CN1210507A - 包含防水层的混凝土结构 - Google Patents
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
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Abstract
形成一种防水混凝土结构的方法,包括如下步骤:(a)在载体上涂布一层混凝土组合物;(b)在上述混凝土组合物上喷涂一防水层,并(c)在防水层上再涂布一层混凝土组合物;其特征在于防水层是由组合物提供的,该组合物含有可聚结的热塑性聚合物颗粒的水分散体。本方法可用于解决隧道衬里防水的问题。
Description
本发明涉及用作混凝土结构防水层的膜。
在构建混凝土结构时,例如通过钻孔或开凿然后喷射混凝土建造隧道时,通常需要防水。这一点往往通过开设排水管道或者首先在岩石中注入水泥、微米水泥(microcement)和反应性树脂等物质,再接着涂布一喷射混凝土层来得以实现。将一种防水膜涂布于该喷射混凝土层,再将另一种喷射混凝土或预制混凝土层(in situ concrete)施用于该防水膜。典型防水膜是一种防水多聚材料的预制片材,所述片材在适当位置例如用锚定螺栓加以锚定。因此形成了“三明治”式结构。有时侯在原位再放置或喷徐含增强材料(纤维或者网状物)的混凝土层,或者将该增强材料掺入到最终的混凝土涂敷料中。
该方法的劳动强度大,加上现有防水膜并不完全令人满意,特别是存在泄露问题,所以有必要寻找替代品。最近,有人在一种合适的膜上进行了喷涂尝试。他们使用了双组分聚氨酯材料,但是因以下缺陷导致失败,如操作复杂、毒性问题(源自异氰酸酯固化剂)、难于与潮湿的喷射混凝土结合,并且因隧道的高湿度抑制聚氨酯的形成,从而影响该方法潜在优势的发挥。
现在已经发现有可能通过一种能避免上述多数甚至全部缺陷的方法从而提供一种完善的防水膜。因此根据本发明,提供该防水混凝土结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(a)在载体上涂布首层混凝土组合物;
(b)在混凝土组合物上喷涂一防水层;并
(c)在防水层上再涂布一层混凝土组合物;
其特征在于所述防水层是由一种组合物构成的,该组合物
包含热塑聚合物的可聚结颗粒的水分散体基料。
本发明进一步提供一种防水的三明治混凝土结构,该结构含两层用连续的中间聚合层隔开的混凝土结构层,所述聚合层的基料为热塑聚合物的可聚结颗粒。
“载体”是一种未经处理的,水通透性表面,本发明中的混凝土结构施用于其上。它通常是粗糙的岩石表面,但同样也可以是人造表面,如天花板。上述步骤(a)和(c)中描述的混凝土组合物可以相同或不同。(a)中首层混凝土组合物,该词的范围不仅包括单一的混凝土组合物(冷喷涂或预制的)而且诸如涂布了匀平光滑的灰泥层(厚达4mm)的已知混凝土变体也包括在内。
“基料”是一种烘干后可形成完整连续膜的材料,“热塑性塑料”是一种不会反应形成交联结构的材料。“可聚结颗粒”是一种成膜悬浮液或乳状液的颗粒,在除掉颗粒分散其中的连续介质后这些颗粒至少部分结合形成连续的粘附膜。本发明中用到的聚合物分散体性质上与成膜水分散体相类似,后者例如用作家用涂料的水质“乳剂”中的成膜介质。“基料”这个定义中还包括热塑可聚结颗粒和粘接剂。
可聚结热塑性聚合颗粒的水分散体可以选自本领域中已知的大量材料,聚合物本身的性质并不重要。因此,例如合适的聚合物包括聚氨酯、聚酯、乙烯类聚合物和聚丙烯酸酯。特别合适的聚合物为由烯键不饱和单体通过加成聚合得到的加成聚合物。这些材料中特别合适的是那些玻璃化温度(Tg)使得在使用条件下时,他们处于“橡胶”状态的聚合物,以及特别理想的是具有一定弹性度的材料。优选的玻璃化温度低于15℃,更优选低于-15℃。分散体中固体的典型重量百分比为30-60%。合适材料的具体实例包括聚氨酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、ABS(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯)聚合物,丙烯腈-丁二烯共聚物、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物、多硫化物分散体、聚氨酯-丙烯酸酯分散体、聚异戊二烯以及PVC乳胶以及氯乙烯和/或醋酸乙烯酯与诸如(甲基)丙烯酸及其酯之类的丙烯酸单体聚合而成的共聚物。象沥青乳液等材料可以用来和上述材料结合使用,它们本身不聚合,它在基料固形物中的重量百分比不超过50%。这一列举并非穷尽性的,理解了本发明内容的技术人员可以容易地确定出其它合适的材料。其中许多材料商业可得,合适的市场有售材料实例包括由BASF AG.所售的以“Acronal”为商标的材料和由Synthomer所售的以“Synthomer”为商标的材料。
除水分散体外,组合物还包括其它组分。一种特别有用的组分是填料。这不仅增加了组合物的成分,而且使表面变得粗糙,这是随后涂布粘接剂组合物的“关键”。该组合物的存在为优选。合适的填料典型实例包括平均直径0.04~1.5mm的石英沙和石英粉以及白云石、滑石、云母、重晶石、氧化铁、二氧化钛、橡胶和塑料颗粒、轻质团粒和象“整球(HOLOSPHERES)”一样的玻璃煅烧物(glassy fumaceresidue)。钢、玻璃或聚合材料纤维也可使用,聚合纤维优选实例为热塑性材料,特别是聚乙烯和聚丙烯腈,优选长度为0.2~12mm,优选表面积为6~8M2/g。
也可向本发明组合物中加入本领域认可量的标准组分。典型的添加剂包括流动增强剂、消泡剂、分散剂、颜料、润湿剂、流变改进剂和催化剂,这些添加剂的加入可以改善组合物的性能。
当不加入填料时,用于本发明组合物包含100%的分散体。当需要时,添加剂重量百分比(根据单位重量液体分散体中活性组分的含量计算)可达5%,优选0.1~5%。当加入填料时(优选),分散体重量百分比优选20~80%(更优选30~50%),填料重量百分比优选79.9~15%(更优选69.9~15%),添加剂重量百分比为0.1~5%。
分散体的重量是液体分散体的重量,并且添加剂的重量是活性组分的重量。
组合物通过喷涂在首层混凝土层上而加入,该组合物优选喷射混凝土,但也可以是其它合适的水泥组合物,如聚合混凝土。该膜层的厚度也可因所用材料、使用的环境和所需的特性(例如桥接裂缝性能)不同而不同,但通常的原则是厚度应当在2-15mm之间,优选2-6mm。可以一次或多次喷涂。在所喷涂的组合物上再涂布一层水泥组合物,优选喷涂喷射混凝土。结果形成“三明治”式结构。下表所示为形成这种三明治结构的优选途径:
种类 | |||
A | B | C | |
第一层 | 喷射混凝土(典型厚度50-250mm) | 预制混凝土组分(200-500mm) | 喷射混凝土 |
第二层 | 2-10mm膜(实施例2组合物) | 2-5mm膜(实施例4组合物) | 膜(5-10mm) |
第三层 | 喷射混凝土(典型厚度50-250mm) | 喷射混凝土或原位放置的混凝土 | 灌注的混凝土或原位放置的混凝土 |
优选类别为A类。在第一层中还可能包括再涂布一厚度为2~15mm的匀平灰泥层。该膜可以在混凝土层涂布后1-90天内喷涂于其上。如果在涂布混凝土后3天内均匀喷涂,分散体中的水有利于水泥的水合作用,这是另一重优越性。当第一层混凝土涂布后的时间较长(3~60天)时,需用水洗涤表面。这仅能去除残留物预先除去表面的废物,从而增强膜的粘附性。正如如上所述,可喷涂一次或多次,其中多次之间采用合适的间隔已达到干燥和/或硬化的目的。在多层的方法中,可在其中一层或多层内包括玻璃、钢、陶瓷或聚合物的增强纤维;在未干的膜中可加入网状物或粗纱来加固并且在加固物上再覆盖一层膜。
如此形成的结构具有极佳的防水性能,且具有极好的水蒸气通透性,因此能使任何积留的水透逸出膜而且避免界面的开裂。此外,它还具有耐用、安全、使用方便及价格较为便宜的优点。
本发明进一步用以下非限制性实例来加以描述,其中各组分用重量表示。
许多组合物可以通过把以下的组分化合物混合在一起来加以制备:
实施例1
聚合物分散体 30份
重晶 27份
碳酸钙 42.5份
二氧化钛 0.5份
1.苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物乳剂含有50%重量百分比的固形物(“Acronal”(商标)S361(来自BASF))
实施例2
聚合物分散体2 40份
碳酸钙 55份
消泡剂3 2份
分散剂4 1份
颜料5 2份
2.“Acronal”S361
3.“BYK-035”来自Byk Chemie,疏水成分溶于石蜡基矿物油形成的混合物
4.“颜料分散剂A”来自BASF,20%的聚丙烯酸铵水溶液
5.黑色铁氧化物“Bayferrox”(商标)316来自Bayer实施例3
聚合物分散体6 50份
重晶 48份
消泡剂7 1份
分散剂8 1份
6.“Acronal”6210(苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物)
7.“Agitan”(商标)731来自Münzing Chemie GmbH,改良的有机聚硅氧烷
8.“颜料分散剂A”。实施例4
聚合物分散体9 40份
碳酸钙 32份
消泡剂加10 2份
颜料分散剂11 0.5份
颜料12 0.5份
重晶石 22份
0.5mm长丙烯酸纤维 1份
9.“Acronal”S361
10.BYK-035
11.“颜料分散剂A”
12.红色铁氧化物“Bayferrox”105M实施例5
聚合物分散体13 60份
碳酸钙 40份
13.含53%固形物的苯乙烯-丁二烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液(“Synthomer”33y 20(来自Synthomer)实施例6一混合体系(聚合物分散体+水泥)实例聚合物分散体14 55份波特兰水泥(portland cement) 14.8份石英沙0.1~0.4mm 8份石英粉 22份聚乙烯纤维,平均长度0.2mm 0.2份
14.含重量百分比为55%固形物的丙烯酸酯-丙烯腈共聚物乳剂(“Acronal”DS 6137X)
实施例7
聚合物分散体15 35份
聚乙烯/聚丙烯纤维 1.5份
重晶石 48份
空心玻璃球 10份
水 5.5份
组合物测试
根据实施例2和3的组合物喷涂到尺寸为500×500×40mm的混凝土平板上,形成2mm厚的膜,对其进行测试。结果列于表1。
表1
所测性能 | 结果 | |
实施例2 | 实施例3 | |
粘合强度(N/mm2)1 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
致裂应变(%)2- 室温下- -20℃下 | 25063 | 14040 |
致裂应力(N/mm2)3- 室温下- 20℃下 | 0.88.5 | 1.77.7 |
撕裂传播(N/mm)4(室温) | 11 | 12 |
吸水度(%)5(室温3天) | 5 | 10 |
1.根据DIN/ISO 4624测试。
2.根据DIN 53504测试。
3.根据DIN 53504测试。
4.根据DIN 53515测试。
5.根据DIN 62617测试。
本发明中组合物桥接裂缝性能根据所喷涂膜的厚度的不同而不同。本发明中组合物优异的桥接裂缝性能通过多用试验机(universaltesting machines)对实施例2中组合物测试来阐明。该方法中,在试验机上以一定速度拉伸圆柱型混凝土样品以使混凝土以0.1mm/min的速度产生连续横向裂纹。当有一条裂缝穿过整张膜时,在该点测量裂纹宽度。结果列于表2。
表2
膜厚度(mm) | 测试温度(℃) | 裂纹穿过整张膜的位点处混凝土裂纹宽度(mm) |
0.7 | 20-20 | 1.51.0 |
1.7 | 20-20 | 2.72.1 |
2.3 | 20-20 | 4.13.6 |
Claims (9)
1.一种提供防水混凝土结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(a)在载体上涂布首层混凝土组合物;
(b)在混凝土组合物上喷涂一防水层;并
(c)在防水层上再涂布一层混凝土组合物;
其特征在于所述防水层是由一种组合物形成的,该组合物包含热塑聚合物的可聚结颗粒的水分散体。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中热塑聚合物是烯键不饱和单体通过聚合而形成的加成聚合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中聚合物的玻璃化温度(Tg)为使得在使用条件下时,聚合物处于“橡胶”状态。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任意一项的方法,其中聚合物具有一定的弹性度。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任意一项的方法,其中聚合物的玻璃化温度低于15℃。
6.根据权利要求6的方法,其中玻璃化温度低于-15℃。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任意一项的方法,其中组合物包含填料或添加剂之一或二者均有。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中组合物由重量百分比为20~80%的分散体、重量百分比为79.9~15%的填料、重量百分比为0.1~5%的添加剂组成。
9.一种防水的三明治混凝土结构,含两层由完整的聚合物中间层隔开的混凝土层,所述聚合层的基料为热塑聚合物的可聚结颗粒。
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CN101614129B (zh) * | 2009-08-10 | 2011-07-27 | 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司 | 隧道防排水系统的施工方法 |
CN101528640B (zh) * | 2006-10-16 | 2012-07-18 | 埃特尼特股份有限公司 | 装饰墙板及制造该板的方法 |
CN104373138A (zh) * | 2014-10-13 | 2015-02-25 | 中南大学 | 一种隧道衬砌结构修复时防水层重塑的施工方法 |
CN110770023A (zh) * | 2017-06-23 | 2020-02-07 | Sika技术股份公司 | 一种防水体系 |
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GB9815685D0 (en) | 1998-07-20 | 1998-09-16 | Mbt Holding Ag | Waterproofer |
AU2006200869B2 (en) * | 1998-07-20 | 2008-02-07 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Waterproof Cladding |
US6767164B2 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2004-07-27 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Tunnel waterproofing construction method |
JP4459391B2 (ja) | 2000-06-12 | 2010-04-28 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | トンネル防水工法 |
JP2001355398A (ja) * | 2000-06-12 | 2001-12-26 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | トンネル防水方法 |
US6793441B2 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2004-09-21 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Tunnel waterproofing method |
ITTV20020054U1 (it) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-06-21 | Nord Resine Srl | Metodo per la realizzazione di una pavimentazione continua impermeabile |
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JP6534562B2 (ja) * | 2015-06-04 | 2019-06-26 | デンカ株式会社 | 構造体及び施工方法 |
KR101790217B1 (ko) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-10-25 | 씨카코리아(주) | 방수 시스템 |
WO2020132407A1 (en) | 2018-12-21 | 2020-06-25 | Tremco Incorporated | Building foundation system |
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CN110128167A (zh) * | 2019-05-05 | 2019-08-16 | 石家庄铁道大学 | 混凝土抗污水腐蚀的复合涂层及其制备方法 |
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CN101528640B (zh) * | 2006-10-16 | 2012-07-18 | 埃特尼特股份有限公司 | 装饰墙板及制造该板的方法 |
CN101614129B (zh) * | 2009-08-10 | 2011-07-27 | 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司 | 隧道防排水系统的施工方法 |
CN104373138A (zh) * | 2014-10-13 | 2015-02-25 | 中南大学 | 一种隧道衬砌结构修复时防水层重塑的施工方法 |
CN110770023A (zh) * | 2017-06-23 | 2020-02-07 | Sika技术股份公司 | 一种防水体系 |
CN110770023B (zh) * | 2017-06-23 | 2022-05-24 | Sika技术股份公司 | 一种防水体系 |
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BR9707349A (pt) | 1999-07-20 |
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