CN1261674C - 小体积吸附器 - Google Patents

小体积吸附器 Download PDF

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CN1261674C
CN1261674C CNB018095291A CN01809529A CN1261674C CN 1261674 C CN1261674 C CN 1261674C CN B018095291 A CNB018095291 A CN B018095291A CN 01809529 A CN01809529 A CN 01809529A CN 1261674 C CN1261674 C CN 1261674C
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R·布吕克
P·希尔特
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Vitesco Technologies Lohmar Verwaltungs GmbH
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    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
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Abstract

用来吸附特别是在汽车内燃机(4)的排气系统(3)内的废气中的至少一种组分的装置(1)。该装置有一具有容量(V)的吸附器(2)，其中吸附器(2)对于具有一定温度和流量的废气是可流通的，其特征为：容量(V)的大小相应于以下方程(I)，其中V：吸附器的容量[L]，t：废气的平均温度[℃]，m：废气的平均流量[Kg/h]。具有这种容量(V)的吸附器(2)根据流过它的废气的特性可以做得特别紧凑，从而改善例如设置在下游的催化器(9)的冷起动性能。

Description

小体积吸附器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种带一吸附器的用来吸附废气中至少一种组分的装置，吸附器对于废气是可流通的。这种类型的吸附器特别地用在汽车内燃机的排气系统中。
背景技术
为了满足全世界变得越来越严的废气限量当今遵循不同的方案，以限制废气排放。其中特别是在内燃机冷起动以后排气装置的排放性能受到很大重视。在冷起动以后排放性能的评定根据不同的行驶循环，例如按照US-FTP 75测试循环进行，FTP75-测试循环的行驶路线由三个速度曲线组合而成，这些速度是在美国Los Angeles的马路上在早晨上班时间测量的。FTP 75测试循环例如在Robert Bosch责任有限公司的“卡车技术手册”(第22版，Düsseldorf：VDI出版社，1995年)中作了介绍。
为了净化废气使用催化器。催化器具有一个催化活性表面，它在一定的温度(约250℃)起促使废气中的有害物质(一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物)发生化学变化。直至达到这个起动温度的时间间隔例如可以通过使用可电加热的催化器缩短。但是变得更严的排放限制要求，即使在刚刚冷起动以后也只有很少的碳氢化合物排出。为此适于使用吸附器，它起这样的作用，即储存在冷起动时出现的碳氢化合物分子。
已知带有作为分子筛的沸石的吸附器。沸石是微孔的铝硅酸盐(Alumosilikate)(铝-硅晶体)，它具有能够吸收一定分子的性能。沸石结构由一种带通道和/或空腔的四面体构架组成，其几何形状是沸石的特征。在汽车冷起动阶段时碳氢化合物吸收在吸附器的小孔结构内(吸附阶段)。碳氢化合物在吸附器上的结合强度取决于碳氢化合物的种类和存贮介质的结构。随着工作时间的增加和废气温度的提高，储存在吸附器内的碳氢化合物解吸(解吸阶段)。这发生在温度为100至200℃之间时。
还知道，在一种排气系统中安装一吸附器，它在下游后置一催化器。吸附器呈现为一种热质量，它从废气中吸取热量。因此废气在流过后置的催化器时具有较少的热能，由此使催化器的加热和到达起动温度延缓。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提供一种吸附器，它显著减少在冷起动阶段碳氢化合物的排放，并对后置催化器的加热过程只有很小的影响。
这个目的按照本发明通过这样一种用于吸附废气中至少一种组分的装置来实现，所述装置具有一具有一定容量的吸附器，它对于废气是可流通的。这种装置特别适用于汽车内燃机的排气系统。吸附器可以借助于其容量来描述，其中下面吸附器的容量被理解为包括空腔和/或通道的体积。
按照本发明建议，吸附器容量的大小根据流过它的废气的平均温度和平均质量流量(Massenstrom)来确定，其中容量大小相应于下列方程：
V ≤ a + b · t + c m + d · t 2 + e m 2 + f · t m + g · t 3 + h m 3 + i · t m 2 + k · t 2 m
其中：V：＝吸附器的容量[L]，
      t：＝废气的平均温度[℃]，
      m：＝废气的平均质量流量[Kg/h]，
系数a至k具有以下数值：
      a＝0.1660393，       b＝0.0033635701，
      c＝-1.7023186，      d＝6.5277225·10-6，
          e＝195.657，           f＝-0.1373556，
          g＝-9.0343024·10-9， h＝-1273.9098，
          i＝1.0172767           k＝-1.442512·10-5
这个方程是不同吸附器吸附性能的大量试验的结果。其中模拟了不同内燃机在US-FTP75试验循环的最初100秒钟内产生的未处理排放(废气)。试验断定，吸附器的吸附和解吸性能主要取决于废气的温度和质量流量。
通常废气温度随离开内燃机的距离的加大而减小，因为它主要在一比较冷的管道系统中流动，在此过程中它输出热量。然而这种管道系统可以具有用来使有害物质发生催化反应的部件，其中催化反应是放热过程，因此催化器下游的废气温度可能比上游高。在试验时对在吸附器之前在FTP-测试最初100秒内的废气温度曲线([t]＝℃；摄氏度)求平均值。
在确定合适的吸附器容量时另一个重要的特征值是流过吸附器的废气质量流量([m]＝Kg/h；每小时公斤)。这里质量流量反映例如废气的加热或冷却效果，或者有害物质的数量或浓度。该质量流量本身的大小和成分可以例如用一发动机控制装置(例如通过发动机的点火(提前)角或空转转速)或空气的二次输入控制。其次所要求的质量流量，特别是在空运转(怠速)阶段，取决于发动机的设计结构造型，因为例如由于发动机内的摩擦(例如在阀、活塞或轴承处)引起的不同损耗由结构造型决定。在设计吸附器容量时借助于废气质量流量可以很容易地考虑到这些不同的因素。这里平均质量流量同样也与在FTP测试的最初100秒内内燃机的排放性能有关。
这些试验的结果令人惊讶地表明，和一般的看法相反具有比较小的容量的吸附器就足够了。其中这可以归结为，在确定用来确定吸附器容量的按本发明的公式时除吸附器的存储能力外还考虑了吸附器的热质量，和从而考虑了设置在下游的催化器的加热性能。小的容量显现出小的热质量，因此从废气中吸取较少的热量。
按照一种实施形式吸附器具有带沸石结构的涂层，其中涂层特别是用铝硅酸盐(铝-硅晶体)制成。沸石的结构的几何特性可以方便地与碳氢化合物分子的大小和种类相匹配。沸石结构有这样的优点，即提供大量通道和/或空腔，在这里实现与待储存的碳氢化合物分子比较强的结合。
按照另一种实施形式吸附器具有板层，它们至少局部形成这样的构造，使它们对于废气是可流通的。具有板层的吸附器有这样的优点，即它在相同的容量时与例如由陶瓷组成的吸附器相比具有较大的表面积和较小的压力损失。
按照另一种实施形式板层用具有0.02mm至0.08mm厚度的板材制成。这种比较薄的板保证吸附器的热容量较小以及这样不减少从废气中吸收的热能。
按照又一种实施形式吸附器具有可以由废气沿流动方向流通的通道，其中在垂直于流动方向的横截面内的通道数量至少为600cpsi(每平方英寸通道数)。通道的数量多可供使用的表面积便大，由此例如用一个沸石涂层保证吸附器很大的存储容量。
附图说明
附图示意表示：
图1一按本发明的用来吸附废气中的至少一种组分的带一装在汽车内燃机的排气系统内的吸附器的装置，
图2按图1的吸附器的大大放大了的透视图。
具体实施方式
图1表示按本发明的用来吸附废气中的至少一种组分的带一装在(未画出的)卡车的内燃机4的排气系统3内的吸附器2的装置1，其中在废气的下游吸附器2之后连接一催化器9。废气的流动方向S通过一箭头相应地表示。
图2表示按图1的吸附器2的大大放大了的透视图。吸附器2可以借助于其容量V描述。它可以由带沸石结构的涂层5和/或通过至少局部形成某种构造(strukturiert)的板6、7，例如光滑的板层6和波纹的板层7构成，板层构成对于废气可流通的通道8。
具有按本发明所要求的容量V的吸附器2根据流过它的废气的特性以优良的方法做得特别紧凑，并且特别是改善了设置在下游的催化器9的冷起动性能。
                附图标记表
1  用于吸附的装置        2  吸附器
3  排气系统              4  内燃机
5  涂层                  6  光滑板层
7  波纹板层              8  通道
9  催化器
S  流动方向              V  吸附器2的容量

Claims (5)

1.用来吸附特别是汽车内燃机(4)的排气系统(3)内的废气中的至少一种组分的装置(1)，带一具有一容量(V)的吸附器(2)，吸附器对于具有一定温度和质量流量的废气是可流通的，其特征为：容量(V)的大小相应于以下方程：
V ≤ a + b · t + c m + d · t 2 + e m 2 + f · t m + g · t 3 + h m 3 + i · t m 2 + k · t 2 m
其中：V：＝吸附器的容量[L]，
 t：＝废气的平均温度[℃]，
 m：＝废气的平均质量流量[Kg/h]，
 a＝0.1660393，           b＝0.0033635701，
 c＝-1.7023186，          d＝6.5277225.10-6，
 e＝195.657，             f＝-0.1373556，
 g＝-9.0343024·10-9，   h＝-1273.9098，
 i＝1.0172767             k＝-1.442512·10-5
2.按权利要求1所述的装置(1)，其特征为：吸附器(2)具有带一个沸石结构的涂层(5)。
3.按权利要求1或2所述的装置(1)，其特征为：吸附器(2)具有至少局部形成这种结构构造的板层(6；7)，使它们对于废气是可流通的。
4.按权利要求3所述的装置(1)，其特征为：板层(6；7)用具有0.02mm至0.08mm厚度的板材(6；7)制成。
5.按权利要求1所述的装置(1)，其特征为：吸附器(2)具有可被废气沿流动方向(S)流通的通道(8)，其中在垂直于流动方向(S)的横截面单位面积内通道(8)的数量至少为600cpsi。
CNB018095291A 2000-06-02 2001-05-25 小体积吸附器 Expired - Fee Related CN1261674C (zh)

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RU2244837C2 (ru) 2005-01-20
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JP4630523B2 (ja) 2011-02-09
WO2001092693A1 (de) 2001-12-06
US6840984B2 (en) 2005-01-11
JP2003535254A (ja) 2003-11-25
US20030068254A1 (en) 2003-04-10
EP1287241B1 (de) 2005-11-30
AU2001270536A1 (en) 2001-12-11
KR20030011082A (ko) 2003-02-06
CN1429312A (zh) 2003-07-09
TW505536B (en) 2002-10-11
KR100777612B1 (ko) 2007-11-21
DE10027401A1 (de) 2001-12-20

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