CN1239496A - 含有润滑性添加剂的燃料组合物 - Google Patents

含有润滑性添加剂的燃料组合物 Download PDF

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CN1239496A
CN1239496A CN97180204A CN97180204A CN1239496A CN 1239496 A CN1239496 A CN 1239496A CN 97180204 A CN97180204 A CN 97180204A CN 97180204 A CN97180204 A CN 97180204A CN 1239496 A CN1239496 A CN 1239496A
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R·卡普罗蒂
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Abstract

用于低硫燃料的润滑性添加剂其中含有单—和二烷基苯酚，其低聚物和亚烷基桥连的烷基苯酚的烷氧基化低聚物。

Description

含有润滑性添加剂的燃料组合物
本发明涉及显示出改善的润滑性的烃类燃料组合物。更确切地说，本发明涉及低硫烃类燃料，该烃类燃料的润滑性通过加入确定的烷基化苯酚添加剂得到了改善。
目前，由于环境的原因许多国家的柴油机燃料的硫含量已经或将被降低，即目的在于降低排放物的硫基组分。因此，燃料油和柴油机燃料的硫含量要符合欧洲共同体委员会的最高0.2％(重量)的统一标准，并在第二阶段，柴油机燃料中的最高硫含量将为0.05％(重量)。已在1996年要求完全转变为0.05％的最高硫含量。
制备低硫燃料的方法，除了降低了硫含量以外，还降低了燃料中的其他组分如多芳烃组分和极性组分的含量。降低燃料中的一种或多种硫、多芳烃和极性组分的含量在燃料使用中也产生了新的问题，即燃料润滑发动机或燃烧设备的喷射系统的能力降低了，以致例如发动机的燃料喷射泵在发动机的使用寿命期间过早地被损坏，损坏是发生在例如高压燃料喷射系统如高压旋转分配泵、在线泵和单元喷射器和喷射器。喷射泵的磨损是其中突出的疑难问题。
在低硫燃料中使用润滑性添加剂在本领域是已知的。Furey在1996年9月20日授权的专利US3273981中公开了因存在添加剂混合物而显示出改善的润滑性的燃料，该添加剂混合物由多羧酸和多元醇的偏酯的混合物组成，例如脱水山梨醇单油酸酯和C36二聚羧酸的混合物。
Buriks等人的1971年10月18日授权的专利US4054554公开了使用苯酚-甲醛树脂、α烯烃环氧化物和烯化氧的反应产物作为石油馏分的去雾剂，该石油馏分含有清净添加剂，并由于在燃料中存在清净添加剂使水保留量增加进而产生雾。该参考文献没有公开在低硫燃料中存在这些苯酚-甲醛反应产物。据说该去雾剂的存在量为1-40ppm，优选的添加剂具有2-30个苯酚-甲醛重复单元。
根据本发明，业已出现具有硫含量低于0.2％(重量)，优选低于0.05％(重量)的烃类燃料组合物，该组合物通过加入10-10000ppm油溶性润滑添加剂显示出改善的润滑性。该润滑添加剂选自烷基化苯酚，包括单-和二烷基化苯酚，亚烷基桥连的单-和二烷基化低聚苯酚，烷氧基化单-和二烷基化苯酚和通式如下的C2-C4烷氧基化亚烷基桥连的低聚知环状低聚烷基苯酚：
Figure A9718020400051
其中R可以是C1-C30烷基，每个n独立地是1或2，R’是亚乙基、亚丙基或亚丁基或其混合物，x是1-20，优选4-6，例如5，y是0-18，优选1-2，其中m是2或3，p是0或1。当m是2时，是指环状低聚结构，CH2连接到另一个CH2基团，这种环状低聚物的桥连部分是-CH2CH2-。在优选的形式中，p是1，m是2或3和n是1或2。
Rn，CH2和CHm取代基相对于烷氧基化基团可以处在芳环的邻位或对位上。
烷基苯酚可以是单烷基或二烷基苯酚，烷基可以是C1-C30烷基。优选的是其中烷基具有9-24个碳原子的单烷基苯酚，例如对正十八烷基苯酚。
同样优选的是其中烷基具有9-24个碳原子，如正十八烷基的单烷基化苯酚的低聚物，这些低聚物可用下式表示：其中y是0-4，R是C9-C24烷基，优选正十八烷基。
烷氧基化烷基苯酚可以是在相同的C1-C30烷基范围的单烷基化或二烷基化苯酚，并且可加成有约1-20摩尔环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷或环氧丁烷，但环氧乙烷是优选的。
桥连的烷氧基化低聚烷基苯酚优选是已用约4-6，尤其是5摩尔环氧乙烷/摩尔乙氧基化的那些，并且是其中烷基各具有12-24个碳原子的的桥连单烷基化苯酚。
亚烷基桥连的烷氧基化烷基苯酚可用本领域已知的方法制备。通常，在烯烃存在下，例如丙烯C12四聚物、C24丙烯低聚物或具有约12-24个碳原子的聚丁烯低聚物的存在下，使用烷基化催化剂如大孔树脂15，酸处理的烷基苯酚离子交换树脂催化剂加热苯酚形成烷基苯酚。
在水和酸催化剂如硫酸存在下烷基化苯酚和例如多聚甲醛之间的反应结果导致了桥连发生。作为该反应的结果，形成了如下式表示的桥连低聚烷基苯酚：
Figure A9718020400061
然后，可以在氢氧化钠存在下用环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷或环氧丁烷或其混合物处理桥连低聚烷基苯酚以制备适用于本发明的添加剂。优选用于本发明的是亚甲基桥连的单烷基苯酚的5摩尔环氧乙烷加成物，其中每个烷基具有24个碳原子，并通过用C24丙烯低聚物烷基化苯酚来制备。已经发现，上述的这种5摩尔乙氧基化物(相对于低聚物中每摩尔烷基苯酚部分)当以约200ppm的处理量使用时作为具有硫含量为0.01％(重量)或更低的低硫燃料润滑剂是特别有效的。
用于本发明的燃料是那些通常硫含量为0.05％(重量)或更低，例如0.01％(重量)或更低的燃料，硫含量可低到0.005％(重量)-0.001％(重量)或甚至更低。现有技术叙述了许多降低馏分燃料的硫含量的方法，例如通过溶剂萃取，硫酸处理和加氢脱硫。
特别适用于本发明的中间馏分燃料油的沸点通常在约100-约500℃，例如约150-约400℃范围内。该燃料油可包括常压馏分或减压馏分，或裂化瓦斯油或任何比例的直馏和热裂化和/或催化裂化馏分的掺和物。最普通的石油馏分是煤油、喷气燃料、柴油机燃料、燃料油和重质燃料油，由于上述原因在本发明实践中优选柴油机燃料。柴油机燃料或燃料油可以是直馏常压馏分，或者可含有一些量，例如高达35％(重量)的减压瓦斯油或裂化瓦斯油或这两种油。
燃料油中本发明的添加剂的浓度可高达250000ppm，例如高达10000ppm，例如1-低于1000ppm(重量)(活性组分)，优选10-500ppm，例如10-200ppm。
本发明的另一方面包括含有约10-50％(重量)润滑添加剂的添加剂浓缩物，该添加剂或浓缩物在改善含有少于0.2％(重量)硫的燃料的润滑性方面的用途，和改善该燃料润滑性的方法，该方法包括向燃料中加入该添加剂或浓缩物。
可用本领域已知的方法将添加剂加入到大量的燃料油中。通常，添加剂以浓缩物的形式加入，该浓缩物含有添加剂和可与燃料油配伍的液体载体介质的混合物，该添加剂分散在液体介质中。这样的浓缩物优选含有3-75％(重量)，更优选3-60％(重量)，最优选10-50％(重量)优选以油中溶液形式存在的添加剂。载体液体的例子是有机溶剂包括烃溶剂，例如，石油馏分如溶剂油、煤油和燃料油；芳烃；链烷烃如己烷和戊烷；和烷氧基链烷醇如2-丁氧基乙醇。当然，选择载体液体必须考虑其与添加剂和燃料的配伍性。
本发明的添加剂可单独使用或以多于一种添加剂的混合物形式使用。这些添加剂还可与一种或多种诸如本领域已知的共添加剂之类物质结合使用，例如下列添加剂：清净剂、抗氧化剂(避免燃料降解)、腐蚀抑制剂、去雾剂、破乳剂、金属钝化剂、防泡剂、十六烷值增进剂、共溶剂、整套配方配伍剂和中间馏分低温流动改进剂。燃料
用于该试验的燃料具有下列性质：燃料I：硫含量                       ＜0.01％(重量/重量)芳烃含量                     ＜1％(重量/重量)十六烷值                     55.2-56.1低温过滤器堵塞点温度(CFPPT)  -36℃95％沸点                     273℃低硫ADO燃料：蒸馏：                       IBP 157℃(ASTM D86)                   FBP 345℃硫含量                       0.021％(重量/重量)浊点                         -111℃密度                         0.8256于15℃
使用高频往复式试验台(或HFRR)试验测定燃料的润滑性，该试验叙述在D.Wei和H.Spikes，Wear，111卷，No.2，217页，1986；和R.Caprotti，C.Bovington，W.Fowler和M.Taylor SAE论文922183；SAE燃料和润滑油，会议1992年10月；美国旧金山。
本发明用下列实施例进一步说明，这些实施例不应被视作是对本发明范围的限制：实施例1
用200ppm下式的亚甲基桥连的C24对烷基化苯酚低聚物的5摩尔乙氧基化物处理燃料I：
Figure A9718020400081
其中R是C24烷基，y是1-2。在60℃下进行的HFRR试验结果显示出磨痕直径为280微米，而用未处理的燃料得到的磨痕直径为590微米，摩擦系数为0.21，而用未处理的燃料得到的摩擦系数为0.72。实施例2
在60℃下使用处在低硫ADO燃料中的不同处理量的单烷基化的十八烷基苯酚再次进行HFRR试验。结果如下：处理量                     磨痕(微米)
                       低硫ADO400ppm                     5341000ppm                    372未处理燃料                 550实施例3
使用与实施例2相同的燃料和下式的润滑添加剂重复HFRR试验：其中C18是正构十八烷基。处理量                     磨痕(微米)200ppm                     469400ppm                     329未处理燃料                 550
这些实施例显示了本发明的烷基苯酚化合物的润滑性增强性能。

Claims (11)

1.一种燃料组合物，其中包含硫含量低于0.2％重量的燃料和10-10000ppm的润滑性添加剂，该添加剂选自油溶性烷基苯酚、烷基苯酚的亚烷基桥连低聚物、烷氧基化烷基苯酚和亚烷基桥连的烷氧基化低聚或环状低聚烷基苯酚，其中烷氧基是C2-C4烷氧基。
2.根据权利要求1的组合物，其中润滑性添加剂是下式的亚烷基桥连的烷氧基化低聚烷基苯酚添加剂
Figure A9718020400021
其中每个n独立地是1或2，m是2或3，p是0或1，R代表1-30个碳原子的烷基，R’是亚乙基、亚丙基或亚丁基，x是1-20，y是0-18，Rn和任何CHm基团位于O(R’O)xH基团的邻位或对位，其中如果m是2，该添加剂具有环状结构，2个CHm基团连接形成-CH2CH2-桥部分。
3.根据权利要求2的组合物，其中润滑性添加剂如下式所示：
Figure A9718020400022
其中m是2或3，n是1或2。
4.根据权利要求2或3的组合物，其中R’是亚乙基，x是5，R是C24烷基，n是1，y是1或2，和m是3。
5.根据权利要求1的组合物，其中润滑性添加剂是C9-C24单烷基化苯酚。
6.根据权利要求1的组合物，其中润滑性添加剂如下式所示：
Figure A9718020400031
其中R是C9-C24烷基和y是0-4。
7.根据权利要求6的组合物，其中Y是2，R是正十八烷基。
8.根据权利要求4的组合物，其中润滑性添加剂制备如下：用C24丙烯烷基化苯酚，在水和酸催化剂存在下使烷基苯酚与多聚甲醛反应形成亚甲基桥连的低聚烷基苯酚，并用相对于低聚物中每摩尔烷基苯酚部分约5摩尔环氧乙烷处理低聚物。
9.一种添加剂浓缩物，其中含有约10-50％(重量)润滑性添加剂，该添加剂选自油溶性烷基苯酚，烷氧基化烷基苯酚和烷基苯酚的亚烷基桥连低聚物和烷氧基化烷基苯酚，其中烷氧基是C2-C4烷氧基。
10.上述任一权利要求定义的添加剂或权利要求9的浓缩物在改善硫含量低于0.2％重量的燃料的润滑性方面的用途。
11.一种改善硫含量低于0.2％重量的燃料的润滑性的方法，其中包括向该燃料中加入上述任一项权利要求的组合物中定义的添加剂或权利要求9的浓缩物。
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