CN1250884A - 探测旋转和直线运动的光编码器 - Google Patents

探测旋转和直线运动的光编码器 Download PDF

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CN1250884A
CN1250884A CN99120364A CN99120364A CN1250884A CN 1250884 A CN1250884 A CN 1250884A CN 99120364 A CN99120364 A CN 99120364A CN 99120364 A CN99120364 A CN 99120364A CN 1250884 A CN1250884 A CN 1250884A
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optical devices
illuminator
analysis circuit
light
pulse
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CN1132056C (zh
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H·哈斯
M·豪斯霍尔特
F·默尔梅尔
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/347Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells using displacement encoding scales
    • G01D5/34707Scales; Discs, e.g. fixation, fabrication, compensation
    • G01D5/34715Scale reading or illumination devices
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/36Forming the light into pulses

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Abstract

本发明涉及用于定量探测直线运动或旋转运动的光学装置,其中使运动成象的具有透光区(21)和不透光区(22)的扫描盘(2)被两只发光器(11,12)的光束(11A,12A)透过,并且透过的光照射到单一光电接收器(3)上。发光器受到脉冲运行控制。脉冲在与光电接收器耦合的分析电路内被彼此分离。

Description

探测旋转和直线运动的光编码器
本发明根据权利要求1的前序部分涉及一种也称作光编码器的定量探测旋转和直线运动的光学装置。
光编码器用于探测运动物体的旋转和直线运动的旋转角或长度和方向。这类装置的基本部件有发射体系统、扫描板,它一般为扫描盘或扫描标尺和检测器系统。发射体系统一般由发光二极管组成。由激光二极管发射的光束被扫描板调制。这个板与运动物体连接并具有一周期性的开孔样板。检测系统探测被扫描板调制的激光二极管的发射信号并在输出端提供有关计数脉冲和运动方向的信息。
迄今为止的光编码器的型式由一只具有附属光学系统的发光二极管,扫描板和具有计值逻辑的检测器阵列构成。发射体一侧产生一束尽可能均匀照射检测器阵列的光束。检测器阵列由安置在直线运动方向或对旋转运动正切方向的至少两只光电二极管组成。光电二极管的间距为扫描盘周期的1/4,两相邻光电二极管的信号彼此90°相移。光电二极管的输出信号在分析电路里合适地预处理,以便提供运动的位置和方向。
两直线安排的光电二极管对确定位置和方向足够了。可是在传统技术里广泛流传具有四个直线安置的光电二极管,像例如在US-A-4,654 525内描述的。这种安排以及与光电二极管耦合的分析电路附加地允许补偿激光二极管的光强度起伏。
因此迄今为止的系统限于在检测器一侧安置许多光电接收器。这种限制由于许多原因有缺点。所以光编码器首先必须具有节省占地的结构。因此一开始在检测器方面这个要求就很难满足。
因此本发明的任务是提供一台定量探测直线和旋转运动的在检测器方面能简单制造的光学装置,尤其是,本发明的任务是提供一台只用一个光电接收器运行的这种装置。
根据本发明此项任务是如此解决的,即本发明涉及的定量探测直线和旋转运动的光学装置,具有一个发光装置,一个包含透光区和不透光区的扫描装置,一个检测装置以及一个与检测装置耦合的分析电路,其中,发光装置至少具有两只相邻安置在直线运动方向上的或对旋转运动正切方向上的发光器,具有相同或不同的时钟频率的脉冲运行的发光体是可控制的,其光束交替地射到检测器上,检测器装置具有一只如此大且如此定位的光电接收器,以至所有发光器的光束是可通过它探测的,且设计了为分离来自不同光发射器信号的分析电路,由此可推断出位置和运动方向。
优先光电接收器和分析电路在单一半导体芯片内集成。
发射体所加时钟频率比扫描板的调制频率高得多,即以此频率运动物体在运动时正常地通过光束穿过扫描孔。
在本发明的第1实施例为发光体提供一控制设备,该控制设备是这样设计的,即它用相同的时钟频率但有一定相移例如可以为90°的控制脉冲来控制发光体。
在本发明的第2实施例为发光体提供一控制装置,该控制设备是这样设计的,即它可以用不同时钟频率的控制脉冲控制发光体。
主要用垂直谐振腔发射装置,尤其是VCSEL(垂直腔面发射激光器)作发光器,因为其特征为特别低的发散和高亮度。
本发明光编码器突出优点是:它能用单一光电接收器运行。
本发明的实施例依靠附图详细说明如下,这些附图是:
图1示出本发明的光学装置的实施例的透视示意图;
图1B示出对图1装置的示意俯视图;
图2示出根据本发明第1实施结构的发射器11和12的光脉冲序列;
图3根据本发明第2实施结构的发射器11和12的光脉冲序列。
在图1示意描绘了本发明光编码器的一实施例。发光装置1具有发射光束11A和12A的两发光器11和12。发光器11和12主要是垂直腔面发射激光二极管(VCSEL),因为其特征为特别好的发射特性,尤其是低的发散度和高的亮度。在这种情况下可以放弃其它的光学元件如用于激光束聚焦的透镜。
光束11A和12A用于确定运动物体的旋转或直线运动的位置和方向。为此目的光束穿过固定在运动体上的扫描盘2并且其运动犹如成像显示。扫描盘在探测旋转运动时多半是圆形的扫描盘而探测直线运动时多半是一扫描标尺。描绘了例如如箭头方向所示运动的扫描板2的一部分。它具有一个由透光区21、扫描孔和不透光区22组成的周期性的孔样板。通过透光区21光束11A和12A在一定的扫描板2位置可以完全穿过并射到光电接收器上。光电接收器3的接收面积是如此之大,以至可以完全探测两光束。未图示的分析电路与光电接收器连接。在分析电路内信号处理成提供运动位置和方向的输出信号。分析电路和光电接收器可以集成到单一半导体芯片上。
图1B内以顶视图形式描绘了图1A的装置。这图示出了扫描板2的位置,其中两束从划阴线的发光器11和12射出的光束穿过扫描孔21并射到光电接收器3的接收面上。正如人们了解的那样,在运动方向激光二极管11和12的总宽度大体相当于扫描孔21的宽度。因此激光二极管恰好处于扫描孔内。另外表示激光二极管之间距即其各自的前缘间的距离约为扫描盘周期的1/4。
如果现在扫描板在一定方向运动,则激光二极管之一的光束越来越多被不透光区22遮断,而另一激光二极管的光束仍然完全穿过。因此,这可以理解为,通过分析电路激光二极管信号的时间上分离是必要的。
为此目的控制激光二极管脉冲运行,以便因此在分析电路内实现信号分离。信号频率比扫描盘的调制频率高许多,即比由于运动物体的运动扫描孔通过光束的频率高许多。
在图2描绘了脉冲运行的第1实施例。在这里激光二极管用相同的脉冲频率控制,可是激光二极管12的脉冲序列具有对激光二极管11的脉冲序列的90°的相位滞后。在每一循环周期分析电路接收从光电接收器3来的两相继的短脉冲序列。相位超前和滞后的脉冲输入到不同的分析电路的分析通道。因此两分析通道包含按照时间变化有90°相移的信号。
在图2两脉冲序列的脉冲高度是相同的并且不随时间变化,即扫描盘停止。如果现在盘运动,则两脉冲序列之一的强度下降,因为相应的激光二极管的光束遮蔽增加。因为分析电路知道相位超前的脉冲来源于激光二极管11,所以分析电路能根据确定那个脉冲序列减弱来推断运动方向。而且从强度下降的速度以及信号的其它变化分析电路可以求出运动的速度和距离。
脉冲在不同分析通道上的分布可以通过包含在分析电路内的电子开关例如在应用触发器条件下处理。
在图3描绘了脉冲运行的第2实施例。在这里激光二极管用不同的脉冲频率控制。例如正如所示的那样,激光二极管11用第1频率f1控制而激光二极管12用第2频率f2控制,f2比f1高约1倍。在这里脉冲序列输入到不同的分析通道。脉冲序列的分离可以例如通过带通滤波器实现。
在该方案中分析电路依靠脉冲频率识别激光二极管并因此有能力对运动方向作出判断。
本发明并不限于只具有两只发光器的应用。它也可以应用多于两只直线安置的发光器,例如根据图2的实施例它们放出相继的彼此相移约90°的脉冲序列,或根据图3的实施例具有相应数目的不同的时钟频率。

Claims (9)

1.定量探测直线或旋转运动的光学装置,具有
一个发光装置(1),
一个包含透光区(21)和不透光区(22)的扫描装置(2),
一个检测装置(3)以及
一个与检测装置连接的分析电路,
其特征为:
发光装置(1)至少具有两只发光器(11,12),它们相邻安置在直线运动的方向上或对旋转运动正切的方向上,
脉冲运行的发光器(11,12)可用相同的或不同的时钟频率控制,
检测装置(3)具有一只如此大和如此定位的光电接收器,以至所有发光器的光束可通过它检测,以及
配置用于分离来自不同发光器信号的分析电路。
2.根据权利要求1的光学装置,其中发光器(11,12)基本上处于扫描孔(21)的宽度内。
3.根据权利要求1的光学装置,还具有用于如此配置发光器的控制装置,以至它用相同时钟频率但有一定相移的控制脉冲控制发光器。
4.根据权利要求3的光学装置,其中相移约为90°。
5.根据权利要求3或4的光学装置,其中分析电路包含用于分离相移脉冲的电子转换开关。
6.根据权利要求1的光学装置,此外具有用于如此配置发光器的控制装置,以至它用不同时钟频率的控制脉冲来控制发光器。
7.根据权利要求6的光学装置,其中分析装置包含用于分离不同脉冲频率的脉冲序列的带通滤波器。
8.根据上述权利要求之一的光学装置,其中光电接收器和分析电路集成于单一的半导体芯片内。
9.根据权利要求1的光学装置,其中发光器(11,12)是VCSEL(垂直腔面发射激光器)。
CN99120364A 1998-09-21 1999-09-21 定量探测直线或旋转运动的光学装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1132056C (zh)

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DE19843176A DE19843176C1 (de) 1998-09-21 1998-09-21 Optischer Encoder zur Erfassung von Dreh- und Linearbewegungen

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CN1132056C (zh) 2003-12-24
TW553380U (en) 2003-09-11
DE19843176C1 (de) 2000-10-19

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