CN1327619A - 混合屋顶覆盖件 - Google Patents
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- CN1327619A CN1327619A CN00802163A CN00802163A CN1327619A CN 1327619 A CN1327619 A CN 1327619A CN 00802163 A CN00802163 A CN 00802163A CN 00802163 A CN00802163 A CN 00802163A CN 1327619 A CN1327619 A CN 1327619A
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/052—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells
- H01L31/0525—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells including means to utilise heat energy directly associated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Seebeck elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
- H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
- H02S20/20—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object
- H02S20/22—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings
- H02S20/23—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings specially adapted for roof structures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
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- Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
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- Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
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- Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明涉及混合屋顶覆盖件,它包括:柔性薄膜太
阳能电池片,电池片的热容量小于3.5kJ/m2K,最好小于600J/m2K,有定义为每单位时间的温度变化与净通量变化之比的响应速度,响应速度大于5.7*10^-4K/W,最好大于11*10^-4K/W,用低热容量的薄膜太阳能电池片能得到有高响应速度的混合屋顶覆盖件,用联辊法制造薄膜太阳能电池,制造中临时衬底用于按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件中。
Description
本发明涉及包括有薄膜太阳能电池片的混合屋顶覆盖件,混合屋顶覆盖件是适合于安装在屋顶构件上或屋顶构件中的构件,或者是与房屋一起构成整体的其它形式,如果需要,也可按独立系统存在,该系统中按两种方式利用太阳能。一方面,用薄膜太阳能电池片把太阳能转换成电能。另一方面,用太阳能加热例如空气和/或水的气体和/或液体介质。
包括薄膜太阳能电池片的混合屋顶覆盖件是已知的。US5589006和EP0820105,US5849006所述的混合屋顶覆盖件从顶到底包括:透明涂层构成的顶层,填料浇注的薄膜太阳能电池片,绝缘背面件、填料层、和屋顶覆盖层。空气穿过屋顶覆盖层下面。EP0820105所述的系统中,薄膜太阳能电池层设在有高负荷承载能力和好的加工性能的背面板上,因而,该背面板能任意弯成任何所需的形状,更具体地说,能弯成不规则的四边形,空气在背板下面和薄膜太阳能电池片上面通过。
尽管这些混合屋顶覆盖件有足够的功能,用开口可以提高发热效率。
已发现让低热容量的薄膜太阳能电池片与要加热的介质直接接触,容易提高发热效率。在部分屋顶覆盖件上会产生更高的效率,当加热薄膜太阳能电池片本身所需的能量较少时,就会剩下更多的能量用于加工。这就导致在部分混合屋顶覆盖件上有更高的响应速度。
按本发明的包括薄膜太阳能电池片的混合屋顶覆盖件,其特征是,它的热容量低于3.5kJ/m2K,最好小于600J/m2K。
按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件中用的薄膜太阳能电池片是柔性薄膜太阳能电池片。由于多种原因使膜的柔软性具有吸引力。首先,可以用卷筒形式把薄膜太阳能电池片运输到要安装屋顶覆盖件的地方;第2,软的薄膜太阳能电池比在玻璃载体上的硬薄膜太阳能电池更容易分割成所要求的尺寸的片段;第3,薄膜太阳能电池片的柔软性可以按要求用不同的方式把膜组合成屋顶覆盖件,因此,可以面对太阳的膜的位置最佳,也能达到任何所要求的审美效果。因此,柔性薄膜太阳能电池片不仅能构成最通用的平板层,也能弯成所说的不规则的平行四边形,或一些其它所需的形状。用联辊工艺制成的薄膜太阳能电池片特别吸引人,它能充分满足容易运输和容易分割成所需尺寸的片段等要求。
按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件中用的薄膜太阳能电池片由软载体、背电极、光电层,和透明前电极构成。若需要,薄膜太阳能电池层可以设有一层以上的保护层或其它顶层。这种薄膜太阳能电池片的热容量主要由载体和其它保护层和顶层的固有特性决定。选择这些材料时,要选取那些能保证获得所要求的例如热容量的特性的材料。
按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件中用的薄膜太阳能电池片的总厚度小于1000μm、小于500μm更好,大于300μm最好。总的说来,越薄的太阳能电池层具有越小的热容量。
按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件中用的薄膜太阳能电池片的每平方米表面上的重量小于1400g/m2小于700g/m2更好。总的说来,越轻的薄膜太阳能电池片的热容量越小。而且,越轻的太阳能电池层结构越简单、运输和加工费用越少。
适合于用作薄膜太阳能电池片的载体层的材料包括热塑性或热固性聚合物膜,及它们的组合膜,或在这些膜上加增强纤维的任何衍生物。适用的热固性材料包括:聚酰亚胺,不饱和聚酯,乙烯基酯类,SI等。热塑性材料可以是非晶型材料或半结晶材料。适用的非晶型热塑性材料的实例是PEI、PSU、PC、PPO、PES、PMMA、SI、PVC、PVDC、FEP或各种其它的含氟聚合物。适用的半结晶热塑性材料的实例有PET、PEN、PEEK、PEKK、PP和PTFE。适用的液晶材料是PPTA(商标为Twaron.Aramica.Kevlar)。也可用金属压出膜以及溶液浇铸膜、浮状液浇铸膜、或悬浮体浇铸膜。通常双轴拉伸膜有优异的机械性能。金属膜上已加有绝缘(介电)顶层,如果需要,可用如用玻璃纤维加强的环氧树脂材料的聚合物和纤维增物构成的组合物作为载体层。
最好选用设有其软化点低于载体自身的软化点的热塑性粘接层的聚合“共压出”膜。共压出膜设有例如Al或SiOx的防扩散层。
当前优选的材料是双轴拉伸的聚酯膜,而且,最好还加有防扩散涂层。
载体厚度应在75μm至1mm,优选的厚度范围是100μm至600μm,和150μm至300μm。如上所述,用联辊(roll-to-roll)工艺制造的薄膜太阳能电池层最有诱惑力。以下是最受人们关注的制造柔性薄膜太阳能电池的联辊工艺所包括的工艺步骤:
(a)提供临时衬底;
(b)在所述衬底上加透明导电电极;
(c)加光电层;
(d)加背电极;
(e)背电极上加永久性载体;
(f)去掉临时衬底;
(g)选择性的加透明保护层,
制造混合屋顶覆盖件中用的薄膜太阳能电池片的该方法受到关注的原因是,它使用了临时衬底,因而可以在该条件下加透明导电氧化物制成的前电极,光电层,背电极,因而制造出高质量的太阳能电池。选择在后面的阶段把永久载体加到薄膜太阳能电池上,因而容易满足混合屋顶覆盖件具体使用时所提出的条件。但是,永久衬底不需要有在加前电极,光电层和背电极的过程中通常有的耐高温的特性,结果,对永久载体的选择自由度更大。
为此,按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件包括用上述步骤a至g制成的薄膜太阳能电池。适用的制造方法的实例已由WO98/13882和WO99/49483公开。
背电极、PV层和透明前电极的固有特性并不是本发明的关键问题。
透明前电极通常是透明导电氧化物(TCO),适用的透明导电氧化物的实例是铟锡氧化物,氧化锌,掺铝、氟或硼的氧化锌,硫化镉,氧化镉,氧化锡,最好是掺氟的SnO2。后面所述的透明电极材料是优选材料,因为它在400℃以上的最好在500至600℃的高温下使用时,可以形成有针状结晶结构的所要求的结晶表面,此外它比广泛使用的铟锡氧化物的耐化学腐蚀性更好。而且,它的价格低得多。
本说明书中的术语“PV层”或“光电层”包括吸受光并发电所需的整个多层系统。适用的膜层结构是已知的,加这些膜层的方法也是已知的。本领域的一般的现有技术参见YHkinoro Kuwano,“Photovoltaic Cells”,Ullmann’s Encyclopedia,Vol A20(1992),161,和“Solar Technology”Ullmann’s Encyclopedia VolA24(1993),369
PV层制造中也可以用各种薄膜半导体,实例是非晶硅(a-Si:H),微晶硅,多晶非晶硅碳化物(a-SiC),非晶硅锗(a-SiGe)和a-SiGe:H。此外,按本发明的薄膜太阳能电池片中的PV层包含例如CIS(铜铟二硒,即Culn Se2)PV晶胞,碲化镉晶胞,Cu(In,Ga)Se晶胞,ZnSe/CIS晶胞,ZnO/CIS晶胞,Mo/CIS/CdS/InO晶胞和染色敏化晶胞,还会出现堆晶。
当TCO包含掺氟的氧化锡时,PV层最好是非晶硅层。那种情况下,通常PV层将包括一组或多组P-(掺杂)型,本征(i)型和n-(掺杂)型非晶硅层,P型层设在接收入射光一侧。
按本发明的薄膜太阳能电池片中的背电极最好是既能用作反光层也能用作电极。背电极可含有反光性能的任何适用的材料,如Al,Ag或它们的化合物。反光材料是Ag时,最好首先加粘接催化剂层。粘接催化剂层适用的材料例有TiO2和ZnO,当粘接催化剂层的厚度适当如80nm时,它有反射性能。
与带有例如铜板制成的有负荷承载能力的硬的全天侯载体上制成的有纤维浇铸的薄膜太阳能电池片的常规混合屋顶覆盖件相比,按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件有更高的响应速度。本文中所说的响应速度是指当辐射强度变化时,要加热的材料的温度变化速度。因此响应速度的定义是单位时间的温度变化与净光通量之比,单位为K/W。
按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件,一方面能显示出薄膜太阳能电池片本身的响应速度,另一方面能显示出散热介质的响应速度。该后面一个响应速度也叫做混合屋顶覆盖件的响应速度。薄膜太阳能电池片本身的响应速度首先显示出混合屋顶覆盖件的响应速度。按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件中用的薄膜太阳能电池片的响应速度应大于5.7*10^-4K/W,大于11*10^-4K/W更好。
当混合屋顶覆盖件中要加热的介质是空气时,屋顶覆盖件的响应速度应大于5.7*10^-4K/W,大于11*10^-4K/W更好。
当混合屋顶覆盖件中要加热的介质是水时,屋顶覆盖件的响应速度大于1*10^-4K/W,大于2*10^-4K/W更好。
按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件可以构成不同的形式,它适合于同时发电和热水,或者,它能同时发电和加热空气,个别情况下,也能加热其它气体或液体介质。
按本发明的混合屋顶覆盖件可包括从顶到底例如有单层或多层透明膜层,薄膜太阳能电池片,和隔热材料。在透明膜层与薄膜太阳能电池片之间和/或薄膜太阳能电池片与隔热材料之间是含被加热介质如空气的空隙。这种情况下,单层或多层透明膜层最好能使70%以上可见光透过的透射率和K值小于4W/m2K。K值是面板隔离性能技术领域中常用的参数。
以下将参见适于加热空气的屋顶覆盖件详细说明按本发明的混合屋顶覆合件,对本领域的技术人员而言,也可用相应的方式加热不同的介质。
按本发明适于同时发电和加热空气的混合屋顶覆盖件中,一边上有引入冷空气的间隙,另一边上释放热空气。用模气板供给和释放空气或引起空气自然地汲取和引入。
薄膜太阳能电池片以自由悬挂的方式安装在屋顶覆盖件中,使空气能从任何一边上的薄膜太阳能电池片上通过。如果需要,可把薄膜太阳能电池片安装在混合屋顶覆盖件中的有良好绝缘性能的硬衬底上。所述的后一种情况下,衬底的热容量应低于薄膜太阳能电池片和硬衬底的组合热容量,不超过3000J/m2K。薄膜太阳能电池片和硬衬底的组合热容量小于900J/m2K,最好小于450J/m2K。从能量效率考虑,薄膜太阳能电池片最好安装在空气室内,以使薄膜太阳能电池片与一边上流动的空气接触。为了稳固可用硬衬底。硬衬底用尽可能最薄的(发泡)塑料或类似材料构成。
接收入射光一侧上的空气室还要充分隔绝,以保证所产生的热不会散到外部空气中。可以设置适当的绝缘顶层来达到隔绝空气室的目的。如上所述,该顶层最好能透过70%以上的K值小于4W/m2K的可见光。如上所述,不需要浮动安装薄膜太阳能电池片,可按例如EP0820105所述的方式或任何其它方式安装薄膜太阳能电池片。
用按本发明的屋顶覆件产生其中的热空气,而且借助热交换器用该热空气生成热水,从而以最大效率获得热水。
例1
同时发电和加热空气的混合屋顶覆盖件用以下构件构成,从顶到底有:防气侯影响的密封层;透明绝缘塑料空心板,空气能在它下面流动;泡沫塑料绝缘层上的薄膜太阳能电池片,和屋顶覆盖层。屋顶覆盖件设有分别让冷空气和热空气进出的进气孔和出气孔。在薄膜太阳能电池片与透明绝缘塑料板之间的间隙中的空气被加热。
薄膜太阳能电池片包括:塑料载体,它上面叠置有也能用作反光器的铝背电极;非晶硅光电层;和作为透明前面电极的掺氟的氧化锡。膜上覆盖有聚合物保护顶层。薄膜太阳能电池片的热容量为440J/m2K,厚度为250μm;每平方米表面积的重量是300g/m2。薄膜太阳能电池片和泡沫塑料板组合物的热容量是2500J/m2K。
薄膜太阳能电池片的响应速度是2.2*10^-3K/W。屋顶覆盖件的响应速度是6.7*10-4K/W。
Claims (13)
1.一种混合屋顶覆件,能同时加热介质和发电,它包括热容量小于3.5kJ/m2K,最好小于600J/m2K的柔性薄膜太阳能电池片。
2.按权利要求1所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,柔性薄膜太阳能电池每平方米的重量小于1400g/m2,最好小于700g/m2。
3.按权利要求1或2所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,柔性薄膜太阳能电池的响应速度大于5.7*10^-4K/W,最好大于11*10^-4K/W。
4.按前面任一权利要求所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,薄膜太阳能电池片包括:载体,背电极,光电层和透明电极。
5.按前面任一权利要求所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,薄膜太阳能电池片的厚度小于1000μm,小于500μm更好,小于250μm最好。
6.按权利要求4至5中任一项所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,载体厚度为75μm至1mm,厚度为100μm至600μm更好,为150μm至300μm最好。
7.按前面任一权利要求所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,柔性薄膜太阳能电池片是用联辊方法制成的。
8.按权利要求7所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,制造柔性薄膜太阳能电池的方法包括以下步骤:
·提供临时衬底;
·所述衬底上加透明导电电极;
·加光电层;
·加背电极;
·背电极上加永久载体;
·去掉临时衬底;
·选择地加透明保护层。
9.按前面任一权利要求所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,被加热的介质是空气,其中,混合屋顶覆盖件的响应速度大于5.7*10^-4K/W,最好大于11*10^-4K/W。
10.按权利要求1—8中任一项所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,被加热的介质是水,其中,覆盖件的响应速度大于1*10^-4K/W,最好大于2*10^-4K/W。
11.按前面任一权利要求所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,从顶到底包括:单层或多层透明层,薄膜太阳能电池片,和隔热材料,其中,透明层与薄膜太阳能电池片之间和/或薄膜太阳能电池片与隔热材料之间有包含待加热介质的间隙。
12.按权利要求11所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,单层或多层透明层能透过70%以上的可见光和K值小于4W/m2K。
13.按权利要求1—9、11或12中任一项所述的混合屋顶覆盖件,其中,被加热的介质是空气并利用混合屋顶覆盖件中已加热的空气的能量借助热交换器来加热水。
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CN103897352A (zh) * | 2012-12-31 | 2014-07-02 | 中原工学院 | 一种柔性或薄膜太阳能电池用聚脂膜及其制备方法 |
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