CN1267674C - 用低沸点永久气体或气体混合物充填压力容器的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用低沸点永久气体或气体混合物充填压力容器的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN1267674C
CN1267674C CNB028083660A CN02808366A CN1267674C CN 1267674 C CN1267674 C CN 1267674C CN B028083660 A CNB028083660 A CN B028083660A CN 02808366 A CN02808366 A CN 02808366A CN 1267674 C CN1267674 C CN 1267674C
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CN1503886A (zh
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马丁·凯斯滕
弗里德尔·米歇尔
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Messer Griesheim GmbH
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Abstract

在压力容器冷充填时，充填气体在输入要充填的压力容器前冷却。在充填过程结束后，压力容器压力密封地封闭。随着气体升温，压力容器内的压力急剧增大。按本发明建议，压力容器在输入充填气体前进行冷却。通过压力容器的热传导，充填气体强烈冷却，从而显著提高压力容器的填充容量。按本发明的方法特别适用于充填尤其气体驱动的汽车和燃料电池系统的小容积燃料箱。

Description

用低沸点永久气体或气体混合物 充填压力容器的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用低沸点永久气体或气体混合物充填压力容器的方法。
背景技术
术语“永久气体或气体混合物”在这里应指这样一些气体或气体混合物，即，它们基于其临界温度的状况在室温下仅通过提高压力不能液化。其中特别有经济价值的尤其是氢和天然气，它们例如作为供能者用于燃料电池驱动装置的汽车油箱内。
为了使气体能以高的储存密度存储，或以液态或处于高压下的气态进行存储。以液态存储虽然可以实现很高的储存密度，然而这种储存只有在容忍或多或少的大量汽化损失的情况下才有可能，即使在良好隔热的容器中这种汽化损失也不可避免。
为了气体的加压储存，迄今主要使用压缩机，它允许在压力容器内的工作压力约为200bar。但压缩机的结构和运行非常复杂，此外在一些更新的应用场合，尤其在燃料电池技术中，要求高得多的压力为700bar或更大。这种压力借助传统的压缩技术不能或只有付出不合理的高费用的情况下才能实现。
例如在EP-0 033 386 A1或WO 99/5465中说明的冷充填的方法提供了一条出路。其中，充入压力容器内的气体在充填前液化或冷却到一个只略高于其沸点的温度。作为优选的冷却剂在这里采用液氮。因为在冷却时(压力保持不变)气体体积大体与温度成比例，以此方式实现将有效的存储容量提高约2-3倍。因为在容器加热时内压急剧升高，所以或需要容器良好隔热，或容器必须针对高的内压设计。
已知的冷充填的方法存在严重的缺点。一方面氢的液化只有在付出很高的费用下才有可能。另一方面，用冷的气体充填压力容器在充填过程中通过与要充填的压力容器接触已经导致气体被加热并因而导致气体膨胀，因此紧接着压力增大并因而显著减小可达到的存储容量。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是提供一种低成本的方法和设备用于压力容器的气体充填，这种方法允许高压存储。
按本发明，提出一种用低沸点的永久气体或气体混合物充填压力容器的方法，其中，一种气体或气体混合物作为充填气体在气态下输入压力容器，压力容器在输入充填气体前和/或输入充填气体期间进行冷却并且在充填之后达到一个比充填压力高的工作压力。
按本发明，压力容器在输入充填气体前或输入充填气体期间进行冷却。因此充填气体在充入时在容器壁上强烈冷却并因而减小其体积。因为压力容器被冷却，与按先有技术的冷充填法不同，在充填过程中通过与压力容器接触不导致部分抵消压缩作用。因此在压力容器随后的加热时可达到提高内压至充填压力的五倍。
充填气体既可在热态也可在冷态输入压力容器。不过，在压力容器预冷的情况下可以进一步提高有效的存储容量。例如借助液氮可实现一种恰当的冷却。
可达到的存储容量决定性地取决于充填时充填气体的压力。当充填压力高于100bar以及温度为77K(-196℃)时，在按本发明的方法中，压力可升高约五倍。若充填时充填气体处于例如200至250bar的压力，则在当代的复合容器内也能达到允许的内压为1000至1200bar以上。
特别有利的是，压力容器在输入充填气体前在一冷却剂浴槽内用液氮冷却，并在这种情况下被置于一个至少近似等于液氮温度的温度。
优选地，充填气体通过与压力容器和/或在预冷器内的热接触被置于一个高于其沸点的温度，也就是说充填气体在气态下充入。因此尤其在采用氢的情况下充填气体非常昂贵的液化可以取消。
按本发明，还提出一种实施本发明所述方法的设备，包括一个用于可拆式地安置至少一个压力容器的冷却剂浴槽和一根充填管，该充填管与充填气体供给装置流体连通并配备有用于可拆式地连接所述压力容器的连接件。
按本发明的设备有一冷却剂浴槽，它可加注冷却剂，例如氮，以及适用于可拆式地安置至少一个压力容器。此外，按本发明的设备有一根充填管，用于将一种充填气体，例如氢，充填一个或多个压力容器，充填管与一个充填气体存储器，例如贮罐、管路或气体发生器流体连通并配备有用于可拆式地与压力容器连接的连接件。
作为用氢充填压力容器的充填气体存储器，按一种优选的实施形式采用氢燃料中压罐，它允许长期储存液态氢。
恰当地，充填管在充填气体存储器与所述压力容器连接件之间通过一个借助冷却剂，优选液态氮工作的换热器，它将充填气体冷却到至少近似于冷却剂的温度，亦即例如液氮的温度。
按本发明方法优选的应用在于充填压力容器，例如汽车燃料箱或用于移动式无线电设备或赛车跑道末端(Lap tops)的蓄能器。燃料电池驱动装置越来越多地大量替代传统的汽车驱动装置。燃料电池需要一种化学的能量载体作为反应物(Reaktanden)，通常是氢和氧。类似于在内燃机中那样，氧大多可以从环境的空气中提取，而氢需要存储系统。在这里，氢或直接储存，或作为另一种原料(如甲醇或天然气)的组成部分储存。然而形式上为甲醇的氢的储存需要比较复杂和昂贵的使氢的能量能加以利用的系统(转化器)，而在压力下直接储存尤其气态氢的系统结构比较简单和使用比较方便。小体积的燃料电池例如可用作赛车跑道末端(Laptops)或移动电话理想的能源。
附图说明
下面应借助附图详细说明本发明的实施例。
唯一的图(图1)示意表示按本发明的用于给压力容器充注氢的设备。
具体实施方式
设备1包括一个冷却剂浴槽2，在其上部区内设输入口4，用于要充填的压力容器5。冷却剂浴槽2通过管路7与液氮的贮罐8流体连通。在工作状态，冷却剂浴槽2以这样的方式加注液氮3，即，在置入压力容器5后使它们至少基本上被液氮3绕流。冷却剂浴槽的外壁设隔热装置6，通过它防止液氮3从冷却剂浴槽2快速汽化。排气管9用于引出汽化的氮。
与冷却剂浴槽2的输入口4相隔一定距离处设连接件10，它经由充填管11与氢存储器12流体连通。作为氢存储器12例如可采用一压力罐，其中在例如200bar的高压下储存处于室温的氢，或也可采用一隔热的中压罐，它灌装液化的氢。连接件10设一个或多个充填软管14，它们可以可拆式地与压力容器5连接。充填软管14的数量按照可连接在连接件10上的压力容器5的最大数量确定。因此在本实施例中总共存在五个充填软管14。
在按规定使用设备1时，要充填的压力容器5插入已灌装液氮3的冷却剂浴槽2的输入口4内，并以图中未表示的方式可拆式地固定在那里。在压力容器5置入时，从冷却剂浴槽2汽化一部分液氮3并通过排气管9引出。这一部分用从贮罐8取出的液氮代替。在冷却剂浴槽2的工作状态，压力容器5基本上被液氮3环绕。
接着，压力容器5与充填软管14连接以及打开压力容器5上的阀16。规定用于充填压力容器5的氢取自氢存储器12。它可以在换热器17内预冷却。在这里，换热器17或借助液氮工作，液氮例如可直接通过管路19取自贮罐8，或借助在冷却剂浴槽2内汽化的冷的气态氮，它通过包括排气管9的流体连通装置18引入。通过后者可以更好地利用氮的冷却能量并因而提高此方法的经济性。
也可以将氢在冷的气态或液态下从中压罐取出。在这种情况下可以取消换热器17的中间连接。
优选地，在氢存储器12内的氢处于压力状态和/或在到达连接件10前通过恰当的装置，例如压缩机，置于某一个充填压力下。还可以设想将一个已经在设备1中在高压下充填的压力容器5用作充填另一些优选地较小的压力容器的氢存储器12。
氢通过连接件10流入充填软管14，从那里流入压力容器5。由于在换热器17内冷却或通过与被置于氮温度的压力容器5接触，氢被强烈压缩。充填过程可随时地还在达到压力容器5与氢存储器12之间压力平衡之前结束。在充填过程结束后将阀16关闭以及将压力容器从冷却剂浴槽2取出。由于紧接着压力容器5加热到外界温度，所以在容器内压力发生急剧升高到工作压力为例如400至1200bar，采用传统的压缩技术这种压力只有在付出不成比例的高的费用的情况下才能实现。
此方法可以极快速地充填压力容器，避免在按先有技术的方法中由于与热容器接触使充入的冷气体加热因而减少气体压缩的效应。此设备尤其适用于充填汽车燃料箱。这种在中级轿车中可具有100l至500l容量的燃料箱，可例如再分成互相可隔开的分别有容量为10-50l的模块。为了充填，这些模块分别浸入有液氮的浴槽内并充填气体燃料，例如氢或天然气。按本发明设备的另一种应用可能性是充填小容积的压力容器或燃料电池系统的料筒，它们可例如用作移动电话或手提计算机的电源。
举例：
将氢从作为氢存储器12的一个200bar瓶来引入到一个10l容量的压力容器5内。压力容器5在充填过程中浸入温度约77K(-196℃)的液态内。在这里原则上不需要预冷引入的氢，但预冷有利于提高经济性。氢从存储器通过已打开的阀16流入装好的压力容器5内并在其中冷却。在大约2分钟后，在瓶束与压力容器之间处于压力平衡状态，在压力容器内达到最大可能的氢密度。充填过程通过截止阀16关闭。接着将压力容器从冷却剂浴槽取出。在紧接着的压力容器加热到外界温度时，在压力容器内的压力约达到1000bar。
                       附图标记一览表
1  氢存储系统
2  冷却剂浴槽
3  液态氮
4  输入口
5  压力容器
6  隔热装置
7  管路
8  贮罐
9  排汽管
10 连接件
11 充填管
12 氢存储器
13 —
14 充填软管
15 —
16 阀
17 换热器
18 流体连通装置
19 管路

Claims (12)

1.用低沸点的永久气体或气体混合物充填压力容器(5)的方法，其中，一种气体或气体混合物作为充填气体在气态下输入压力容器(5)，压力容器(5)在输入充填气体前和/或输入充填气体期间进行冷却并且在充填之后达到一个比充填压力高的工作压力。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征为：充填气体在输入压力容器(5)前在一个换热器(17)内进行冷却。
3.按照前列诸权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征为：充填气体在预定的充填压力下输入压力容器(5)。
4.按照权利要求3所述的方法，其特征为：充填气体以大于100bar的充填压力输入压力容器(5)。
5.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征为：压力容器(5)在输入充填气体前在一个冷却剂溶槽(2)内用液氮(3)冷却，并因而被置于至少近似液氮的温度。
6.按照权利要求2所述的方法，其特征为：充填气体通过与压力容器(5)和/或在换热器(17)内的热接触被冷却到一个高于其沸点的温度。
7.实施按照权利要求1至6之一所述方法的设备，包括一个用于可拆式地安置至少一个压力容器(5)的冷却剂浴槽(2)和一根充填管(11)，该充填管(11)与充填气体供给装置(12)流体连通并配备有用于可拆式地连接所述压力容器(5)的连接件(10)。
8.按照权利要求7所述的设备，其特征为：采用一种氢燃料中压存储器作为充填气体供给装置(12)。
9.按照权利要求7或8所述的设备，其特征为：在充填气体供给装置(12)与压力容器(5)连接件(10)之间的充填管(11)通过一个借助一种冷却剂工作的换热器(17)。
10.按照权利要求9所述的设备，其特征为：冷却剂是液态的或冷的气态的氮。
11.按照权利要求1至6之一所述的方法的应用，其特征在于应用于充填燃料电池的和/或用气态燃料驱动的汽车的压力容器(5)。
12.按照权利要求7至10之一所述设备的应用，其特征在于应用于充填燃料电池的和/或用气态燃料驱动的汽车的压力容器(5)。
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