CN1320226A - 由光散射载体材料构成的电控转换光学性能的复合膜 - Google Patents
由光散射载体材料构成的电控转换光学性能的复合膜 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜,其包括两个控制电极和带空穴的有光散射的微空间膜。该膜的空穴中含有在悬浮液中电泳移动的粒子,因此所述微空间膜是由光散射的材料构成的。该具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜能用作显示板、计算机显示屏或平面显示屏。
Description
本发明涉及由光散射的载体材料构成的电控转换光学性能的复合膜,它是以在悬浮液体中的电泳移动粒子为基础的。
信息系统例如指示标牌、广告、标价牌、交通时刻表、计算机显示屏或通用的平面荧光屏幕用作显示文本、符号或图形,它们应该在逆光情况下仍能有高的对比度,即使在锐角时也能看清,并具有足够的固有发光能力或相应的外部光照度。所显示的这种信息可以是固定不变的,如广告板,或者是可电子学上改变的,如计算机显示器。
许多这种信息系统没有固有发光能力,而是由外部光例如通过普通日光或室内光照,为了无反射照射,在其中常常优选前置光照的方式。
信息系统在经济上有意义的应用之一是扁平显示屏,如可携带式计算机中应用的所谓显示器,扁平显示屏的制作或者是用自发光显示,这就不需要用光照系统;或者是采用例如是以液晶或电泳系统为基础工作的非自发光显示,非自发光显示简而言之至少有两层结构组成,一个照明单元和一个其上能显示可电子学上变化的信息的膜层,在这里称作显像层。照明单元可采取背射光照或前置光照的方式。所选照明单元的类型取决于显像层的透明性和/或其反射能力。照明单元的说明
对照明单元必须考虑使视野有良好的光照度和尽可能高的对比度,这往往要通过高功率的照明单元来达到。为了提供所需的能量则要有相应的高功率电池,目前它又与显著增加的系统总重量联系在一起。
现代化计算机显示屏的照明单元消耗的能量往往超过整个屏幕所需能量的90%以上,在用液晶显示(LCD)的背光照射系统中,经过例如极化层将生成光的相当大的部分过滤损失掉了,不能使它们都用于照明。
在很多情况下,对用液晶显示(LCD)的背光照射系统采用平面灯或者带有相应光散射片或网栅的多只灯具;而另外的系统设计的出发点是将侧向光照入导光板,并在背面有相应的反射单元,或者在导光板的上面有可激发的输出去耦点。这些技术只能用于背射光照系统,而不能用于前置光照系统,因为发射的光不论在观察者的方向,还是指向显像层都有反射,这样,即使有可能,也很难识别视像层显示的信息。
其它显示技术则应用扁平和薄层的电致发光灯或带散射装置的小型荧光单元。电致发光灯消耗的能量要少于荧光背射照明系统,但其光照度较弱,通常并不能放射出彩色屏幕所需的完整光谱。再者电致发光灯的寿命也不能令人满意。显像层的说明
电子学上可改变的信息显示的一项新发展是J.Jacobson教授等人提出的“电子油墨”。这一技术利用了单色的或多色的颜料粒子在电场中的取向来显示图像信息。详细内容例如可参见J.Jacobson等人,IBM System Journal 36(1997)457~463页或B.Comiskey等人,Nature,394卷,1998年7月,253~255页。
在不同的实施方案中,相应的双极型的单色或双色粒子的制备及它们在用电泳工作的显示屏上的应用可参阅例如WO98/03896。在这里描写了这些粒子是如何悬浮在一惰性液体中,并被包裹在载体材料的小汽泡内。该技术根据所加电场,通过一种双色粒子的旋转允许宏观的双色显示。
在WO98/19208中对相似的电泳显示作了说明,其中往往是在必要时带色液体中的电泳移动粒子通过一电场能在一微包囊范围内运动。根据电场的方向,粒子对准一个电极,并且宏观显示有/无彩色信息(或者粒子的颜色可见或者液体的颜色可见)。
WO98/41899揭示了基于上述原理的电泳显示,但它含有或是荧光的粒子或是反射光的粒子。此外,还对有液晶行为的悬浮体的应用作了说明。根据所加电场,该液晶或者阻塞或者能使粒子作电泳迁移。
WO98/41898也描述了这样一种由于其特殊安排所造成的电泳显示系统,它可以经过一个印刷过程,特别是采用喷墨印刷技术制得。其优点是不论电极还是电泳显示,它们都是在相继接连的印刷工序中制成的。
这一类技术的共同特点都是将悬浮液体和粒子置于在包囊、汽泡中或一种高分子材料的其它空穴中。这些粒子也可以和悬浮液体一起包裹,这种包囊可以是在载体材料的聚合过程中预先制成,也可以在络合的乳液聚合中与载体一起形成。在这两种情况下包囊或空穴的排列和尺寸都不会是均一的。不论是微包囊的或载体材料中空穴的尺寸大小还是二维及三维分布者存在难以监控的离散区间,这种离散性一方面会形成不均一的寻址(控制)图像;另一方面也难以达到高对比度。
这一类系统特别是对背射光照并不适用,因为在结构上决定了它几乎是不透光的。如采用可见光简单地照射在上面(前置照射),则其对比度常常不够理想。此外,若采用垂直照明系统,即用可见光的外部光源在稳定的良好对比度时,难以达到照明的均匀性。
本发明的目的是开发用于彩色显像或信息显示的用电泳工作的系统,该系统在同时作为平面设计形式时,同时具有高光亮度和高对比度。该系统应作到薄而有柔韧性,以便也能沉积到三维物体上面。
已被发现,一种利用在有光散射的微空间膜的空穴中的电泳移动粒子的显示系统,它具有特别高的光亮度。
因此,本发明涉及一种具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜,它基于两个控制电极和一个带空穴的微空间膜,其含有在悬浮液体中的电泳移动粒子,其中微空间膜是由一光散射的材料构成的。
图1为本发明的具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜之示意图,在图1中表示:
a)透明的前置电极(控制电极)
b)透明的覆盖膜
c)光散射的微空间膜
d)含有悬浮液体的空穴
e)电泳移动粒子
f)导光板/膜(照明单元),可选择使用
g)寻址电极(控制电极)
透明的前置电极a)和覆盖膜b)可以是相同的或按相反次序排列。如果寻址电极g)是光学透明的,它也可以和导光板f)调换位置。
本发明的复合膜以如下工作原理进行工作:
导光板f)的光线经微空间膜c)进入空穴中,如果在a)和g)之间施加一电场,电泳移动粒子则位于在覆盖膜b)上(例如在空穴h中),此时从空穴中就没有光线射出。如果粒子位于在导光板上(例如空穴d),则光线会从空穴中无阻碍地射出。
本发明的具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜具有的高光亮度是基于微空间膜的光散射材料上。因此避免了通过内全反射造成的光损失。
按EP0645420或EP0590471的描述,通过加进散射粒子使微空间膜或复合膜具有光散射性能。制备微空间膜的一种特别合适的材料是Damstadt的Fa.Rhm公司产的Flexiglas GS Clear 1001或2458。
在微空间膜或复合膜中的空穴排列应该是严格有序的,它们是成行成列的。但不必一定是成直角或甚至是正方形的,行和列也可有斜度或空穴成六角形排列也是可以的。图2表示一种示范性选择。
可以采用例如针刺、冲压、3D-印刷、腐蚀、蚀刻、用铸料造型、注射模塑、照像法或光刻法工艺或干涉法在一载体及微空间膜上形成空穴。制取这种微结构表面的方法可参见DE2929313、WO97/06468、US4512848、DE4135676、WO97/13633或EP0580052。其它制备微结构的方法由Younan Xia和George M.Whitesides在Angew.Chem.1988,110 568~594中也有描述,这种被称为“软光刻”的方法可以制取1μm以下约35nm范围的很小的结构。一种另外以母体(Master)进行精铣的方法能将片或膜片制出具有所要求的微结构。将母体做成阴模。可用冲压、浇铸或注射模塑工艺进行成型。
此外,也可选择具有所要求的空穴大小和形状的非结构化的薄膜。它是用腐蚀或切割的方法如激光束或镗钻/铣切,例如采用计算机数控机械加工。
这些空穴的载体材料可以是光学透明的和/或无色或带色的。这些控制电极可置于微空间膜载体层空穴的上部或下部,如果安排在空穴上面,即控制极在观察者和空穴之间(如图1中的a),也可以如同载体材料一样是透明的或带色的。为了保持电极在低电压,空穴下的控制电极(图1中的g)通常置于照明单元(图1中的f)和空穴之间,并应是透明的。
所有能用机械或光刻技术加工的聚合物适于作微空间膜的载体材料,如热塑性塑料、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯、聚硅氧烷、聚烯烃例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、COC(环烯烃共聚物)、聚苯乙烯、ABS-聚合物、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚酯、聚酰胺、热塑性弹性体或交联材料如紫外光固化的丙烯酸酯涂料,也可用聚四氟乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯或全氟烷氧化合物构成的聚合物,它们可以作为均聚物或共聚物或聚合物共混物的混合组分。通过采用有柔韧性的材料制作微空间膜,可使本发明的具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜具有可弯曲性。
该微空间膜的空穴除俯视的纵深分布外,可以呈任一形状。图2举例示出,实用的空穴在面向观察者眼睛一侧(可俯视面)呈圆形、椭圆形、三角形、矩形、正方形、六角形或八角形的面。
该空穴的俯视面积应大于10000μm2,优选大于40000μm2,特别优选大于62500μm2,而非常特别优选大于250000μm2。
空穴的深度与俯视面积无关,而在20至250μm之间,优选为30至200μm之间,非常优选是在50至100μm之间。
空穴的纵深分布可以是均一的,即空穴的宽度在每一个位置者是相同的。
本发明的另一种实施方案是空穴呈锥形的纵深分布。其中空穴的俯视面与其底基面之比大于1.5。
图3示意空穴的锥形纵深分布。这是本发明的这种实施方案的空出特点。这些空穴在面向观察者眼睛的一侧(“可俯视面积”,图3的a)大于背向的一侧(“底基面积”,图3的b)。空穴的俯视面与其底基面之比大于1.5,优选大于25,特别优选大于100,非常特别优选大于250,图3表示纵深分布的选择举例。
微空间膜上侧各空穴之间空白边宽的宽度要尽可能保持很小,优选的空白边宽度为2~50μm,特别优选为5~25μm,空白边宽的上方可涂层为不透光。如果从空穴中射出的光被粒子阻塞时,它们可以阻止不希望的光从空白边射出。
为避免光的损失,可以使空白边宽上方和/或导光板镜面化,或用一有反射光作用的材料涂敷,如可以进行镀铝、金属蒸镀或涂敷TiO2涂层。
在微空间膜上形成所要求的空穴之后,空穴中就可装入电泳移动粒子和悬浮液体,例如借助灌浆的方式,并借助刮刀式涂浆机刮去多余的悬浮液,直接将悬浮液涂浆/涂敷,借助印刷过程的喷墨技术或借助毛细管的吸附力而自行填充。通过这些措施将粒子悬浮液直接加到空穴中。尔后必须将空穴封装或密封。在用毛细管力填充时,包壳应在填装前进行密封。适宜的方法是用一覆盖膜紧紧地与微空间膜或与空穴的空白边宽表面贴合在一起。空穴的密封可用各种方法实施,例如有:
粘接或热熔接(微波加热、接触或摩擦焊接、热熔粘合剂、热层压)
反应性树脂、尤其是紫外光固化的(如丙烯酸酯分散液)或不与颜料悬浮液混合的双组分体系(例如聚氨酯涂料体系),
界面聚合、界面缩聚和其它在微型封装技术领域应用的工艺,如在“Microencapsulation:methods and industrial application”Ed.S.Benita,Marcel Dekker,Inc.NY/1996”中描述了球形粒子的封装技术。
也可以使用已经封装好的,即预先包裹的电泳移动粒子悬浮液,将这种准备好的封装包囊如在图4中所示,压入或挤入微空间膜的空穴中。经这样填充的空穴接着必须再用覆盖膜密封。用在包囊的大小和微空间尺寸大小有相应匹配的关系时,这种技术能明显降低实际需用时对包囊壁材料牢固性的要求,因为包囊被微空间膜上的空白边宽包围住了。另外,在已经制备好的空穴中,封装包囊的安排迫使包囊成有序的排列状态。
在两种方案中重要的是,在密封时要尽量避免空气或其它气体夹杂进入;在悬浮液介质或悬浮液微粒与包囊层之间不产生反应,在单个空穴之间和周围不存在渗漏现象。
空穴或备好的包囊可分别填充一种悬浮液或多种悬浮液,例如填充一种在所加电场改变极性时产生不同的彩色的悬浮液。
另外也可以放弃通过悬浮液的着色,即空穴中除粒子外填充一种光学透明和无色的悬浮液。适宜作为光学透明和无色的液体有非极性有机液体如石蜡油或异链烷烃油、低分子或低粘度的有机硅油。
悬浮液还可以是光学透明和带色的。在制造多色显示屏时,每三个相邻的空穴包含各自不同着色(例如红、黄、蓝)的悬浮液。
另外,用一种有负电流变效应的悬浮液也是可以的。
借助有一负电流变效应的悬浮液得到双稳态的复合膜。在加一电场时,根据电场中电泳移动粒子所带电荷的情况而取向,即外部观察者会看到粒子的颜色或悬浮液的颜色,在加电场时粒子可以无阻碍地在悬浮液中运动,一旦除去电场,有电流变作用的悬浮液的粘度急剧增大,而粒子则在很大程度上固定在它们正处的有序状态,所显示的信息也相应地固定,这样使其在没有外部电场时也能做到保持稳定,且能识别。
带色的悬浮液必须是耐光的,并且与微空间膜材料或覆盖层不产生反应。此外,它可能还含有荧光物质或磷光物质,应用这些物质允许较高的光效应,和/或可以采用有紫外线部分的光源。适宜的物质例如有Acros Organics公司的Cumarin 314T或Pyromethene 580。
制取直径在0.1至20μm之间,优选在0.3至1.0μm之间,特别优选在0.4至5μm之间的电泳移动粒子可依据WO98/41898、WO98/41899或WO98/0396进行。它包括用有机和/或聚合物材料包裹的颜料和/或应用纯颜料,例如可通过电荷控制助剂处理使其带电荷(特别参见WO98/41899)。
在悬浮液中的粒子必须能自由运动,根据所加的电场根据粒子电荷而向电极之一运动,因此空穴的“关”/“开”状态或宏观色感通过粒子的空间排列来决定,从而可通过电场来控制。
如果通过电场使粒子定位在背离观察者的空穴一侧(图3的底基面“b”),这对观察者来说粒子是不可见的或只看到很少,而照明单元的光线几乎是不受阻地通过悬浮液和载体材料(图1的空穴d),在图3的空穴a中粒子定位在空穴的面向观察者一侧,则它们屏蔽掉照明单元来的光线(图1中的空穴h),结果得到一个黑暗平面,这时光线只能透过载体材料的空白边宽射出。因而,应将微空间膜的空白边宽设计得尽可能细窄和/或有一不透光或镜面反射的涂层。
为了控制空穴及粒子,必须有两个电极(图1中的b和g),其中至少基底电极(图1的g)对从任选从照明层来的光应在很大程度上是透明的。
电极的控制,即在极端情况下每个空穴的寻址按例如WO97/04398所述的开关单元成列/行排列的方式实现,如果个别空穴对单元寻址太小的话,则可采用每个开关单元能接通多个空穴的方式。
可任选的照明单元(图1中的f)应使具有电控光学性能的复合膜达到均匀的光亮度,尽管如此,仍为扁平的。为此采用侧向固定的光源,其光线经过一个导光板分布在整个视野中,有强光散射作用的塑料板在EP0645420中已公开,这些板是这样构成的,要防止射入光线的内全反射,代之以从板上或从微空间膜射出的光能够衍射。其它关于导光板的实施方案见于EP0645420和EP0590471。这种照明系统被用在背射光照的标志牌中,在本发明的一种特定实施例中,导光板和微空间膜的材料是相同的。
在任选将复合膜沉积到受光照的背景时,可作光源利用(背射光装置),这时可以选择毋需照明单元(图5)的方案。如果利用该复合膜作减光装置(透明转换为非透明状态),同样照明单元也是不必要的。
适用的导光板或散射板含有无色的但在一无色基体材料中有不同光折射性能的粒子,因而射入板上的光束在传播方向能持续地作微小变化,经板表面均匀分布射出的光呈极小角度,从适用观点考虑这种导光板是从一边照射的,这样通过光折射在板的表面可得到均匀反射光。
为达到均匀的光密度,可在照明单元的多个边上射入光。
本发明的具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜可应用在所有具有平面结构形式和/或高光亮度的显示功能的物体上,这些用途举例有显示标牌、可携带式显示器、计算机、平面显示屏、标志牌或信号板。此外,本发明的复合膜还可用于制造视窗玻璃片、覆盖材料、温室顶棚、包装材料、纺织品、眼镜片、前灯灯罩、风档片材、信号器或遮阳器材。
Claims (16)
1.基于由两个控制电极和一个带空穴的微空间膜的电控转换光学性能的复合膜,其含有在悬浮液中电泳移动的粒子,其特征在于,该微空间膜是由一种有光散射的材料构成的。
2.按权利要求1的复合膜,其特征在于该悬浮液是光学透明和无色的。
3.按权利要求1的复合膜,其特征在于该悬浮液是光学透明和带色的。
4.按权利要求3的复合膜,其特征在于每三个相邻的空穴含有不同颜色的悬浮液。
5.按权利要求1至4中任一项的复合膜,其特征在于,这些空穴有锥形或圆锥形的纵深分布外形,这些空穴的俯视面与其底基面之比大于1.5。
6.按权利要求1至5中任一项的复合膜,其特征在于这些空穴的俯视面积大于10000μm2。
7.按权利要求6的复合膜,其特征在于这些空穴的俯视面积大于250000μm2。
8.按权利要求1至7中任一项的复合膜,其特征在于这些空穴的深度为20至250μm。
9.按权利要求8的复合膜,其特征在于这些空穴的深度为30至200μm。
10.按权利要求1至9中任一项的复合膜,其特征在于该微空间膜中的空穴上方通过2至50μm宽度的空白边宽把它们相互分隔开。
11.按权利要求10的复合膜,,其特征在于该微空间膜中的空穴上方通过2至25μm宽度的空白边宽把它们相互分隔开。
12.按权利要求10的复合膜,其特征在于该微空间膜的空白边宽上面有一不透光的涂层。
13.按权利要求1至12中任一项的电控转换光学性能的复合膜之制备方法,其特征在于在微空间膜中的空穴是经腐蚀或切割工艺制造的。
14.按权利要求13的方法,其特征在于在微空间膜中的空穴是用有腐蚀作用的激光束制造的。
15.按权利要求1至12中任一项的具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜在计算机显示屏、平面显示屏、标志牌、信号板或显示板中的应用。
16.按前述的权利要求中任一项的具有电控转换光学性能的复合膜在制造视窗玻璃片、覆盖材料、温室顶棚、包装材料、纺织品、眼镜片、前灯灯罩、风档片材、信号器或遮阳器材中的应用。
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-
1999
- 1999-06-16 DE DE19927359A patent/DE19927359A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-05-05 AT AT00940174T patent/ATE214814T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-05-05 DE DE50000127T patent/DE50000127D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-05-05 BR BR0006821-7A patent/BR0006821A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-05-05 WO PCT/DE2000/001455 patent/WO2000077571A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-05-05 JP JP2001503568A patent/JP2003502696A/ja active Pending
- 2000-05-05 CN CN00801716A patent/CN1320226A/zh active Pending
- 2000-05-05 US US09/763,023 patent/US6512626B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-05-05 DK DK00940174T patent/DK1105773T3/da active
- 2000-05-05 EP EP00940174A patent/EP1105773B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-05-05 KR KR1020017002030A patent/KR20010072719A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-05-05 CA CA002340683A patent/CA2340683A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (4)
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CN1324392C (zh) * | 2002-04-26 | 2007-07-04 | 株式会社普利司通 | 用于图像显示的颗粒和设备 |
CN101776420A (zh) * | 2010-01-18 | 2010-07-14 | 吉林大学 | 一种具有仿生视频隐身可控变色结构 |
CN101776420B (zh) * | 2010-01-18 | 2013-03-27 | 吉林大学 | 一种具有仿生视频隐身可控变色结构 |
CN113805397A (zh) * | 2021-09-09 | 2021-12-17 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | 微胶囊及其制作方法、磁致变色器件、电子纸和电子设备 |
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DE19927359A1 (de) | 2000-12-21 |
WO2000077571A1 (de) | 2000-12-21 |
DK1105773T3 (da) | 2002-07-08 |
US6512626B1 (en) | 2003-01-28 |
KR20010072719A (ko) | 2001-07-31 |
DE50000127D1 (de) | 2002-04-25 |
JP2003502696A (ja) | 2003-01-21 |
BR0006821A (pt) | 2001-06-05 |
ATE214814T1 (de) | 2002-04-15 |
CA2340683A1 (en) | 2000-12-21 |
EP1105773A1 (de) | 2001-06-13 |
EP1105773B1 (de) | 2002-03-20 |
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