CN1240014A - 可研磨密封 - Google Patents

可研磨密封 Download PDF

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CN1240014A
CN1240014A CN97180398A CN97180398A CN1240014A CN 1240014 A CN1240014 A CN 1240014A CN 97180398 A CN97180398 A CN 97180398A CN 97180398 A CN97180398 A CN 97180398A CN 1240014 A CN1240014 A CN 1240014A
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pattern
alloy
abradable seal
hermetic unit
sealing
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CN1232720C (zh
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T·A·沃尔弗拉
J·J·弗格森
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Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F16J15/44—Free-space packings
    • F16J15/445—Free-space packings with means for adjusting the clearance
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    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/36—Removing material
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
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    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
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    • F01D11/12—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part
    • F01D11/122—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part with erodable or abradable material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/08—Sealings
    • F04D29/16—Sealings between pressure and suction sides
    • F04D29/161—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/164—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps of an axial flow wheel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F16J15/44—Free-space packings
    • F16J15/447—Labyrinth packings
    • F16J15/453—Labyrinth packings characterised by the use of particular materials
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    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
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    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
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    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
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Abstract

用激光器将一图案切割到表面上，以有效提高该图案区域中的可研磨性，由此提供一种可研磨密封。

Description

可研磨密封
发明领域
本发明涉及可研磨密封，尤其是用激光在密封材料的表面形成纹理，使其具有改进了的可研磨性。
现代燃气轮发动机的效率取决于鼓风机中的旋转构件(叶片)与固定构件(壳体)之间的紧密密封。这种密封要建立在允许叶片切割(研磨)可研磨密封材料中的凹槽，这种凹槽防止大量空气漏出叶梢。传统的密封材料是由机织金属纤维或烧结的金属颗粒制成，并铜焊在适当的地方。尽管这些材料因其高内部多孔性和低强度而容易研磨，但它们的耐颗粒剥蚀性较差，而导致材料迅速耗损。材料的这种耗损使密封退化，使发动机的效率迅速下降。较先进的发动机中的密封材料采用热喷敷层，它们具有与编织的可研磨密封材料相同的功能，但发动机大修时，它们更容易使用和更换。这种喷敷密封的特性能被变成其耐剥蚀性最好，或其可研磨性最好。但是，不可能使这两种特性同时达到最好。
如美国专利4,291,089所示的使用热喷敷粉末以形成可研磨密封在本领域中是众所周知的。这种粉末用于在一基层上形成涂层，以提供可研磨密封，也就是说，提供一个密封基层与可相对于该基层运动的相邻表面之间的空隙、并通过基层与相邻表面之间的相对运动而被研磨到一控制程度的涂层。这样一种密封最初是这样形成的，将一种粉末热喷敷在基层上，以形成厚度比基层与相邻表面之间的空隙略大的涂层，使涂层被基层与相邻表面之间的相对运动研磨到其厚度相对于基层和相邻表面之间的空隙为稍小，从而在它们之间提供有效的密封。这种密封用于例如燃气轮发动机(诸如用于飞机中的那些)的蜗轮或压缩机叶片，以在叶片与蜗轮或压缩机外壳之间形成密封。
提供一种合适的可研磨密封的问题之一是要产生一种热喷敷层，一方面，这种喷敷层具有足够的结构强度，然而这种足够的结构强度又要低到具有可研磨性，另一方面，这种喷敷层在使用过程中能足够抵抗撞击可研磨密封喷敷层的颗粒所引起的剥蚀。例如，对于燃气轮或压缩机叶片，密封喷敷层会受到夹带在空气中的并被发动机吸入的研磨颗粒的撞击。
在用于形成可研磨密封涂层的一种粉末中，每一粉末颗粒具有一被金属材料层包围的非金属固体材料中心核，例如如美国专利第3,914,507号所描述的。这种粉末称为复合粉末，粉末颗粒称为复合粉末颗粒。所建议的这种类型的一种复合粉末具有许多颗粒，而每一种颗粒具有一被镍或镍合金包围的核心，通过热喷敷这种颗粒所形成的可研磨密封涂层已用作飞机燃气轮发动机的压缩机和蜗轮上的可研磨密封涂层。
发明概要
简而言之，本发明提供一种可研磨密封和制备这种可研磨密封的方法，该方法包括用激光在可研磨密封材料的表面切割出一图案，从而提高该图案区域中的可研磨性。
附图简要说明
下面结合附图、以举例的方式来描述本发明的实施例，在附图中：
图1-3是其上有可研磨密封涂层的燃气轮发动机的压缩机壳体环的图，涂层上有网纹图案(cross hatched pattern)，其中图1是俯视图，图2是侧视图，图3是图2中的可研磨密封部分的局部放大图。
图4-6是其上有可研磨密封涂层的燃气轮发动机的压缩机壳体环的图，涂层上有管状网格图案，其中图4是俯视图，图5是侧视图，图6是图5中的可研磨密封部分的局部放大图。
图7-10是其它图案的实施例，其中图7是一条形图案的俯视图，图8是图7的剖视图，图9是一倾斜条形图案的俯视图，图10是图9的剖视图。
图11是例子1所形成的一图案的俯视图。
图12是例子2所形成的一图案的俯视图。
发明的详细说明
用激光在一种可研磨的密封材料表面上切割出一种图案，由此来制备可研磨的密封。用激光切割出某种纹理为改变可研磨密封材料表面提供了一种方法，在这种材料的该区域中不仅具有良好的耐剥蚀性，还需要有所改进的研磨性。这种表面的改变是一种例如间隔很近的孔的图案、网纹图案、管状网格图案、条状的或倾斜条状图案、线条垂直或平行延伸到密封面的图案或其它也能加强研磨性的图案。图中示出了各种图案。纹理的形成也可横过密封接触区域的宽度，以进一步加强该区域的研磨性。本发明对耐剥蚀的可研磨密封材料进行改变，从而使该产品具有良好的研磨性。目前的可研磨密封材料不具有这些特征。
可研磨的密封材料可以是一种热喷敷层，或一种通过烧结或铜焊连接于构件的预制片材(面板)，或本领域中熟知的其它材料。由于是通过激光形成纹理，使这种材料具有改进了的研磨性，所以可有利地使用这种耐剥饰较好的密封材料。燃气轮发动机构件一般是镍基、钴基、铁基或钛基合金制成的。可研磨密封材料也是铝基、钛基、铁基、镍基或钴基合金，或是由包括NiCr合金、NiCrAl合金、FeCr、CoCr、FeCrAl、CoCrAl或MCrAlY合金的耐剥饰材料制成的，其中M可以是Fe、Ni或Co、氧化物、氮化物、硼化物、硫化物、硅化物和金属化合物。甚至可采用构件表面本身作为可研磨密封材料。在一个实施例中，可研磨密封材料还含有非金属颗粒，包括氮化硼、膨润土(或斑脱土)(bentonite)、氧化物、氮化物、硼化物、硅化物、金属化合物以及例如塑料、聚合物等等的非金属。
激光形成纹理用于在可研磨密封材料的表面切割出一图案，这种图案将使该材料具有改进了的研磨性。有许多种图案都是有效的，包括图1-10所示的圆形、网纹和条形。图1-3示出了将网纹图案切割到可研磨密封材料中。图4-6示出一种管状网格(圆形)图案，而图7-10示出了切割到表面中的条形。选择具体的图案取决于特定的密封材料和所需的研磨性程度。图案还可切割到该区域的材料中，并达到在操作中预计叶片能够切割(研磨)的深度。一般而言，图案的深度可从0.01至0.1英寸左右，而图案的宽度是可变的，具体取决于叶片，可从0.125至24英寸。在一个实施例中，图案的两侧(即预计的叶片路径边缘)是未切割的材料(即没有图案)，这样在燃气轮发动机运行的过程中提供了有所增加的耐剥蚀性。在附图中，在一压缩机的壳体环2上示出了可研磨的密封材料1，图案3切割在叶片路径(blade path)4的区域中。在图案3的两侧示出了未切割(无图案)可研磨密封材料5的另外区域。在图3和6中，图案的深度6与叶片进入的预计深度相对应。
可使用一标准激光器来割出图案。典型的激光器是一装备有以约0.5千瓦功率运行的5轴运动控制器的Raytheon SS550 YAG激光器。
例子1
用喷砂箱中的60号(目)氧化铝，经过机械方式，使一约1.5英寸宽、4英寸长和0.100英寸厚的304不锈钢板的表面变粗。板热喷敷一层Ni-5％重量Al的粘结层至0.004-0.006英寸厚度。然后，粘结层的表面热喷敷NiCrAl膨润土(一种可研磨涂层)至约0.150英寸的厚度。对可研磨涂层的表面进行机械加工，制成基本上是平的表面粗糙度均匀的表面。
将涂层板安装在激光器计算机控制的X-Y工作台上的夹紧装置中。将一计算机程序写入和装入计算机中，就会产生一如图11所示的约45°、间隔约0.050英寸的对角横向图案。使激光器通电，它就能在可研磨涂层的表面上雕刻至约0.050英寸的深度。
例子2
用喷砂箱中的60号(目)氧化铝，经过机械方式，使一约1.5英寸宽、4英寸长和0.100英寸厚的304不锈钢板的表面变粗。板热喷敷一层Ni-5％重量Al的粘结层至0.004-0.006英寸厚度。然后，粘结层的表面热喷敷NiCrAl膨润土(一种可研磨涂层)至约0.150英寸的厚度。对可研磨涂层的表面进行机械加工，制成基本上是平的表面粗糙度均匀的表面。
将涂层板安装在激光器计算机控制的X-Y工作台上的夹紧固定装置中。将一程序写入和装入会输出运动的计算机中，该运动使涂层板以越过表面的直线方式移动。该运动每隔0.050英寸停下来，并驱动激光器发射。在横向长度的端部，板沿垂直方向换位0.050英寸，并横向偏移0.025英寸，使下列孔置于前列孔之间。重复这种图案，直到图12所示的图案完全横穿和雕刻在表面上。所形成的孔的间隔约为0.050英寸，深度约为0.050英寸。

Claims (34)

1.一种制备一构件的可研磨密封的方法，它包括：
用激光器在一可研磨密封材料的表面中切割出一图案，以在该图案的区域中有效提供改进了的可研磨性。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
将具有切割到密封材料表面上的图案的可研磨密封材料应用到构件中。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，构件和可研磨密封材料都是金属。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，构件是燃气轮发动机构件，且是可从镍基、钴基、铁基、铝基和钛基合金构成的材料组中选择的一种合金。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料是可从铁基合金、铝基合金、钛基合金、镍基合金、钴基合金、NiCr合金、NiCrAl合金和MCrAlY合金构成的材料组中选择的一种合金，其中M可从Fe、Ni或Co或其混合物构成的材料组中选择。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料包含非金属颗粒。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，非金属颗粒可从氮化硼、膨润土、氧化物、氮化物、硼化物、硅化物、金属化合物、塑料和聚合物组成的材料组中选择。
8.如权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，图案在一区域中，其深度达到叶片能够研磨以形成密封。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，图案的深度在约0.01至0.1英寸的范围内。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，图案可从诸相距近的孔、网纹、条形和同密封垂直或平行的诸线组成的图案组中选择。
11.如权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括通过热喷敷金属合金粉末来敷加可研磨密封材料。
12.如权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括通过将一密封片材连接到构件上来敷加可研磨密封材料。
13.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，在图案的两侧有未切割的密封材料。
14.一种可研磨密封部分，它包括：
一用激光器切割在可研磨密封材料表面的图案，以在图案的区域中有效提供改进了的可研磨性。
15.如权利要求14所述的密封部分，其特征在于，密封材料是一种金属合金。
16.如权利要求15所述的密封部分，其特征在于，金属合金可从铁基合金、铝基合金、钛基合金、镍基合金、钴基合金、NiCr合金、NiCrAl合金和MCrAlY合金构成的材料组中选择，其中M可从Fe、Ni或Co构成的材料组中选择。
17.如权利要求15所述的密封部分，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料包含非金属颗粒。
18.如权利要求17所述的密封部分，其特征在于，非金属颗粒可从氮化硼、膨润土、氧化物、氮化物、硼化物、硅化物、金属化合物、塑料和聚合物组成的材料组中选择。
19.如权利要求15所述的密封部分，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料为可连接到燃气轮发动机构件的片材形式。
20.如权利要求19所述的密封部分，其特征在于，密封材料中的图案在一区域中，其深度达到形成密封时叶片能够研磨。
21.如权利要求20所述的密封部分，其特征在于，图案的深度在约0.01至0.1英寸的范围内。
22.如权利要求20所述的密封部分，其特征在于，在图案的两侧具有未切割的密封材料。
23.如权利要求14所述的密封部分，其特征在于，图案可从诸相距近的孔、网纹、条形和同密封垂直或平行的诸线组成的图案组中选择。
24.一种燃气轮发动机构件，它包括：
一可研磨密封部分，它具有用激光器切割到一可研磨密封材料表面的图案，以在图案的区域中有效提供改进了的可研磨性。
25.如权利要求24所述的构件，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料是一种金属合金。
26.如权利要求24所述的密封部分，其特征在于，金属合金可从铁基合金、铝基合金、钛基合金、镍基合金、钴基合金、NiCr合金、NiCrAl合金和MCrAlY合金构成的材料组中选择，其中M可从Ni、Co或Fe构成的材料组中选择。
27.如权利要求26所述的密封部分，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料包含非金属颗粒。
28.如权利要求27所述的密封部分，其特征在于，非金属颗粒可从氮化硼、膨润土、氧化物、氮化物、硼化物、硅化物、金属化合物和塑料、聚合物以及其它有机化合物组成的材料组中选择。
29.如权利要求25所述的密封部分，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料为可连接到燃气轮发动机构件的片材形式。
30.如权利要求25所述的密封部分，其特征在于，可研磨密封材料是一种热喷敷层。
31.如权利要求24所述的密封部分，其特征在于，图案在一区域中，其深度达到形成密封时叶片能够研磨。
32.如权利要求31所述的密封部分，其特征在于，图案的深度在约0.01至0.1英寸的范围内。
33.如权利要求31所述的密封部分，其特征在于，在图案的两侧具有未切割的密封材料。
34.如权利要求24所述的密封部分，其特征在于，图案可从诸相距近的孔、网纹、条形和同密封垂直或平行的诸线组成的图案组中选择。
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US6203021B1 (en) 2001-03-20
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CA2274526A1 (en) 1998-06-18
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CN1232720C (zh) 2005-12-21
NZ335844A (en) 2000-09-29
WO1998026158A1 (en) 1998-06-18
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NO992827L (no) 1999-06-10
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