实现。相对于正常组织升高了的结合水平表明该组织为肿瘤组织。在一个实施方案中,所述标记是可直接由荧光显微镜、荧光活化细胞分拣术、或荧光平板读取仪检测的荧光组分。或者,可对chlorotoxin进行放射性标记(如131I-chlorotoxin或125I-chlorotoxin;本领域技术人员可识别其它有效放射性标记)并通过正电子发射X线断层摄影扫描(positron emission tomography scaning)进行检测。或者,可将chlorotoxin偶联至非荧光性检测组分如生物素,通过免疫组化或利用比色分析进行检测。
附图简述
鉴于已获得本发明的上述特征、优点和目的,以及其它显而易见的方面,并能详细理解,可参照附图中举例的特定实施方案更具体地描述本发明的以上简要内容。这些附图是说明书的一部分。但应注意,附图举例说明了本发明的优选实施方案,并因此不应理解为限制本发明的范围。
图1显示多形性成胶质细胞瘤(GBM)的chlorotoxin阳性免疫组化染色。DAB 3`3`-二氨基联苯胺与生物素化chlorotoxin的褐色反应产物在TM-601染色切片上清晰可见。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin染色,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图2证实正常脑组织不能被生物素化的chlorotoxin免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。正常脑也可用生物素化的抗GFAP(胶质原纤维酸性蛋白)抗体染色,该抗体可阳性染色正常脑组织中的星形胶质细胞。
图3显示对肾上腺实质(mass)成神经细胞瘤的chlorotoxin染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图4例示了生物素化chlorotoxin对嗜铬细胞瘤的免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图5例示了生物素化chlorotoxin不能对正常肾上腺组织进行免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图6显示生物素化chlorotoxin对转移至脑部的黑素瘤细胞的免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图7例示生物素化chlorotoxin对转移至肺部的黑素瘤细胞的免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图8显示生物素化chlorotoxin对正常皮肤的免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图9显示生物素化chlorotoxin对肺小细胞癌的免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图10显示生物素化chlorotoxin不能对正常肺组织进行免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图11显示生物素化chlorotoxin对成神经管瘤的免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图12显示,尤因肉瘤这种少见的神经外胚层衍生性骨癌也显示生物素化chlorotoxin的阳性免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图13显示生物素化chlorotoxin对正常胃组织免疫组化染色的阴性结果。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图14显示生物素化chlorotoxin不能对正常肝组织进行免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
图15证实生物素化chlorotoxin不能对正常脾组织进行免疫组化染色。TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin,用甲基绿复染;对照:仅有甲基绿;H&E染色:苏木精和伊红。
发明详述
根据本发明,可在本领域技术范围内利用常规分子生物学、微生物学、和重组DNA技术。这些技术均可完整参见文献。如Maniatis,Fritsch&Sambrook,“分子克隆:实验室手册(1982);“DNA克隆:实践方法”卷I和II(D.N.Glover编,1985);“寡核苷酸合成”(M.J.Gait编,1984);“核酸杂交”[B.D.Hames & S.J.Higgins编,(1985)];“转录和翻译”[B.D.Hames &S.J.Higgins编,(1984)];“动物细胞培养”[R.I.Freshney,编(1986)];“固相化细胞和酶”[IRL Press,(1986)];B.Perbal,“分子克隆实践指导”(1984)。
因此,如果在本文中出现,以下术语具有所示含义。
本文中“cDNA”指基因的mRNA转录物的DNA拷贝。
本文中“衍生的氨基酸序列”指通过阅读cDNA中核苷酸碱基的三联序列而确定的氨基酸序列。
本文中“筛选文库”指用标记的探针在适当条件下检查在特定DNA文库中是否存在与所述探针互补的序列。此外,“筛选文库”可通过PCR实施。
本文中“PCR”指作为Mullis的美国专利4683195和4683202的主题的聚合酶链式反应,以及领域内已知的其它改进。
本文所述氨基酸均指“L”异构型。但“D”异构型残基可被取代成任何L-氨基酸残基,只要这种多肽保留了免疫球蛋白结合活性。NH2指出现在多肽氨基端的游离氨基。COOH指出现在多肽羧基端的游离羧基。为保持标准多肽命名法一致,生物化学杂志,243:3552-59(1969),氨基酸残基的缩写为领域内已知。
应注意,本文中所有的氨基酸残基序列均用通式表示,该通式的左和右取向为氨基端至羧基端的常规取向。此外,应注意,氨基酸残基序列的开始和结尾处的破折号指与具有一或多个氨基酸残基的另一序列的肽键连接。
“复制子”是作为体内DNA自我复制单元发挥功能;即能在其自身控制下复制的遗传元件(如质粒、染色体、病毒)。
“载体”是复制子,如质粒、噬菌体或粘粒,其可携带另外的DNA片段以便使所携带的片段复制。
“DNA分子”指脱氧核糖核苷酸(腺苷酸、鸟苷酸、胸腺嘧啶、或胞嘧啶)的单链或双链超螺旋形式的聚合物。该术语仅指分子的一级和二级结构,不将其限定为任何特定的三级形式。因此,该术语包括双链DNA,尤其在线性DNA分子(如限制性片段)、病毒、质粒、和染色体中的双链DNA。本文按传统讨论结构,仅给出了沿DNA非翻译链的5′至3′方向的序列(即具有同源于mRNA的序列的链)。
“复制起点”指参与DNA合成的那些DNA序列。
DNA“编码序列”是,当被置于适当调控序列之下时可体内转录并翻译为多肽的双链DNA序列。编码序列的边界由5`(氨基)端的起始密码子和3`(羧基)端的翻译终止密码子来确定。编码序列可包括,但不限于,原核生物的序列、真核mRNA的cDNA、真核生物(如哺乳动物)DNA的基因组DNA序列、以及甚至合成的DNA序列。聚腺苷酸化信号及转录终止序列常常位于编码序列的3`侧。
转录控制序列和翻译控制序列均为DNA调控序列,如启动子、增强子、聚腺苷酸化信号、终止子等,它们用于使编码序列在宿主细胞中表达。
“启动子序列”是能在细胞中结合RNA聚合酶并起始下游(3`方向)编码序列的转录的DNA调节区。为了限定本发明,启动子序列在其3`末端结合了转录起始位点并向上游(5`方向)延伸以包括起始高于本底的可检测水平的转录所必需的最少数量的碱基或元件。在启动子序列中将可发现转录起始位点,以及负责结合RNA聚合酶的蛋白结合结构域(共有序列)。真核启动子通常,但不总是,包含“TATA”盒及“CAT”盒。原核启动子除含有-10和-35共有序列外还包含Shine-Dalgamo序列。
“表达控制序列”是控制和调节另一DNA序列的转录和翻译的DNA序列。当RNA聚合酶将编码序列转录为mRNA时,该编码序列“受控于”细胞中的转录和翻译控制序列,转录出的mRNA随后被翻译为该编码序列所编码的蛋白。
“信号序列”可以位于编码序列附近。该序列编码信号肽,其位于所述多肽的N末端,通过与宿主细胞联络而将所述多肽引到细胞表面或将所述多肽分泌至培养基中,该信号肽在蛋白质脱离宿主细胞之前被细胞剪切下来。原核及真核生物的多种天然蛋白均可找到其相关信号肽。
在本文中用于指本发明探针的术语“寡核苷酸”,被定义为含有两个或多个,优选三个以上核糖核苷酸的分子。其实际大小取决于多种因素,这些因素又取决于最终的功能和寡核苷酸的用途。
本文中术语“引物”指天然产生为纯化型限制性消化产物的或合成的寡核苷酸,当处于诱导与核酸链互补的引物延伸产物合成的条件下(即在有核苷酸、诱导剂如DNA聚合酶存在时,在适当温度和pH下),所述寡核苷酸能作为合成的起始点。引物可以是单链或双链,其长度应足以在有诱导剂存在的条件下引发所需延伸产物的合成。引物的真实长度取决于很多因素,包括温度、引物来源以及所用方法。例如,在诊断性应用中,取决于靶序列的复杂性,寡核苷酸引物通常含有15-25个或更多核苷酸,但也可以含有更少的核苷酸。
本文中引物均选择与特定靶DNA序列的不同链“基本”互补。这意味着所述引物与它们的对应链的互补性应足以使它们杂交。因此,引物序列不必反映模板的真实序列。例如,非互补性核苷酸片段可结合于引物的5’端,引物序列的剩余部分可与所述链互补。或者,非互补性碱基或更长的序列可分散插入该引物中,只要该引物序列具有与所述序列足够的互补性或足以与所述序列杂交,从而形成合成延伸产物的模板。
本文中术语“限制性内切核酸酶”和“限制性酶”指酶类,它们分别在特定核苷酸序列处或其附近切割双链DNA。
当将外源或异源DNA导入一种细胞后该细胞被所述DNA“转化”。转化DNA可整合(共价连接)至该细胞的基因组或不整合。如在原核生物、酵母、及哺乳动物细胞中,转化DNA可以作为附加元件如质粒来维持。对真核细胞而言,被稳定转化的细胞是下述细胞,其中转化DNA已整合至染色体,从而其可通过染色体复制而遗传给子代细胞。这种能力可通过真核细胞建立由含有转化DNA的子代细胞群组成之细胞系或克隆的能力来证实。“克隆”是由单个细胞或祖先经有丝分裂衍生而来的细胞群。“细胞系”是能在体外稳定生长数代的原代细胞的克隆。
DNA构建体的“异源”区是较大DNA分子内部可识别的DNA片段,且该片段在自然状态下与该较大分子无关。因此,当该异源区编码一种哺乳动物基因时,该基因的侧翼通常有在来源生物基因组中并非侧翼于哺乳动物基因组DNA的DNA。在另一实施例中,编码序列是一种构建体,其中该编码序列本身是未见于自然界的(如cDNA,其中基因组编码序列含有内含子;或具有不同于天然基因的密码子的合成序列)。等位基因变异或自然发生的突变事件不产生本文所限定的DNA异源区。
最常用于这些研究的标记是放射性元素、酶、暴露于紫外线可发荧光的化学物质,等。多种荧光物质已为人所知,并可用于作标记。这些包括,例如,荧光素、罗丹明、金胺、德克萨斯红、AMCA兰、和萤光黄。特定检测物质是在山羊中制备并通过异硫氰酸酯偶联了荧光素的抗兔抗体。
蛋白质也可用放射性元素或酶标记。放射性标记可通过现有的任何计数方法检测。优选的同位素可选自3H、14C、32P、35S、36Cl、51Cr、57Co、58Co、59Fe、90Y、125I、131I、和186Re。
酶标记也同样有效,并可通过目前使用的任何比色技术、分光光度技术、荧光分光光度技术、电流测量技术、或气体测量技术来检测。使酶通过与桥联分子如碳二亚胺、二异硫氰酸酯、戊二醛等反应而偶联至选定的颗粒上。可用于这些方法的多种酶已为人所知,并可加以利用。优选的有过氧化物酶、β-萄糖醛酸糖苷酶、β-D-葡糖苷酶、β-D-半乳糖苷酶,尿素酶、葡萄糖氧化酶加过氧化物酶和碱性磷酸酶。美国专利3,654,090、3,850,752、和4,016,043均通过举例提到其它可利用的标记物质和方法。
本领域已开发并已利用的一种特定分析系统是受体试验。在受体试验中,对待分析的物质进行适当标记,用一定量的两种标记接种特定的细胞测试菌落,然后进行结合研究以确定标记物质结合细胞受体的程度。通过这种方式可确定不同物质之间的亲和力差异。
本领域有效的一种试验是“顺式/反式”试验。简短说,该试验利用两种遗传构建体,其中一种通常为转染至适当细胞系后可连续表达特定目标受体的质粒,第二种构建体为在受体/配体复合物控制下表达受体如萤光素酶的质粒。因此,例如,当希望评价一种化合物作为特定受体的配体时,质粒之一可以是导致该受体在所选细胞系中表达的构建体,而第二种质粒具有与萤光素酶基因连接的启动子,其中插入了该特定受体的应答元件。如果待检化合物是所述受体的激动剂,该配体将与受体形成复合物,该复合物将与应答元件结合并启动萤光素酶基因的转录。然后通过分光光度法测量所产生的化学发光,获得剂量应答曲线,并与已知配体的曲线进行比较。上述方案详见于美国专利4,981,784。
本发明涉及用融合了细胞毒组分的神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体治疗神经外胚层肿瘤的方法。可能的神经外胚层肿瘤标靶包括神经胶质瘤、脑脊膜瘤、室管膜瘤、成神经管瘤、成神经细胞瘤、神经节瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、黑素瘤、PPNET’s、肺小细胞癌、尤因肉瘤、和脑内转移性肿瘤。优选地,神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体是与细胞毒组分融合的chlorotoxin。可能的细胞毒组分有白树毒素、蓖麻蛋白、皂角苷、假单胞菌外毒素、美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白、白喉毒素、和补体蛋白。
本发明还涉及神经外胚层肿瘤特异性治疗剂,其中神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体是抗chlorotoxin受体(据信其为72kDa的氯离子通道)的抗体。该抗体可与白树毒素、蓖麻蛋白、皂角苷、假单胞菌外毒素、美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白、白喉毒素、或补体蛋白融合。
本发明还涉及区分神经外胚层肿瘤衍生的肿瘤组织与非肿瘤组织的方法,其将目标组织与标记的chlorotoxin一起保温,并测定相对于所提供的正常组织,标记的chlorotoxin的结合。Chlorotoxin可用荧光组分标记,也可用放射性同位素如131I或125I标记。荧光组分可用于通过荧光显微镜检或荧光活化细胞分拣术进行检测。放射性标记的chlorotoxin可通过正电子发射X线断层摄影扫描术检测。
以下实施例旨在举例说明本发明的各种实施方案,并非对本发明的任何形式的限定。
实施例1:神经胶质瘤实验的chlorotoxin结果概述
近期研究证实,绝大多数神经胶质瘤细胞表达一种共同抗原。该抗原可被chlorotoxin锁定。chlorotoxin(Ctx或TM-601)是分离自Leiurusquinquestriatus蝎子毒液的一种36个氨基酸的肽,它选择性结合神经胶质瘤细胞膜,使得能选择性耙向CNS中的这些细胞(18)。该肽所靶定的抗原似乎是一种氯离子通道,但尚未在分子水平上对该抗原进行明确鉴定。迄今的信息表明,chlorotoxin可结合分子量72kDa的优选表达在神经胶质瘤细胞胞质膜中的膜蛋白。该肽的结合可促进神经胶质瘤细胞的增生(19)和抑制神经胶质瘤细胞在Transwell试验(一种体外评估肿瘤扩散性的试验)中移动的能力(20)。Chlorotoxin似乎通过减少膜对Cl-离子的通透性并因此阻止细胞体积变化,使细胞因不能改变体积而不能侵入健康组织来提供这些效应(20)。因此,chlorotoxin最可能的作用是针对已得到深入研究的神经胶质瘤氯离子通道(19)。
实施例2:用chlorotoxin对神经胶质瘤进行免疫组化染色
超过250份人体活检组织的冰冻切片或石蜡切片用化学合成形式的chlorotoxin进行组织化学染色,所述化学合成形式的chlorotoxin在N末端化学附着了可检测的生物素基团(TM-601)。TM-601分子的结合可见于与几乎所有神经胶质瘤相关的选择性细胞,其中每一肿瘤有多达95%的阳性细胞。根据这些研究,有人提出,利用chlorotoxin作为神经胶质瘤特异性标记和作为靶向神经胶质瘤的潜在治疗手段。为了这类目的,可利用chlorotoxin与放射性分子或细胞毒组分如皂角苷的连接。
实施例3:对chlorotoxin的重组DNA操作
可用本领域已知技术制备重组蛋白,它们经特别改造可以模拟天然毒素的结合和作用。合成的chlorotoxin的生物学活性是可如天然毒液毒素一样有效阻断氯离子通道。可使用重组技术,利用修饰型PGEX载体系统,在大肠杆菌中合成chlorotoxin,可利用常见的限制性位点将该毒素连接成各种融合蛋白。合成重组chlorotoxin后,可使之与各种细胞毒融合蛋白包括谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、白树毒素、蓖麻蛋白、白喉毒素、补体蛋白和放射性配体以及免疫毒素领域已知的其它这类蛋白连接。
实施例4:针对chlorotoxin结合型氯离子通道的抗体
针对神经胶质衍生性肿瘤中氯离子通道的抗体可如下制备。将谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶与chlorotoxin的融合蛋白注射至小鼠或兔,产生多克隆抗血清。小鼠用1mg/ml纯化型融合蛋白与完全弗氏佐剂的1∶1乳液0.5ml免疫,14和28天后用不完全弗氏佐剂中的乳液再注射两次。小鼠和兔的抗体均用GST融合蛋白固相化的硝酸纤维素滤膜从抗血清中纯化。然后检查这些抗体对各种组织的结合特异性。
实施例5:检查神经外胚层衍生性肿瘤的chlorotoxin结合的基本原理
由于神经胶质瘤与其它神经外胚层衍生细胞之间存在相似性,以及对有人提出神经外胚层细胞迁移的相似倾向性引起争论,因此彻底检查神经外胚层衍生性肿瘤中chlorotoxin结合位点的表达。
实施例6:制备人类活检标本的冰冻切片或石蜡包埋切片
来自两种性别、所有年龄和人种的人类组织的标本中大多数通过位于UAB的Cooperative Human Tissue Network,Tissue Procurement,UAB医院以及人类脑组织银行(Human Brain Tissue Bank),London,Canada获得。快速冷冻组织和包埋于冰冻胶中的新鲜组织切成8μm,置于带正电荷的玻璃载玻片上。然后根据不同染色方案,将这些切片于4%低聚甲醛或milloniqs中固定。根据标准方法对石蜡块进行切片和制备。
实施例7:检查活检标本的chlorotoxin结合
将活检切片在10%正常山羊血清的PBS溶液中封闭1小时,用生物素化chlorotoxin的稀释液4℃处理过夜。充分冲洗后,染色通过抗生物素蛋白-生物素复合物(ABC)技术(来自Vector Laboratories,Burlington,CA的Vectastain Elite ABC试剂盒)显色,并通过DAB(3’3’-二氨基联苯胺;VectorLaboratories)与ABC复合物的比色反应来观察。
活检切片用甲基绿(一种核染料)复染,以便更容易地观察未染色的细胞。不同实验中的非特异性背景标记因标记的有效浓度、组织的状态或反应的时间长短改变而各不相同。因此,一张对照切片用甲基绿但不用生物素化chlorotoxin来进行同样的染色。阳性细胞染色鉴定为,与其连续切片的对照相比,chlorotoxin标记信号高于背景。在对照中,含有大量内源性过氧化物酶的细胞因为DAB与所述过氧化物酶的反应而显出黑背景。
最后,第三张相邻切片用苏木精(细胞核特异性染色)和伊红(细胞质染色)染色。因此,对于所分析的每种组织,共有三张相邻切片被染色。这些均示于显微照片中,它们提供了TM-601 chlorotoxin对神经外胚层衍生肿瘤的结合相对于对照的特异性证据。在这些显微照片中,相邻切片如下鉴定:TM-601:生物素化chlorotoxin通过DAB与生物素的棕色反应产物和进一步的甲基绿复染检测;对照:对照切片仅用甲基绿染色;H&E:用苏木精和伊红染色的切片。
实施例8:多形性成胶质细胞瘤(GBM)
多形性成胶质细胞瘤(GBM)用生物素化chlorotoxin(TM-601)染色。这些肿瘤与生物素化chlorotoxin发生强反应,图1中所检测的25例病人的25份标本均为阳性。这种多形性成胶质细胞瘤可与用生物素化chlorotoxin染色的正常人脑组织(18/23阴性)相比较。图2显示一次代表性的染色。经证实,正常脑组织不能用TM-601染色。这与此前关于chlorotoxin对神经胶质瘤之结合特异性的证据一致。
实施例9:正常脑组织中的GFAP染色
活检切片在10%正常山羊血清的PBS溶液中封闭1小时,然后用针对胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP;DAKO公司,Carpinteria CA)的抗体染色过夜。洗涤组织后,加偶联了过氧化物酶的第二抗体作用2小时,再次洗涤,然后加DAB显色。对正常脑的典型的胶质原纤维酸性蛋白染色示于图2。正常脑为胶质原纤维酸性蛋白染色阳性,但该蛋白也可染色常见于正常组织中的星形胶质细胞。
实施例10:成神经细胞瘤
成神经细胞瘤是主要见于儿童,高发于肾上腺中的一种肿瘤。成神经细胞瘤显示TM-601反应性高于对照染色,如图3所示。7份成神经细胞瘤中的6份为chlorotoxin结合阳性。
实施例11:嗜铬细胞瘤
嗜铬细胞瘤是肾上腺的嗜铬性肿瘤细胞。该肿瘤也显示高强度的染色,如图4所示。6份嗜铬细胞瘤中的5份为生物素化chlorotoxin染色阳性,尤其与图5所示正常肾上腺的TM-601染色(3/3阴性)相比。
实施例12:黑素瘤
图6显示对转移至脑的黑素瘤的生物素化chlorotoxin染色。7份黑素瘤脑转移全部为TM-601阳性。此外,转移至肺部的黑素瘤也进行了分析,如图7所示。但正常皮肤不与TM-601反应(6/6阴性)(图8),而即使在对照中,黑素细胞中也有一些背景染色。
实施例13:肺小细胞癌
肺小细胞癌可与TM-601反应。染色与未染色细胞的对比很清楚(图9)。对照(中图)中TM-601阳性细胞为血液红细胞,其表现高水平的背景过氧化物酶染色。这种TM-601特异性可进一步通过比较小细胞癌(2/3阳性)和正常肺(3/3阴性)的TM-601染色来证实(图10)。
实施例14:成神经管瘤
另一类神经外胚层衍生肿瘤为成神经管瘤。它们显示对TM-601的特异性反应性,如图11所示(4/4阳性)。
实施例15:尤因肉瘤
尤因肉瘤,一种罕见的骨癌,有时见于软组织,其为TM-601阳性(2/2)(图12)。
实施例16:检测用于chlorotoxin给药的潜在位点的副作用
为了设计使用这种产物的药物治疗,用TM-601染色各种正常组织以确定可能发生副作用的位点。初步证据表明,最常见的副作用靶中一部分(如胃和肝脏)为TM-601阴性(迄今,两种组织中均2/2阴性)(分别见于图13和14)。脾组织染色示于图15(3/3阴性)。其它正常人类组织的TM-601染色见表1。
表1
肿瘤或组织类型 | 案例号 Chlorotoxin结合 |
原发性脑肿瘤:神经胶质瘤:WHO IV级:多形性成胶质细胞瘤WHO III级:退行性星形细胞瘤WHO II级:低级WHO I级:pliocytic星形细胞瘤少突神经胶质瘤其它胶质瘤神经节瘤脑脊膜瘤室管膜瘤 | 25 阳性2 阳性2 阳性11 阳性6 阳性3 阳性3 阳性18 阳性3 阳性 |
其它原发性脑肿瘤:脑内表皮样囊肿脑肿瘤-病理学未知GBM患者的垂体 | 3 2/3阳性15 14/15阳性2 阳性 |
继发性脑肿瘤: |
脑转移瘤 | 14 12/14阳性 |
与脑组织的比较Alzheimer脑正常的或未波及的脑癫痫/神经胶质增生/发作(stroke)GBM的未波及的脑 | 8 阴性24 18/24阴性6 阳性3 阴性(尸检) |
神经外胚层来源的肿瘤:成神经管瘤成神经细胞瘤神经节瘤黑素瘤嗜铬细胞瘤PPNET肺小细胞癌尤因肉瘤 | 4 阳性7 6/7阳性4 阳性7 阳性6 5/6阳性1 阴性3 2/3阳性2 阳性 |
其它人类组织结肠子宫内膜/子宫肌层心脏肾脏肾上腺肝脏肺肺,小细胞癌脑脊膜骨骼肌胰腺,纤维变性卵巢皮肤,来自大腿、腹部或胸部脾脏胃睾丸甲状腺 | 3 阴性2 阴性2 阴性2 皮质为阳性/髓质为阴性3 阴性3 阴性3 阴性1 阳性3 阴性2 阴性1 阴性2 大多为阴性/极少数细胞为阳性6 阴性3 阴性2 阴性2 大多为阴性/极少数细胞为阳性1 阴性 |
实施例17:对所检测的肿瘤和组织的概述
如表1所概述,绝大多数神经外胚层衍生肿瘤可结合chlorotoxin,这表明chlorotoxin在靶向神经外胚层来源的肿瘤方面具有更广泛的应用。具体地,检测了34例原发性神经外胚层肿瘤患者,其中31例在肿瘤物质中显示chlorotoxin特异性,如表1所示。将该染色与其它类型CNS和PNS肿瘤的chlorotoxin染色进行比较,并与各种正常人类组织比较。
TM-601特异性相关于神经外胚层衍生的肿瘤,包括成神经管瘤、成神经细胞瘤、神经节瘤、黑素瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、肺小细胞癌以及尤因肉瘤。因此,chlorotoxin衍生的分子可用于特异性靶向从而治疗或诊断上述神经外胚层衍生肿瘤。类似地,这些肿瘤也可通过其它分子,如与chlorotoxin受体(假定为72kD的氯离子通道)结合的抗体来靶向。
本文引用了以下参考。
1.含p16INK4a基因的染色体区的半合子或纯合子缺失与成胶质细胞瘤中EGF受体基因的扩增相关。Hegi ME,Hausen AZ,Ruedi D,Malin G andKleihues P.(1997),国际癌症杂志73:57-63。
2.星形胶质细胞瘤和神经纤维瘤中的Ras活化。Guha A.(1998),加拿大神经科学杂志25:267-281。
3.星形细胞胶质瘤中的肿瘤抗原。Kurpad SN,Zhao XG,Wikstrand CJ,Batra SK,McLendon RE,and Bigner DD.(1995),神经胶质(Glia)15;244-256。
4.131I标记的抗结合腕蛋白单克隆抗体对患有复发性恶性神经胶质瘤的病人的治疗:I期试验结果。Bigner DD,Brown MT,Friedman AH,Coleman RE,Akabani G,Friedman HS,Thorstad WL,McLendon RE,Bigner SH,Zhao X-G,Pegram CN,Wikstrand CJ,Hemdon JE,Vick NA,Paleologos N,Cokgor I,Provenzale JM and Zalutsky MR.(1998),临床癌症杂志.16:2202-2212。
5.在表达SV40 T抗原的4种不同品系的转基因小鼠中的三边(Trilateral)肿瘤。(1996)Marcus DM,Lasudry JG,Windle J,Howes KA,al Ubaidi MR,Baehr W,Overbeek PA,Font RL,and Albert DM,Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis Sci37:392-396。
6.人类皮肤黑素瘤和神经胶质瘤共有的肿瘤相关抗原的分子检测。ChiDDJ,Merchant RE,Rand R,Conrad AJ,Garrison D,Turner R,Morton DL,andHoon DSB.(1997),美国病理学杂志150:2143-2152。
7.神经系统肿瘤的病理学和遗传学。Paul Kleihues and Webster K.Cavence编,国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research onCancer),Lyon,1997。
8.通过CD99免疫染色、核型分析、和对EWS/FLI-1嵌合mRNA的RT-PCR所证实的,卵巢中外周神经外胚层肿瘤。Kawauchi S,Fukuda T,Miyamoto S,Yoshioka J,Shirahama S,Saito T,and Sukamoto N.(1998),美国外科病理学杂志11:1417-1422。
9.典型及非典型尤因肉瘤/PNET的细胞学。Renshaw AA,Perez-AtaydeAR,Gletcher JA,and Granter SR.(1996),美国临床病理杂志106:620-624。
10.C-kit在神经外胚层来源的软组织肉瘤中表达,其配体可阻止肿瘤细胞凋亡。Ricotti E,Fagioli F,Garelli E,Linari C,Crescenzio N,Horenstein AL,Pistamiglio P,Vai S,Berger M,Cordero di Montezemolo L,Madon E,andBasso G.(1998),血液91:2397-2405。
11.儿童星形胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤和原发性神经外胚层肿瘤中的IL-1α,IL-1β,I型IL-1R,IL-1R拮抗剂及TGF-β1的mRNA。Ilyin SE,Gonzalez-Gomez I,Gilles FH,and Plata-Salaman CR.(1998),分子化学神经病理学(Mol.Chem.Neuropathol.)33:125-137。
12.原发性神经外胚层肿瘤的免疫组化鉴定及它们与CNS逐步癌变的关系。2.肿瘤研究。Kleinert R.(1991),神经病理学学报(Acta Neuropathol)82:508-15。
13.作为星形胶质细胞及人类星形胶质瘤的标志的中间丝细胞骨架蛋白。Yang HY,Lieska N,Shao D,Kriho V,and Pappas GD.(1994),分子化学神经病理学21:155-176。
14.人的原发性神经外胚层肿瘤细胞在对FGF 2的应答中表现为多效神经前体。Derrington EA,Dufay N,Rudkin BB,and Belin M-F.(1998),癌基因17:1663-1672。
15.外周及中枢神经系统的神经外胚层肿瘤与肺小细胞癌具有共同的神经内分泌N-CAM-相关抗原。Molenaar WM,de Leij L,and Trojanowski JQ.(1991),神经病理学学报83:46-54。
16.成神经管瘤及其它儿童脑肿瘤中的神经营养蛋白以及神经元向神经胶质细胞的分化。Tajima Y,Molina RP Jr,Rorke LB,Kaplan DR,Radeke M,Feinstein SC,Lee VM,and Trojanowski JQ.(1998),神经病理学学报95:325-332。
17.培养的人类成神经细胞瘤和肺小细胞癌细胞系中c-src的表达与神经内分泌分化相关。Mellstrom K,Bjelfman C,Hammerling U,and Pahlam S.(1987),分子细胞生物学7:4178-4184。
18.Chlorotoxin靶向原发性脑肿瘤的应用。Soroceanu L,Gillespie Y,Khazaeli MB and Sontheimer HW.(1998),癌症研究58:4871-4879。
19.神经胶质瘤特异性氯离子流的细胞周期依赖性表达:与细胞骨架改变的假定联系。Ullrich N and Sontheimer H.(1997),美国生理学杂志273:C1290-1297。
20.用Cl-离子和K+离子通道阻断剂调节神经胶质瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭。Soroceanu L,Manning TJ Jr.,and Sontheimer H.(1999),J.Neuroscience.Submited。
本说明书提到的任何专利或公开物均表示本领域技术人员在本发明所涉及领域的水平。这些专利和公开物如果分别具体单独地指示为引入本文作参考,则均以相同程度引入本文。
本领域技术人员可容易地认识到,本发明能很好地实现目标,并获得所提及的以及其所固有的目的和优点。本文所述方法、过程、治疗、分子、以及特异性化合物的实例均为优选实施方案的代表,是举例性质的,不应理解为对本发明范围的限制。本领域技术人员可对它们进行改动和作其它用途,这些都包含在本发明权利要求书所限定的范围内。
Claims (14)
1.一种治疗神经外胚层肿瘤患者的方法,其包括以下步骤:
给予一种药物组合物,其包含药学有效量的、与细胞毒组分融合的神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体以及一种可药用载体。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述神经外胚层肿瘤选自室管膜瘤、成神经管瘤、成神经细胞瘤、神经节瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、黑素瘤、外周原发性神经外胚层肿瘤、肺小细胞癌、尤因肉瘤、以及脑内转移瘤。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体是chlorotoxin。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述chlorotoxin选自天然chlorotoxin,合成的chlorotoxin以及重组chlorotoxin。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述细胞毒组分选自白树毒素,蓖麻蛋白,皂角苷,假单胞菌外毒素,美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白,白喉毒素,和补体蛋白。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述神经外胚层肿瘤特异性配体是针对chlorotoxin受体的抗体。
7.一种区分神经外胚层肿瘤衍生的肿瘤组织与非肿瘤组织的方法,其包括以下步骤:
使目标组织与标记的chlorotoxin接触,该chlorotoxin可特异性结合神经外胚层肿瘤组织;
测定标记的chlorotoxin的结合,其中相对于正常组织升高的结合水平指示该组织是肿瘤组织。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述chlorotoxin用一种检测组分标记。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所述检测组分选自荧光染料,生物素,与酶底物连接的比色试剂。
10.权利要求8的方法,其中所述标记chlorotoxin的结合通过选自下组的方法测定:荧光显微镜检查、ELISA和荧光活化细胞分拣术。
11.权利要求7的方法,其中所述标记的chlorotoxin是被放射性标记。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述放射性标记的chlorotoxin选自131I-chlorotoxin和125I-chlorotoxin。
13.权利要求7的方法,其中放射性标记之chlorotoxin的可指示肿瘤组织的结合亲和力水平是约5纳摩尔至约5微摩尔。
14.权利要求13的方法,其中所述标记chlorotoxin的结合利用正电子发射X线断层摄影扫描术测定。
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CN102552943A (zh) * | 2010-12-31 | 2012-07-11 | 复旦大学 | 一种氯代毒素修饰的肿瘤靶向磁共振造影剂及其制备方法和应用 |
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US6667156B2 (en) * | 1995-12-27 | 2003-12-23 | Uab Research Foundation | Diagnosis and treatment of neuroectodermal tumors |
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DE602006020710D1 (de) * | 2005-04-22 | 2011-04-28 | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Foundation | Fluoreszentes chlorotoxinkonjugat und verfahren zur intraoperativen sichtbarmachung von krebs |
NZ566395A (en) * | 2005-09-26 | 2012-03-30 | Medarex Inc | Human monoclonal antibodies to CD70 |
EP2013233A2 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2009-01-14 | Transmolecular, Inc. | Use of tm-601 for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors |
US20100150950A1 (en) * | 2006-12-14 | 2010-06-17 | Medarex, Inc. | Human antibodies that bind cd70 and uses thereof |
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CN101918041A (zh) * | 2007-10-12 | 2010-12-15 | 超分子有限公司 | 用于肿瘤诊断和治疗的氯毒素剂的系统性给药 |
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