CN1105822C - 尤其用于碳氢化合物收集器的带吸附材料的蜂窝体 - Google Patents

尤其用于碳氢化合物收集器的带吸附材料的蜂窝体 Download PDF

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CN1105822C
CN1105822C CN99805558A CN99805558A CN1105822C CN 1105822 C CN1105822 C CN 1105822C CN 99805558 A CN99805558 A CN 99805558A CN 99805558 A CN99805558 A CN 99805558A CN 1105822 C CN1105822 C CN 1105822C
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罗尔夫·布吕克
彼得·希尔特
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Vitesco Technologies Lohmar Verwaltungs GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种蜂窝体(1)，包括一些可流过气体的通道(2)，通道的内部横截面形状和数量确定了蜂窝体的单位几何表面积(GSA)，它们通过隔板(3)互相至少部分隔开，隔板的材料和厚度决定了涉及单位几何面积的单位热容量，其中，蜂窝体有一种尤其针对碳氢化合物的吸附材料。蜂窝体(1)的单位几何表面积(GSA)除以涉及面积的单位热容量(CP)，在室温和没有吸收材料及没有其他可能涂层的情况下计量，大于或等于37.5m·K/J[米·开尔文/焦耳]，优选地大于或等于40，尤其大于或等于60。蜂窝体(1)可附加地有一催化活性涂层，它至少起氧化作用。优选地，此蜂窝体用薄板层构成，此薄板层厚度小于等于40μm和大于450cpsi，尤其大于540cpsi。在净化汽车排气时，采用这种HC收集器的尺寸设计，可减少冷起动阶段中有害物的排放。

Description

尤其用于碳氢化合物 收集器的带吸附材料的蜂窝体
本发明涉及一种优选地用于汽车排气净化系统的尤其用于所谓的碳氢化合物收集器(HC收集器)的带吸附材料的蜂窝体。
随着世界性的对汽车废气的净化要求越来越高，特别注意内燃机冷起动阶段中的排气净化。其原因在于，直接在内燃机起动后，排气内存在相当大量的未燃烧碳氢化合物，与此同时在排气净化系统内的催化转换器尚未处于为催化转换此碳氢化合物所需的足够高的温度。为了尤其在内燃机冷起动阶段减少碳氢化合物的排放，采用HC收集器是一种解决办法。HC收集器通常是一个带有允许气体流过的通道的蜂窝体，通道用隔板互相至少部分隔开，其中，此蜂窝体有一种吸附材料涂层，优选沸石，它在低的温度时可吸附碳氢化合物，而在较高的温度下将碳氢化合物重新解吸。这种HC收集器通常设在催化转换器上游。例如由EP 0582971B1已知一种例子。EP 0424966A1也介绍了这样一种系统，其中附加地在冷起动阶段结束时通过旁通管跨接HC收集器，以避免在连续运行中过热。在这里所述的系统，当用于吸附其他排气成分时，例如氮氧化物或水，也都可以是有效的。
所有迄今有关HC收集器结构和布局的设计必须考虑到，迄今几乎没有任何吸附材料能在内燃机排气系统内长期耐用，并与此同时其解吸温度高于为催化转换碳氢化合物必需的最低温度。由于这一原因，迄今已知的设计的出发点是，HC收集器应当有高的单位热容量，尤其是有比下游的催化反应器大的热容量，为的是可在HC收集器内开始解吸前才将催化反应器加热到对催化反应必要的最低温度。尤其在EP0582971B中也介绍了这种设计。
尽管如此，仍存在的问题是，HC收集器在冷起动阶段从排气内吸热，并因此肯定延缓了下游的催化转换器达到为催化反应所必需的最低温度，所以始终难以在HC收集器的尺寸和下游的催化转换器的尺寸之间找到一种妥协的办法。
本发明的目的是创造一种有主要用于碳氢化合物的吸附材料的蜂窝体，它能尤其在冷起动阶段更好地净化内燃机的排气。
按权利要求1所述的蜂窝体用于达到此目的，此蜂窝体包括一些可流过气体的通道，通道的内部横截面形状和数量确定了蜂窝体以m2/l计量的单位几何表面积(GSA)，以及它们通过隔板互相至少部分隔开，其中，隔板的材料和厚度决定了蜂窝体涉及几何表面积的以KJ(K·m2)计的单位热容量(CP)，此外，此蜂窝体有一种主要用于碳氢化合物的吸附材料，以及，蜂窝体的单位几何表面积(GSA)除以涉及表面积的单位热容量(CP)，在室温和没有吸附材料及没有其他可能涂层的情况下计量，大于或等于37.5m·K/J(米·开尔文/焦耳)，优选地大于40，尤其大于或等于60。
材料的热容量取决于材料的温度，在排气净化系统中往往针对比较高的温度来考虑和提供数据。但是对于尤其HC收集器的吸附功能而言，温度范围低于350℃具有决定性意义，因此在这里的具体情况下这些数据涉及室温，亦即20℃。在这里所定义的单位热容量是涉及蜂窝体单位几何表面积的热容量，也就是一个与隔板的壁厚和孔隙率以及材料有关的量。
迄今考虑的出发点是，在下游的催化转换器没有达到为催化转换所必需的最低温度前，HC收集器不应到达开始解吸碳氢化合物的解吸温度。然而这一考虑没有注意到，在达到必需的最低温度时，催化转换很快促使全部碳氢化合物完全转换，因为，即使只是在一个部位达到必需的最低温度，但由于催化转换器随后进行的放热反应几乎是冲击式地进一步被完全加热，并在此情况下催化转换流入的全部碳氢化合物。与之相反，在HC收集器内的解吸过程进行得十分缓慢，所以即使达到解吸温度和超过此温度后，也只是逐渐释放出储存的碳氢化合物。这一由计算和试验发现的结果，与迄今的技术理论不同，认为具有尽可能小的热容量和尽可能大的几何表面积的HC收集器是优选的，其中，在单位几何表面积与涉及表面积的单位热容量之间的比值，在室温和没有吸附材料及没有其他可能的涂层的情况下计量，发现有利的是大于或等于40m·K/J。甚至优选的是更大的比值为大于等于60。尽管在这种配置的情况下在冷起动阶段HC收集器在排气流中很快加热并开始逐渐解吸碳氢化合物，但是由于HC收集器随着温度的不断升高从排气流中的吸热越来越少，所以下游的催化转换器也能更迅速地加热，并因而更快地到达它催化反应必需的最低温度。在这种情况下总的效果是，碳氢化合物在冷起动阶段中很早就能得到转化和可以降低有害物排放。按本发明的方案对于HC收集器的尺寸设计也是有利的，因为催化反应的迅速起动允许减小HC收集器的储存容积。
本发明特别有利的方面在于，蜂窝体本身附加地有一催化活性涂层，它至少起氧化作用。一旦达到为此所需的最低温度，在此涂层上便可立即催化转换被吸附的碳氢化合物。在这方面的试验证明，当开始转换时蜂窝体的温度由于放热反应立即上升，由此加速解吸过程及转换反应。这一点尤其对于经常在短距离内使用的汽车更为有利。因为HC收集器很快再次完全再生，并准备好在下一个冷起动时吸纳碳氢化合物。
在按本发明的蜂窝体的尺寸设计方面有许多因素起作用，尤其是蜂窝体总体积、轴向长度和横截面积之比以及在排气系统内的定位。但与这些没有关系业已证明，增加蜂窝体的单位几何表面积在总体上是有利的，这主要可借助于增加每单位横截面积的通道数达到。因此，特别有利的是蜂窝体每平方英寸(cpsi)有多于360个通道，优选地甚至多于450cpsi，以及尤其是多于540cpsi。
对于按本发明的蜂窝体同样有利的是，将隔板设计为使它们有尽可能小的热容量，这基本上可通过减小隔板的厚度达到。因此，对于用金属薄板制的蜂窝体而言，采用小于或等于40μm，优选地小于或等于30μm的厚度。对于陶瓷的蜂窝体，类似地，使用所谓的薄壁陶瓷是特别有利的。
按本发明的蜂窝体优选地使用于汽车的排气净化系统中，而且与下游的三路催化转换器相连接。在已知的排气净化系统的结构中也可以有利地采用按本发明的蜂窝体，尤其是有一根可根据工作状态控制的旁通管和/或蜂窝体或下游的三路催化转换器的电热器。
在图中示意表示了按本发明的一种实施例。按本发明用作HC收集器的蜂窝体1有通道2，它们通过隔板3互相隔开。这种蜂窝体1尤其可装在汽车的排气系统5内，在这种情况下它设在一三路催化转换器4的上游。在冷起动阶段，慢慢变热的排气首先通过蜂窝体1流动，其中实际上所有在排气内所含的碳氢化合物被隔板3上用于吸附碳氢化合物的涂层，尤其沸石涂层所吸附。排气接着流过三路催化转换器4。基于按本发明有利的几何表面积与蜂窝体1每单位表面积热容量的比值，所以蜂窝体1在此期间已吸附碳氢化合物但三路催化转换器还未能将其转换的时间间隔很短。在这之后几乎冲击式地实施包含在排气内的和所吸附的全部碳氢化合物的完全转换，从而总起来使碳氢化合物的排放量小于传统的系统。若蜂窝体1附加的有一催化有效的至少加速氧化的催化活性涂层，则可以进一步有助于上述过程。
按本发明的蜂窝体尤其适用于应满足最严格的环境保护要求的汽车的排气净化系统中。

Claims (8)

1.蜂窝体(1)，包括一些可流过气体的通道(2)，通道的内部横截面形状和数量确定了蜂窝体的单位几何表面积(GSA)，以及它们通过隔板(3)互相至少部分隔开，隔板的材料和厚度决定了涉及单位表面积的单位热容量，其中，蜂窝体有一种吸附材料，其特征为：蜂窝体(1)以每升平方米[m2/l]计的单位几何表面积(GSA)除以以每开尔文每平方米千焦尔[kJ/(K·m2)]计的涉及表面积的单位热容量(CP)，在室温和没有吸附材料和没有其他可能涂层的情况下，大于或等于37.5每焦耳米·开尔文[m·K/J]。
2.按照权利要求1所述的蜂窝体，其特征为：蜂窝体(1)的单位几何表面积(GSA)除以涉及表面积的单位热容量(CP)大于或等于60。
3.按照权利要求1所述的蜂窝体，其特征为：蜂窝体(1)附加地有一催化活性涂层，它至少起氧化作用。
4.按照权利要求1所述的蜂窝体，其特征为：每平方英寸的通道(cpsi)数至少为360个。
5.按照权利要求4所述的蜂窝体，其特征为：每平方英寸的通道(cpsi)数至少为540个。
6.按照权利要求1所述的蜂窝体，其特征为：蜂窝体(1)由金属薄板层堆叠或卷绕而成，以及，隔板(3)的厚度小于或等于40μm。
7.按照权利要求6所述的蜂窝体，其特征为：隔板(3)的厚度小于或等于30μm。
8.按照权利要求1所述的蜂窝体，其特征为：它是汽车排气净化系统(5)的一部分，排气净化系统(5)还有至少一个三路催化转换器(4)，以及，蜂窝体(1)作为碳氢化合物收集器设在三路催化转换器(4)上游。
CN99805558A 1998-03-30 1999-03-22 尤其用于碳氢化合物收集器的带吸附材料的蜂窝体 Expired - Lifetime CN1105822C (zh)

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